Field-oriented Control Research Articles

Single open‐phase fault detection and tolerant control for wye‐connected three‐phase induction machine drives

SummaryThis paper proposes open‐phase fault detection (FD) and tolerant control strategies for wye‐connected three‐phase induction machines (WCTPIMs). The FD mechanism is based on the comparison between predicted and actual values of stator currents, and the control approach is derived from the field‐oriented control (FOC). In the proposed fault‐tolerant control (FTC) method, an asymmetrical current transformation is used for stator current components, and the conventional symmetrical voltage transformation is employed for stator voltage components. It is shown that using these transformations, a modified FOC can be employed for the faulty WCTPIM. The suggested scheme is able to control WCTPIM drives under normal and single open‐phase fault (SOPF) modes with minor adjustments. Experimental results achieved from a laboratory prototype confirm the possibility and good performance of the proposed open‐phase FD and tolerant control for the WCTPIM under different operating conditions.

Study of the Dynamic Properties of the Miniature Electro-Hydrostatic Actuator

The electro-hydrostatic actuator (EHA) is a new type of high-performance servo actuator that originated in the field of aerospace, and it is gradually becoming a common basic component for various types of large equipment. A miniature EHA, mainly composed of a micro two-dimensional (2D) piston pump and a brushless DC motor, is designed in this article by simplifying the system structure. This paper analyzes the structure and working principle of this EHA and establishes the mathematical models of the brushless DC motor, micro two-dimensional pump, and hydraulic cylinder. Field-oriented control (FOC) is used to drive the brushless DC motor, and the models of the controller are established in Simulink. Furthermore, the models of the mechanical and hydraulic systems of the miniature EHA are established in AMESim. In addition to this, a prototype of this miniature EHA was fabricated in this paper and an experimental platform was built for experiments. In the joint simulation environment, the rise time of the EHA system at 6000 r/min is 0.158 s and the frequency response amplitude attenuation to −3 dB has a bandwidth of 20 Hz. On the other hand, the constructed miniature EHA prototype was dynamically characterized to obtain a rise time of 0.242 s at 6000 r/min and a bandwidth of 13 Hz. In this paper, the feasibility of the design scheme of the miniature EHA system is verified, and its excellent dynamic properties are verified with simulation and experiment.

Field-Oriented Control of a Nine-Phase Cage Induction Generator with Large Speed Changes and Variable Load

This paper presents a voltage control system for multiphase squirrel-cage induction generators operating at a high variability of speed and variable load. Field-oriented vector control was used with a change in the sequence of the stator phase currents what changes the number of poles of the magnetic field produced by nine-phase stator winding. At low speeds, the current sequence is changed so that the number of poles increases allowing for the desired voltage to be obtained with greater efficiency. The task of the automatic control system was to control the DC voltage to a desired value at the output of the multiphase PWM converter. This is an alternative control method to the scalar control of voltage and frequency presented in a previous work. The control method and parameters of the automatic control system result from the mathematical model of the multiphase induction machine. The results of the laboratory tests were compared with the effects of the operation of the same nine-phase scalar controlled generator.

Rotor-Flux Vector Based Observer of Interior Permanent Synchronous Machine

The sensorless control system of the interior permanent magnet machine (IPMSM) is considered in this paper. The control system is based on classical linear controllers. In IPMSM, there occurs non-sinusoidal distribution of rotor flux together with the slot harmonics, these are treated as control system disturbances. In this case, the classical observer structure in the (d-q) is unstable for the low range of rotor speed resulting in disturbances. This negative effect can be minimized by using the observer structure which is based on the rotor flux vector in (α-β) stationary frame together with the classical rotor speed and position law of estimation. The performance of the observer structure is validated by simulation and experimental results in the sensorless control system with field-oriented control.

Advanced Torque Control of Interior Permanent Magnet Motors for Electrical Hypercars

Nowadays, electric vehicles have gained significant attention as a promising solution to the environmental concerns associated with traditional combustion engine vehicles. With the increasing demand for high-performance hypercars, the need for advanced torque control strategies has become paramount. Field-Oriented Control using Current Vector Control represents a consolidated solution to implement torque control. However, this kind of control must take into account the DC link voltage variation and the variation of motor parameters depending on the magnets’ temperature while providing the maximum torque production for specific inverter current and voltage limitations. Multidimensional lookup tables are needed to provide a robust torque control from zero speed up to maximum speed under deep flux-weakening operation. Therefore, this article aims to explore the application of FOC 4D control in electrical hypercars and its impact on enhancing their overall performance and control stability. The article will delve into the principles underlying FOC 4D control and its advantages, challenges, and potential solutions to optimize the operation of electric hypercars. An electric powertrain model has been developed in the Simulink environment with the Simscape tool using a S-function block for the implementation of digital control in C-code. High-power electric motor electromagnetic parameters, derived from a Finite Element Method magnetic model, have been used in the simulation. The 4D LUTs have been computed from the motor flux maps and implemented in C-code in the S-function. The choice of FOC 4D control has been validated in the main load points of a hypercar application and compared to the conventional FOC. The final part of the research underlines the benefits of the FOC 4D on reliability, critical in motorsport applications.

