Field Program Research Articles

Assessment of oceanographic conditions during the North Atlantic EXport processes in the ocean from RemoTe sensing (EXPORTS) field campaign

This manuscript presents an overview of NASA’s EXport Processes in the Ocean from Remote Sensing 2021 Field Campaign in the North Atlantic (EXPORTS NA) and provides quantitative and dynamical descriptions of the physical processes modulating water transformations during the study. A major programmatic goal was to conduct the sampling in a Lagrangian mode so that ocean ecological and biogeochemical changes can be observed independent from physical advective processes. To accomplish this goal, EXPORTS NA conducted a multi-ship, multi-asset field sampling program within a retentive, anticyclonic mode water eddy. Beneath depths of ∼ 100 m, Lagrangian sampling assets remained within the eddy core waters (ECWs) throughout the experiment, demonstrating that the ECWs within the mode water eddy were retentive. However, strong westerly winds from four storm events deepened the mixed layer (ML) of the surface core waters (SCWs) above the eddy’s mode water core by 25–40 m and exchanged some of the SCWs with surface waters outside of the eddy via Ekman transport. Estimates of flushing times ranged from 5 to 8 days, with surface exchange fractions ranging from 20 to 75 % and were consistent with particle tracking advected by combined geostrophic and Ekman velocities. The relative contributions of horizontal and vertical advection on changes in ECW tracers depended on the horizontal and vertical gradients of that tracer. For example, horizontal advection played a large role in ECW salinity fluxes, while vertical entrainment played a larger role in the fluxes of nutrients into SCW ML. Each storm injected nutrients and low oxygen waters into the ML, after which the surface ocean ecosystem responded by reducing nutrient concentrations and increasing %O2 saturation levels. Overall, ECW values of chlorophyll and POC were the largest at the onset of the field program and decreased throughout the campaign. The analysis presented provides a physical oceanographic context for the many measurements made during the EXPORTS NA field campaign while illustrating the many challenges of conducting a production-flux experiment, even in a Lagrangian frame, and the inherent uncertainties of interpreting biological carbon pump observations that were collected in a Eulerian frame of reference.

The Palamas Archaeological Project. A preliminary report of the 2022 fieldwork conducted by the ongoing Greek–Swedish archaeological field programme in Palamas, region of Karditsa, Thessaly

This paper presents the preliminary results from the 2022 fieldwork of the Palamas Archaeological Project, an ongoing Greek–Swedish collaboration in the region of Karditsa, Thessaly. Working over the course of two separate field seasons, the project team conducted aerial, architectural, fieldwalking, and geophysical surveys at a number of sites within the survey area, including at the important multi-phase fortified settlements at Metamorfosi and Vlochos. Limited excavations were also conducted at the latter site, producing new evidence for the Hellenistic and Early Byzantine phases of the ancient city, including a probable cemetery. The work continues to add to the knowledge of the archaeology of the region, highlighting the long and dynamic history of human habitation in western Thessaly.

Managing insect and plant pathogen pests with organic and conventional pesticides in onions.

Onion thrips (Thrips tabaci Lindeman, Thysanoptera: Thripidae) is a significant insect pest of onions (Allium cepa L., Asparagales: Amaryllidaceae). In addition to feeding on onion foliage, they may spread plant pathogens. Currently, onion thrips and pathogens are managed as separate pests with insecticides and fungicides. It may be beneficial to manage these pests simultaneously as limiting onion thrips may reduce pathogen damage. We tested combinations of bio- and conventional pesticides in a season-long management program in Michigan onion fields. From 2020 to 2022, we counted onion thrips weekly and visually estimated plant foliage necrotic damage (%) in experimental plots each year. In 2020, we tested 6 treatment programs including: azadirachtin, spinosad, a copper-based fungicide, azadirachtin + copper-based fungicide, spinosad + copper-based fungicide, and untreated control. The thrips populations were not significantly reduced compared to the control, but necrotic damage was reduced significantly in spinosad-treated plots. In 2021, we tested a combination of 8 bio- and conventional pesticide programs. Compared to the control, the bioinsecticides did not reduce onion thrips populations, but the conventional pesticide programs reduced both onion thrips numbers and necrotic damage. In 2022, we tested only conventional insecticide programs but included 3 different action thresholds for initiation and applied them with or without a fungicide, for 8 treatments. All insecticide programs reduced onion thrips compared to the control, the action threshold did not impact thrips numbers significantly. Overall, the use of action thresholds can lead to fewer insecticide applications and a lower incidence of leaf damage.

