Field Oriented Control Algorithm Research Articles

Weft insertion guideway design based on high-temperature superconducting levitation

Abstract Wide-width weaving machines typically employ the method of increasing the shuttle’s initial speed to achieve a broader weft insertion. However, this approach not only leads to issues such as significant equipment vibrations, high noise levels, increased energy consumption, and reduced lifespan but also has limitations in achieving substantial increases in the fabric width. The article proposes a wide-width weft insertion method based on high-temperature superconducting magnetic levitation technology. It utilizes the levitation characteristics of high-temperature superconducting shuttles in a permanent magnet array’s magnetic field to levitate the shuttle. The shuttle is then propelled by a traveling wave magnetic field generated by an array of electromagnetic coils, enabling wide-width weft insertion. Based on the required thrust values and weaving speed for the shuttle insertion process, the structural parameters of the weft insertion guideway were calculated. A superconducting suspended weft insertion structure was designed, and a mathematical model between the weft insertion guideway and the shuttle was established. Subsequently, a simulation model of the weft insertion guideway was created using Simulink, and the model was simulated, verified, and analyzed using the field-oriented control algorithm. The simulation results indicate that the operating speed of the levitated shuttle and the driving force for weft insertion meet the requirements for high-speed wide-width weaving.

Field Oriented Control Implementation on BLDC Motor Controller with PI and SVPWM using STM32F103C8T6

Brushless direct current (BLDC) motor are high power density motors with a wide scope for use in electric vehicles, home automation, and industry. But the motor performance degrades due to improper control actions. This is caused by uncontrolled BLDC motor torque currents. Field Oriented Control (FOC) method is a solution for controlling BLDC motor, because it has the advantaged of overcoming torque ripples at low speeds. This paper presents the implementation of FOC on BLDC motor using STM32F103C8T6, which is high speed and low cost microcontroller. STM32F103C8T6 has been applied to handle FOC algorithm calculation and data processing. In order to validate the FOC algorithm system and assess the performance of the STM32F103C8T6 microcontroller, a 350-watt BLDC motor on an electric bicycle was tested and compared with a Universal controller. The tests that have been conducted proven that the FOC controller makes power more efficient, rotates BLDC motor at low speeds, and reduces torque ripple.

DESIGN OF BLDC MOTOR BASED POSITION CONTROL DRIVE

The objective of this work is to analyse an accurate position control of the BLDC motor using Field Oriented Control (FOC) algorithm. The BLDC motor, owing to its operational principle, boasts faster responses and higher torque, along with reduced noise, fewer spark-related issues, and lower maintenance requirements than classical DC motors. Field-Oriented Control (FOC) is an advanced control algorithm initially developed and utilized for induction and synchronous motor drives. By implementing a suitable coordinate system transformation, it becomes feasible to autonomously regulate the machine's flux and torque, akin to controlling a DC motor. To control its position accurately, you need to manipulate the stator currents and voltages. The FOC, also known as vector control, is a sophisticated control algorithm used to control BLDC motors. Field- Oriented Control (FOC) allows for the individualistic control of torque and flux. It offers a rapid dynamic response, exceeding the demands of applications such as washing machines. FOC eliminates torque ripple and enables precise motor control, delivering smooth and accurate performance across a wide range of speeds. In this project we use the FOC algorithm to identify the position control of BLDC motor. FOC delivers superior dynamic response in contrast to traditional control techniques. After performing the circuit in MATLAB and stimulating the circuit Analyze a waveform/ output. Before implementing the control system in a real BLDC motor, it is essential to simulate and test it thoroughly. Tools like MATLAB/Simulink are often used for simulation. KEYWORDS: BLDC; FOC; Hall effect sensor; Motor; Position

Retracted: Simulation of Field Oriented Control Algorithm of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Based on SVPWM

Retracted: Simulation of Field Oriented Control Algorithm of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Based on SVPWM

Development and testing of a motor drive and control unit based on the field-oriented control algorithm for the seed-metering device