An extended sensor fault tolerant control method applied to three-phase induction motor drives

This research presents a fault tolerant (FT) control method for three-phase induction motor drives (IMDs) against sensor failures in the operating process. In this paper, an IMD applied the field oriented (FO) control for the speed and torque control is used to study the operation under sensor fault conditions. A fault detection isolation function is integrated into the FO control loop as an intermediary component to evaluate the quality of the measured signals of the sensors and provide proper signals for speed control of the drive system. A combined method of a comparison algorithm and a third difference operator (TDO) is proposed for the fault diagnosis function to improve the sustainable operation of the drive. The reliability of the proposed method will be verified through the operation mechanism of the FT function corresponding to three sensor fault states and a random noise state in the simulation environment by MATLAB/Simulink software.

PMSM Field-Oriented Control with Independent Speed and Flux Controllers for Continuous Operation under Open-Circuit Fault at Light Load Conditions

Presented in this article is a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) control under open-circuit fault (OCF) operation using field-oriented control (FOC) with independent speed and flux controllers. The independent control allows the motor to operate efficiently under varying conditions. A simplified control approach is employed to control the PMSM under the OCF situation; the actual flux and torque of the PMSM are directly measured by the stator currents, eliminating the need for estimators or phase-locked-loop (PLL) systems. Matlab/Simulink is employed for the simulation, while hardware experiments are conducted using a dSPACE DS1104. The simulation and the hardware results demonstrate the control method’s effectiveness in maintaining continuous motor operation during OCF, its robustness against OCF conditions, and its ability to adapt under varying conditions, including speed, flux, and load torque change.

Enhanced deadbeat predictive current control with novel generalized space vector modulation for five‐level inverter fed permanent magnet synchronous motor drive with reduced torque ripples and less computational burden

SummaryTraditional electric drive control methodologies, such as field oriented control (FOC) and direct torque and flux control (DTFC), predominantly rely on multiple proportional‐integral (PI) controllers that demand complex tuning. While model predictive current control (MPCC) omits PI controllers, it has inherent challenges including high computational burden and tempered dynamics. Although two‐level inverters (2LI) are prevalent in many applications, their performance wanes in high‐power applications like high performance industrial drives and marine propulsions. Multilevel inverters (MLIs) are more efficient, but combined with space vector modulation (SVM), they add computational complexity, particularly at higher levels, limiting drive sampling frequencies and causing torque ripples and harmonics, affecting performance. To address the above drawbacks, this manuscript presents a deadbeat predictive current control of five‐level inverter fed permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive with a novel generalized SVM algorithm with reduced computational burden and improved performance. The proposed method is validated through MATLAB/Simulink‐based simulation study and experimental implementation. The results are presented and discussed. The results are compared with DTFC and MPCC where it is observed that the proposed method offers superior performance with reduced computational burden and streamlined implementation.

Comparative Investigation of DSP-Based Speed Control of PMSM Using Proportional Integral and Takagi-Sugeno Fuzzy Logic Controller

This paper presents the simulation and experimental results of speed control of a three-phase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM). The control techniques employed in this work include a Proportional Integral (PI) controller and a Takagi-Sugeno Fuzzy Logic Controller (TS-FLC). While theory and simulation help in predicting the PI controller settings for real drive implementation, further adjustment of the PI controller coefficients is still needed for optimal performance. However, the complexity of PI controller tuning can be overcome by employing a fuzzy logic controller, which is less affected by variations in model parameters and load torque. Two variants of the proposed TS-FLC are implemented: a simple algorithm with 9 rules and a standard algorithm with 49 rules. The drive system utilizes Field Oriented Control (FOC). The control program is developed using the C/C++ programming language and executed on the Texas Instruments TMS320LF28335 Digital Signal Processor (DSP), known for its intelligent motor control capabilities. The drive system evaluation was performed through simulations and experimentation using the MCK28335 professional development kit provided by Technosoft Company. The simulation and experimental results of the proposed controllers are compared under various conditions, including speed reversal and load torque variations.