Fuzzy Arithmetic–Based Algorithm for Identifying Medical Conditions for Better Treatment

Making the right medical decision is challenging work because, in our daily life, decision-making problems may have the components of membership and non-membership degrees with the possibility of hesitation. Since soft theory offers a theoretical framework for dealing with ambiguous, fuzzy, and ill-defined objects, it is a key development in the field of computer programming as well as other scientific disciplines. Intuitionistic fuzzy soft sets provide an effective tool for solving multiple attribute decision-making with intuitionistic fuzzy information. The most essential issue is how to derive the ranking of alternatives from the information quantified in terms of intuitional fuzzy values. This theory also has the potential to be used to solve such real-world problems. In this work, we explore how Sanchez's medical theory could be used in medical diagnosis and provide a fuzzy arithmetic-based algorithm for identifying medical conditions to address this.

Sub-cloud rain evaporation in the North Atlantic winter trade winds derived by pairing isotopic data with a bin-resolved microphysical model

Abstract. Sub-cloud rain evaporation in the trade wind region significantly influences the boundary layer mass and energy budgets. Parameterizing it is, however, difficult due to the sparsity of well-resolved rain observations and the challenges of sampling short-lived marine cumulus clouds. In this study, sub-cloud rain evaporation is analyzed using a steady-state, one-dimensional model that simulates changes in drop sizes, relative humidity, and rain isotopic composition. The model is initialized with relative humidity, raindrop size distributions, and water vapor isotope ratios (e.g., δDv, δ18Ov) sampled by the NOAA P3 aircraft during the Atlantic Tradewind Ocean–Atmosphere Mesoscale Interaction Campaign (ATOMIC), which was part of the larger EUREC4A (ElUcidating the RolE of Clouds–Circulation Coupling in ClimAte) field program. The modeled surface precipitation isotope ratios closely match the observations from EUREC4A ground-based and ship-based platforms, lending credibility to our model. The model suggests that 63 % of the rain mass evaporates in the sub-cloud layer across 22 P3 cases. The vertical distribution of the evaporated rain flux is top heavy for a narrow (σ) raindrop size distribution (RSD) centered over a small geometric mean diameter (Dg) at the cloud base. A top-heavy profile has a higher rain-evaporated fraction (REF) and larger changes in the rain deuterium excess (d=δD-8×δ18O) between the cloud base and the surface than a bottom-heavy profile, which results from a wider RSD with larger Dg. The modeled REF and change in d are also more strongly influenced by cloud base Dg and σ rather than the concentration of raindrops. The model results are accurate as long as the variations in the relative humidity conditions are accounted for. Relative humidity alone, however, is a poor indicator of sub-cloud rain evaporation. Overall, our analysis indicates the intricate dependence of sub-cloud rain evaporation on both thermodynamic and microphysical processes in the trade wind region.

Exploring aspects related to the learning of business students during emergency remote education

In this study, we sought to analyze the positive and negative aspects concerning the perceived learning of students who remotely entered programs in the Business field of a public higher education institution in Rio Grande do Sul. Thus, an online questionnaire was applied to 50 students of the Administration, Accounting, and Economic Sciences programs. The quantitative approach of the study allowed us to show that the students who participated in the study generally perceived their learning as sufficient at the end of the initial experience with emergency remote education. The results also showed that the pedagogical aspect was negatively and positively related to learning, highlighting the teaching methods used by professors (positive relationship) and the reduced or non-existent interaction with professors (negative relationship). The study identifies the pedagogical aspect, focusing on the professors and their teaching strategies as an influencer of learning during emergency remote education. The findings also reinforce the importance of student support and preparation for using technologies in education, the need for continuing education for professors, and rethinking the teaching practices, incorporating technological didactic resources into post-crisis education. The evidence also points to the need to adopt an approach combining face-to-face and distance education (hybrid education) as a learning facilitator, seeking quality teaching and developing knowledge, skills, and attitudes necessary for student education.

Marcia Gentry as Influencer: Leader, Scholar, Colleague, Friend

ABSTRACT In this article, I describe a few personal favorite contributions of Dr. Marcia Gentry, one of the most successful graduates from our doctoral program at the University of Connecticut, as well as a dear friend and collaborator. Marcia focused her life’s work on the need to serve underserved and often-neglected populations in our field and implemented programs for these students, focusing on positive change in schools and on reservations. She also developed innovative identification and programming practices to be used in schools as well as summer programs. Marcia’s personalized boots-on-the-ground activities, research, and advocacy for numerous Native American students across the country helped develop gifts and talents in diverse groups. Her success in this area resulted in recent years in the application of the same know-how to leadership and change strategies with other diverse groups. Marcia’s life's work earned her a place among the top leaders in our field and in this special issue, we celebrate her work and life.

헤어지식수준과 헤어 NCS모듈숙련도 및 직무수행능력 관계 연구

Objectives The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of hairdressers' hair knowledge level and hair NCS module proficiency on job performance.
 Methods A survey was conducted among 203 hairdressers. The sub-factors of the hair knowledge level were composed of service knowledge, theoretical knowledge, and technical knowledge, and the sub-factors of hair NCS module proficiency were composed of hygiene business management, practical skills management, and beauty customer management, and the validity of the factors was tested for NCS module proficiency and job performance, and the relationship between the factors was analyzed.
 Results Practical-oriented education was highly efficient when applied to the field, and the acquisition of theoretical knowledge applicable to the field was insufficient, and NCS education was useful for preparing for the certification exam, and it helped to improve the ability to apply beauty technology, and there was a disadvantage that it could not keep up with the change in trend. Among the hair knowledge levels, the level of service knowledge was high, and theoretical and technical knowledge was perceived as high if they were in their 30s, college education, 3-6 years of experience, and professional hairdressers, and theoretical and technical knowledge were perceived as low if they were high school, less than 1 year of experience, and interns. Hygiene management was the lowest among NCS module proficiency, and those in their 30s, graduate school, 7 years or more of experience, and professional cosmetologists were highly recognized for practical technical management and hygiene career management. In the case of people in their 40s with a lot of cosmetology experience, more than 7 years of experience, and directors, job performance affected job performance in the order of technical knowledge, among which technical knowledge had a positive (+) effect and theoretical knowledge had a negative (-) effect.
 Conclusions Hair NCS module proficiency and job performance were higher with higher education and experience, and in the hair salon field, technical knowledge had a more positive effect on job performance than theoretical knowledge. Therefore, it will be necessary to supplement the theoretical knowledge required in the field and add educational programs such as technical knowledge and hygiene management to improve job performance.

Innovative instruments for increasing the efficiency of human resources management of IT-companies

The mechanism of improving the efficiency of human resources management at IT-companies updates the implementation of innovative management tools in the processes of hiring, developing, and evaluating their employees. The goal of the work is to deepen the theoretical and conceptual foundations of the effectiveness of HR management at IT-companies in the social and labor context and to develop scientific and applied recommendations regarding the mechanism of its enhancement in the conditions of formation of a new economy. Measures outlined in the paper to apply the competency approach, to introduce the talent management algorithm on a systematic basis, and to develop the system of key performance indicators should be considered as a component of scientific and practical recommendations for improving the efficiency of human resources management in IT enterprises in the social and labor dimension. In order to improve the efficiency of human resources management at IT enterprises, it is necessary to develop and introduce a perfect mechanism as a systemic integrity of economic, social, and organizational processes of creating preconditions for innovative development of the enterprise as a benefit for the employer and decent work as a benefit for the employees. The scientific platform of the theoretical and applied construct of such a mechanism should be the managerial paradigm of harmonization of social and labor relations, and its internal architectonics should be formed in compliance with the values of corporate social responsibility and contain innovative tools in the format of the goals and results management system in contrast to the functions management system. On the basis of understanding of the essence and regulatory consolidation of competencies as the ability of a person to perform a certain type of activity, the model of functional and behavioral competencies of the IT project manager is developed, the trajectory of development of talents in the field of computer programming is given, the methodological basis of construction and the algorithm of development of the key system are developed and performance indicators are implemented.