Design and Analysis Models With PID and PID Fuzzy Controllers for Six-Phase Drive

The multiphase motors due to their reliability find new areas of application in the industry and transportation. Developing of any system with multiphase motors at first requires elaborate model of the system, define control mode and controllers. The model of control system for the sixphase drive is based on its conventional d-q mathematical model and indirect field-oriented control. Simulink model of six-phase drive with indirect field-oriented control and simulated with two types PID and PID fuzzy controllers. The simulation results, reflecting step response and provided speed reference law as well as load application at constant speed, are presented and analyzed. Fuzzy controller with 49 rules is considered and applied. Six-phase electric drive with field-oriented control at well-tuned PID controller has good step response specifications: settling time 0.13 s at starting without load, step response has no overshoot, small about 1% short time decrease of speed at load of 5 Nm application. The system employing PID fuzzy controller shows slightly better results in response to torque application: the decrease in speed 1% is eliminated in shorter time. Simulation results indicate the robustness of both systems with six-phase drive to disturbance and provide high quality transient specifications at provided reference speed.

Predictive Control Scheme With Adaptive Overmodulation for a Five-Leg VSI Driving Dual PMSMs

A dual permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) system, driven by a five-leg voltage source inverter (VSI), is considered as a feasible option for low-cost and fault tolerance application. The traditional finite-control-set model predictive control (FCS-MPC) schemes without modulator generate heavy computational burden and larger current ripple. In this article, an improved predictive control method with space vector modulation (SVM) scheme is proposed for independent control of dual-motor system. Firstly, the expected voltage vectors (VVs) of dual motors are obtained with deadbeat (DB) solution, which yields a faster dynamic response. Then, in order to reduce current ripple and eliminate candidate voltage vector traversal process, an improved modulator with adaptive overmodulation is adopted to synthesize the expected VVs. The presented SVM method solves the problem caused by the conflicting switching-states demands of common leg from dual PMSMs. Moreover, an extensive comparison is performed among the proposed control method, the existing model-based control methods, and the field-oriented control (FOC) method with proportional-integral (PI) controller. All methods are experimentally carried out in steady state and transient state. The test results indicate that the proposed control scheme with adaptive overmodulation can effectively reduce current ripple, improve voltage utilization, and preserve good dynamic performance.

Enhanced Fuzzy Logic Control Model and Sliding Mode Based on Field Oriented Control of Induction Motor

Enhanced Fuzzy Logic Control Model and Sliding Mode Based on Field Oriented Control of Induction Motor

The Application of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor with Small Electrical Time Constant in Fiber Positioner

With the development of cutting-edge multi-object spectrographs, fiber positioners located in the focal plane are being scaled down in size, and miniature hollow-cup Permanent Magnet motors are now being considered as a suitable replacement for Faulhaber Precistep stepper motors. However, the small electrical time constant of such coreless motors poses a challenge, as the problem of severe commutation torque ripple in a fiber positioner running a position loop has been tricky. To overcome this challenge, it is advised to increase the Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) frequency as much as possible to mitigate the effects of the current fluctuation. This must be done while ensuring adequate resolution of the PWM generator. By employing a voltage open-loop field-oriented control based on a modulation frequency of 1 MHz, the drive current only costs 25 mA under a 3.3 V power supply. The sine degree of phase current is immaculate, and the repeat positioning accuracy can reach 2 μm. Moreover, it is possible to further shrink the bill of devices and the layout area of the Printed Circuit Board, especially in size-sensitive applications. This device has been developed under the new generation of The Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope.

Direct Field-Oriented Control of Induction Motor with Discrete Full-Order Flux Observer

Direct Field-Oriented Control of Induction Motor with Discrete Full-Order Flux Observer

Fault Tolerant Control of a Dual Star Induction Machine Drive System using Hybrid Fractional Controller

Abstract This paper presents a novel fault tolerant control (FTC) strategy for a dual star induction machine (DSIM) based on the combination of two types of robust controllers, namely a proportional resonant (PR) controller for current regulation and a fractional order PI (FOPI) for speed regulation. This FTC is associated with an indirect rotor indirect rotor field-oriented control (IRFOC) strategy. Fault feedforward compensation of the current components is introduced using the residual signal generated by the calculations passing through the PR controller. The fractional-order PI controller is applied as a feedforward fractional-order perturbation observer to the speed control loop, which attempts to minimise the error induced by the fault. In this context, a fault-tolerant control scheme is achieved. The performance characteristics of the proposed fault tolerant control for a dual star induction machine drive are compared with the fault tolerant control based on the conventional integer order IP (IOPI) to verify the effectiveness of the proposed FTC scheme under various conditions, by examining the robustness of the control in the presence of faults. To evaluate the performance of the proposed technique, simulation results are obtained using the Matlab/Simulink environment. According to the obtained simulation results, the proposed FTC system achieves significantly better responses than the conventional IRFOC system in terms of harmonics in the stator currents, and low oscillations in the electromagnetic torque response.