Evaluation of pollutant removal efficiency of urban stormwater wet ponds and the application of machine learning algorithms

Wet ponds have been extensively used for controlling stormwater pollutants, such as sediment and nutrients, in urban watersheds. The removal of pollutants relies on a combination of physical, chemical, and biological processes. It is crucial to assess the performance of wet ponds in terms of removal efficiency and develop an effective modeling scheme for removal efficiency prediction to optimize water quality management. To achieve this, a two-year field program was conducted at two wet ponds in Calgary, Alberta, Canada to evaluate the wet ponds' performance. Additionally, machine learning (ML) algorithms have been shown to provide promising predictions in datasets with intricate interactions between variables. In this study, the generalized linear model (GLM), partial least squares (PLS) regression, support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), and K-nearest neighbors (KNN) were applied to predict the outflow concentrations of three key pollutants: total suspended solids (TSS), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP). Generally, the concentrations of inflow pollutants in the two study ponds are highly variable, and a wide range of removal efficiencies are observed. The results indicate that the concentrations of TSS, TN, and TP decrease significantly from the inlet to outlet of the ponds. Meanwhile, inflow concentration, rainfall characteristics, and wind are important indicators of pond removal efficiency. In addition, ML algorithms can be an effective approach for predicting outflow water quality: PLS, GLM, and SVM have shown strong potential to capture the dynamic interactions in wet ponds and predict the outflow concentration. This study highlights the complexity of pollutant removal dynamics in wet ponds and demonstrates the potential of data-driven outflow water quality prediction.

Overview of research literature on the management of development of university teacher training programs in the education field

overview of research literature on the management of development of university teacher training programs in the education field

Gene Expression of Monoterpene Synthases Is Affected Rhythmically during the Day in Lavandula angustifolia Flowers

Lavender essential oil (EO) is widely used for medicinal purposes. The significant monoterpenes’ abundance of linalool and linalool acetate accounts for more than 50% of lavender EO compounds. Monoterpenes synthesis differs throughout plant development as a result of the differential gene expression patterns in distinct cell types. Previously, we have reported that the chemical composition of Lavandula angustifolia cv. etherio EO was affected by diurnal harvest time. The aim of this was to evaluate if the gene expression of lavender monoterpenes synthases is altered during the day length and correlated with the accumulation of the major components of lavender EO. The relative expression of linalool synthase (LaLINS), limonene synthase (LaLIMS) and terpene synthase-like (LaTPS-l) was recorded in flowers at the 3rd to 5th stage every 3 h during two consecutive days using quantitative real-time PCR. The composition of the lavender EO was also monitored during the day length using GC-MS analysis. Our results indicate that the expression of genes involved in the synthesis of lavender EO, including linalool and limonene synthases, is accompanied by oscillations, picking at mid-day and leading to linalool acetate accumulation in the afternoon. In conclusion, the monoterpenes synthase expression in lavender flowers is rhythmically affected during the day, leading to a higher accumulation of EO compounds in the afternoon. These results will be helpful to monitor the biosynthesis of lavender EO to ensure a high-quality product. Furthermore, the outcome of this study will be useful for breeding programs in the lavender field to modulate the biosynthesis of linalool and linalool acetate during the flowering harvest period.

The influence of stormwater infiltration on downslope groundwater chemistry

Stormwater infiltration basins have been used extensively around the world to restore urban hydrology towards more natural flow and water quality regimes. There is, however, significant uncertainty in the fate of infiltrated water and accompanying contaminants that depends on multiple factors including media characteristics, interactions with downslope vegetation, legacy contaminants, and presence of underground infrastructure. Understanding the influence of such factors is thus central to the design and siting of infiltration basins. An extensive field program was established to collect monthly data on ground water quality, including nutrients and major ion concentrations, in a bore network downstream of a stormwater infiltration basin in Victoria, Australia. The groundwater samples were analysed for temperature, pH, EC, turbidity, major ions (Na+, Ca2+, K+, Mg2+, Cl−, SO42−, NO3−, CO32−, HCO3−), NOx and heavy metals. The collected data were used to understand the origin and fate of water and solutes in the subsurface and their interactions with the soil matrix. The results revealed that Ca–HCO3, Na–Cl water types predominate in the study area, grouped in 3 clusters; shallow fresh groundwater in the vicinity of the basin (near basin), deep saline groundwater further downstream of the basin (near-stream) and a mid-section where rock-water interaction (Na–HCO3 water) through cation exchange control the chemistry of groundwater. The results also suggest that as the water moves downstream of the basin, it experiences significant evapotranspiration and concentration due to the presence of deep-rooted vegetation. The results suggest that while infiltration basins can remove infiltrated contaminants, the infiltrated stormwater can mobilise legacy contaminants such as nitrate. Overall, the efficacy of infiltration basins in urban regions depends substantially on the downstream vegetation, urban underground infrastructure and the presence of legacy contaminants in the soils. These all need to be considered in the design of stormwater infiltration basins.