Virtual Field-Orientated Control for Doubly Salient Electromagnetic Machine with Torque Ripple Reduction

Virtual Field-Orientated Control for Doubly Salient Electromagnetic Machine with Torque Ripple Reduction

Effectiveness of Field Oriented Control and Direct Torque Control Methods for Induction Motor Speed Regulation

Induction motors are used extensively in many sectors, including manufacturing, power generation, healthcare, and transportation. Robust speed regulation of inductor motors is a key requirement for ensuring their intended usage and increasing their effectiveness. This study analyzes two advanced and popular methods for regulating the torque and speed of induction motors, namely, field-oriented control (FOC) and direct torque control (DTC). Detailed mathematical modeling of both methods is described, providing the in-depth perspective of the control algorithms and problem variables. This is followed by a thorough analysis of the performance of the control methods. Different control scenarios have been analyzed using simulation with MATLAB Simulink under different speed and loading conditions. The outcomes show that FOC provides better performance in terms of reduced torque jitter, smooth torque, and speed tracking response for highly variable load and reference speed profiles. Further, the FOC is found to generate better current waveforms. This leads to improving the power factor, decreasing electrical noise, and enhancing the motor performance. Meanwhile, the DTC demonstrates a strong capability to handle large speed changes and provide faster torque response, but it suffers from considerable torque variation. The simulation outcomes also suggest that the method selected to tune PI controllers is effective. The findings contribute to enhancing the efficient operation of induction motors and fostering their applications in diverse sectors for improved productivity and service, and superior economic gain.

Design and Control of a Permanent Magnet Assisted Synchronous Reluctance Motor

In recent years, studies aiming to use different motor types for traction purpose, such as in electric vehicles, have become increasingly widespread. Among these motor types, permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor (PMa-SynRM) has become in-creasingly preferred in commercially electric vehicles nowadays. This study addresses the design and control of a PMa-SynRM, also the comparison with the synchronous reluc-tance motor (SynRM). The motor design process is carried out using the finite element method in Ansys-Maxwell environment. A series of a simulation studies is conducted in the MATLAB/Simulink environment for controlling the obtained motor designed in An-sys-Maxwell. The field-oriented control (FOC) approach is chosen for precise speed con-trol. As a result of the simulation studies, it is observed that the designed motor tracks the reference with minimal error under various load conditions within a closed-loop system. Also, this paper investigates how the PM implementation affects the machine perfor-mance comparing to SynRMs. In addition, such a study takes into account that the de-sign of machines involves always several constraints, including geometry, materials, sup-ply limits, and performance constraints.

Dynamic Performance Enhancement of a Self-Excited Induction Generator Connected to the Grid Using an Effective Control Algorithm

The current study aims to present a comprehensive analysis of a control technique used for improving the dynamic performance of a grid connected self-excited induction generator (SEIG). All components in the control system are modelled and explained in details. The management of SEIG operation is achieved through controlling the machine side converter using a new formulated predictive voltage control scheme (PVC). The proposed (PVC) is compared to field oriented control (FOC), model predictive current control (MPCC) and model predictive direct torque control (MPDTC) systems. MPDTC and MPCC have several drawbacks like high ripple, high load commutation, and using a weighting factor in their cost function, While FOC systems depend on machine parameters for variable estimation factors, need to use PI regulators and co-ordinate transformations, which complicate the system and slow down the dynamic response. The results obtained indicate that the proposed PVC is effective, as the ripples are reduced by 43% when compared to the MPDTC-used one and by 30% when compared to MPCC. Additionally, PVC's time response is less than that of the FOC by 15%, MPCC by 9%, and MPDTC by 4%. Furthermore, PVC produces 38% fewer commutations than MPCC and 40% fewer commutations than MPDTC. Consequently, the generator's efficiency and dependability both increased as a result of its better performance.

Simulation of PMSM Vector Control Using Multisim and LabVIEW

This paper represents the simulation of field-oriented control of a permanent magnet synchronous motor. Using Clark-Park transform and three PI controllers for controlling speed, direct-axis current, and quadrant axis current. As maximum torque occurs when the rotor field and stator fields are 90 degrees from each other. The goal is to bring the stator field always orthogonal to the rotor field. The simulation is performed using Multisim and LabVIEW software