Community-Based Intervention: A Case Study of Pantoloan Boya Village Community Through the Rehabilitation Field Program of National Narcotics Agency, Palu City

Drug abuse is becoming more of a threat and garnering global attention, particularly in parts of Southeast Asia. The drug issue in Indonesia is urgent and multifaceted. In 2019, Central Sulawesi ranked fourth in Indonesia for the highest rate of drug abuse, with 3.30% of the population, or the equivalent of 61,857 drug users. According to research, Palu City has the highest rate of drug abuse in Central Sulawesi province. The purpose of this research was to find out how the Community-Based Intervention (CBI) Program is being implemented in the Rehabilitation Sector of BNN Kota Palu in Pantoloan Boya Village. The method used in this study was qualitative. This study used a purposive sample strategy to select 7 informants. The results showed that the mapping was carried out by RW (Hamlet)/RT (Neighbourhood)-based Recovery Agents (RA) with minimal Human Resources (HR) and clients who participated in limited interventions. Outreach is the delivery of information and approaches to the community, families, and drug users. This study's recommendations include mapping to expand HR capacity, in this case, RAs and clients, so that the program works more efficiently. Increase client compliance in group and individual meetings as part of outreach. Recovery services are being provided by pushing for the continuation of CBI's activities in Pantoloan Boya Village

Implementation of Leadership Communication Management in Enhancing Students' Character at Al-Habib Islamic Boarding School

This research aims to understand how the implementation of leadership communication management in the Islamic Boarding School's administration enhances students' character at Al-Habib Islamic Boarding School. This includes the communication of the school head with students, teachers, staff, and all elements of the boarding school. Methodologically, this study adopts a qualitative research approach. Data was collected through in-depth interviews, observations, and documentary studies. After collecting the data, its authenticity was examined through validation standards, namely trustworthiness, transferability, dependability, and confirmability. The data analysis technique employed involves data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions from the research findings. The expected findings of this research are: (1) The focus of the planning is on producing well-characterized graduates who possess both formal education knowledge and Islamic education knowledge from the boarding school. (2) The organization of the Boarding School Leadership and their accountability to the Boarding School Head in leading, planning, developing, directing, coordinating, overseeing, and controlling school activities in implementing the Public Relations field program in line with the established vision, mission, and work program. (3) The implementation of communication development includes activities such as creating Asma’ul Husna plaques, book study programs, voluntary prayers, voluntary fasting, and Qur'an memorization.

PENDAMPINGAN IMPLEMENTASI DIGITAL MARKETING PADA UMKM GAPOKTAN MANDIRI JAYA DI DESA CIKARAWANG

The widespread of Covid-19 has extensive repercussions, particularly on the economy and societal well-being. The Institute for Research and Community Engagement (LPPM) of IPB University, through the IPB Goes To Field (IGTF) Program, collaborates with the IPB Vocational School to contribute to the revival of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) affected by pandemic. One of them is UMKM Gapoktan Mandiri Jaya. A substantial decline in sales has been experienced post-pandemic, particularly given the reliance on conventional sales methods involving face-to-face interactions and direct marketing. The IGTF program’s objective is to assist MSMEs in enhancing their sales by leveraging technological advancements, specifically through digital marketing. This initiative aims for business operator not only to acquire technical understanding but also to become proficient in autonomous operations after the program’s completion. The method employed in this undertaking is Participatory Learning Activity (PLA). Intensive mentoring will be provided to business operators during the knowledge dissemination process, culminating in operational simulations. The implementation of digital marketing guidance unfolds across various stages, beginning with awareness campaigns, followed by digital marketing planning, photo product session, digital marketing mentoring, and immersive simulation. Sustainable digital marketing provisions are delivered in two stages: writing pocket guidebook and provision of photos and videos resources.

Thermally controlled shape programming via image-based optimization towards distortion-reduced composite curing

The complex mechanisms involved in thermosetting composite curing process contribute to the cure-induced distortion (CID) that deteriorates load-bearing capacity as well as in-service life of the assembled component. The emergence of novel approaches for flexible thermal control, such as microwave or self-resistance heating devices, enables shape manipulation through customized temperature field programming, which opens up a new avenue for reducing CID. The determination of such temperature field is however a typical inverse problem that conventionally requires accurate modeling of the forward curing process together with an iterative solver, which becomes intractable due to the high-dimensional space required to identify a temperature field. This paper proposed an image-based optimization scheme to deliver a distortion-reduced temperature field. A simply yet effective thermomechanical relationship is primarily established to generate a grayscale image that encodes a nominal temperature field. The adaptive thresholding algorithm based on image processing is then developed to regularize the temperature field, maintaining global features while eliminating high-frequency outliers, in order to comply with applicable thermal control requirements. Experimental results demonstrate noticeable reduction of the CID distribution, where the mean CID could be reduced by 25–50%, as verified in three typical freeform parts using optimized temperature field.

Medium-Earth-Orbit Spaceflight Radiation Effects in Triple Modular System on Programmable Device

This work presents experimental results of medium-Earth orbit (MEO) spaceflight radiation effects in a COTS SRAM-based FPGA (commercial off-the-shelf static random access memory-based field programmable gate array) device implementing a case-study digital system design protected with the classical triple modular redundancy (TMR) technique. This UGA/TIMA’s experiment is a part of the NASA/GSFC’s SET (space environment testbeds) payload launched in the AFRL’s DSX (demonstration and science experiments) spacecraft in June 2019. Results report 69 single-event upset (SEU)-induced failures in the TMR-protected case-study system, moreover total ionizing dose effects for nearly two years of space mission seem not to contribute to an increment of SEU-induced failures.

A Spatially Resolved Analysis of Star Formation Burstiness by Comparing UV and Hα in Galaxies at z ∼ 1 with UVCANDELS

The UltraViolet imaging of the Cosmic Assembly Near-infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey Fields (UVCANDELS) program provides Hubble Space Telescope (HST)/UVIS F275W imaging for four CANDELS fields. We combine this UV imaging with existing HST/near-IR grism spectroscopy from 3D-HST+AGHAST to directly compare the resolved rest-frame UV and Hα emission for a sample of 979 galaxies at 0.7 < z < 1.5, spanning a range in stellar mass of 108−11.5 M ⊙. Using a stacking analysis, we perform a resolved comparison between homogenized maps of rest-UV and Hα to compute the average UV-to-Hα luminosity ratio (an indicator of burstiness in star formation) as a function of galactocentric radius. We find that galaxies below stellar mass of ∼109.5 M ⊙, at all radii, have a UV-to-Hα ratio higher than the equilibrium value expected from constant star formation, indicating a significant contribution from bursty star formation. Even for galaxies with stellar mass ≳109.5 M ⊙, the UV-to-Hα ratio is elevated toward their outskirts (R/R eff > 1.5), suggesting that bursty star formation is likely prevalent in the outskirts of even the most massive galaxies, but is likely overshadowed by their brighter cores. Furthermore, we present the UV-to-Hα ratio as a function of galaxy surface brightness, a proxy for stellar mass surface density, and find that regions below ∼107.5 M ⊙ kpc−2 are consistent with bursty star formation, regardless of their galaxy stellar mass, potentially suggesting that local star formation is independent of global galaxy properties at the smallest scales. Last, we find galaxies at z > 1.1 to have bursty star formation, regardless of radius or surface brightness.

Extreme seasonal water-level changes and hydraulic modeling of deep, high-altitude, glacial-carved, Himalayan lakes

Himalayan lakes represent critical water resources, culturally important waterbodies, and potential hazards. Some of these lakes experience dramatic water-level changes, responding to seasonal monsoon rains and post-monsoonal draining. To address the paucity of direct observations of hydrology in retreating mountain glacial systems, we describe a field program in a series of high altitude lakes in Sagarmatha National Park, adjacent to Ngozumba, the largest glacier in Nepal. In situ observations find extreme (>12 m) seasonal water-level changes in a 60-m deep lateral-moraine-dammed lake (lacking surface outflow), during a 16-month period, equivalent to a 5 times 10^6 m^3 volume change annually. The water column thermal structure was also monitored over the same period. A hydraulic model is constructed, validated against observed water levels, and used to estimate hydraulic conductivities of the moraine soils damming the lake and improves our understanding of this complex hydrological system. Our findings indicate that lake level compared to the damming glacier surface height is the key criterion for large lake fluctuations, while lakes lying below the glacier surface, regulated by surface outflow, possess only minor seasonal water-level fluctuations. Thus, lakes adjacent to glaciers may exhibit very different filling/draining dynamics based on presence/absence of surface outflows and elevation relative to retreating glaciers, and consequently may have very different fates in the next few decades as the climate warms.