Good planting quality is the basis for high and stable crop yield. The performance of the seed-metering device is an essential factor affecting the planting quality. For the drive system of the seed-metering device with the motor as the power source, the working performance of the motor directly affects the seed-metering quality. A high-performance electric drive system should be able to provide stable torque and precise speed for the seed-metering device. However, it is not clear whether the motor can always maintain good speed control performance and torque stability under different working parameters (speed, load) of the seed-metering device. And the working performance of the motor is affected by the control algorithm. It is also unknown whether the motor control algorithm will affect the working performance of the motor, resulting in changes in the seed-metering quality of the seed-metering device. Aiming at the above problems, a motor drive and control unit based on the field-oriented control (FOC) algorithm was developed in this study. The variation law of the motor speed control performance and torque stability with the target speed and load under different control algorithms (square-wave control (SWC) and FOC) were explored. A comparison test of the seed-metering quality between the SWC algorithm and the FOC algorithm was carried out to determine the influence of the motor control algorithm on the seed-metering quality. The research shows that with the increase in target speed of the seed-metering device, the rise time and settling time tend to increase gradually. The motor speed response performance decreases with the increase in target speed of the seed-metering device. The average overshoot, average rise time, and average settling time of the five motor speeds under the FOC algorithm (10.43%, 0.44 s, 0.43 s) were less than the SWC algorithm (15.68%, 0.67 s, 0.95 s). The torque stability of the motor increases with the target speed and load. Torque ripple decreases with the increase in target speed and load level. The torque ripple of the FOC algorithm was always smaller than that of the SWC algorithm. With the increase in target speed and load level, the difference in torque ripple between the two control algorithms is gradually reduced. Compared with the SWC algorithm, the FOC algorithm had better speed control performance and torque stability. The motor control algorithm has a significant impact on the seed-metering quality. The average quality of feed index (QFI), average miss index (MI), and average coefficient of variation (CV) of the SWC algorithm were 98.58%, 1.05%, and 16.29%, respectively. The average QFI, average MI, and average CV of the FOC algorithm were 98.85%, 0.83%, and 14.59%, respectively. The seed-metering quality under the FOC algorithm was better than the SWC algorithm. The seed-metering quality of the electric drive seed-metering system can be improved by optimizing the motor control algorithm.

Field-programmable gate array-based field-oriented control for permanent magnet synchronous motor drive

Permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) is a special type of synchronous electric motor that has many applications such as in the manufacturing industry of robots, self-propelled mechanisms, in the medical fiel. In this paper, the permanent magnet synchronous motor motor control structure according to the field-oriented control (FOC) algorithm will be implemented on the field-programmable gate array (FPGA) card. Function blocks in FOC algorithm for example PI controller, space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) algorithm will be integrated into individual itegrated circuit (Ics) then will be connected to form an IC with the function of implementing FOC algorithm. Furthermore, this algorithm will be used for powertrains using gallium nitride (GaN). GaN technology provides switching frequencies up to 100 kHz instead of the upper 2 to 20 kHz like insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) transistors. With GaN technology, it is possible to reduce switching losses as well as increase the efficiency of the power converter. The performance results will be verified through the typhoon hardware in the loop (HIL) device.

A Novel Field-Oriented Control Algorithm for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors in 60° Coordinate Systems

In this study, a novel field-oriented control (FOC) algorithm was proposed in a 60° coordinate system for controlling the speed of permanent magnet synchronous motors. The FOC algorithm consists of several parts in which the reference currents and feedback currents are transformed into the representation form in a 60° coordinate system. Current regulators are typically used in a 60° coordinate system to directly obtain the reference voltage vector. The proposed FOC structure was established by incorporating the space vector pulse width modulation algorithm in a 60° coordinate system. The proposed FOC structure simplified the FOC algorithm and reduced its computational burden. The feasibility of the proposed method was verified through simulations and experiments.

Position sensorless field-oriented control of BLDC motor for EV applications

A brushless DC motor (known as BLDC) is a permanent magnet synchronous electric motor which is driven by direct current (DC) electricity, and it accomplishes an electronically controlled commutation system instead of a mechanical commutation system. Major of the BLDC applications are based on speed control like motors used in electric vehicles, washing machines, air conditioners, etc. For the speed regulation of BLDC, TMS320F2837xD and TMS320F28069M microcontrollers are used, which belong to the C2000 family. These microcontrollers are used to increase efficiency by reducing the system components and enabling a cost-effective design of intelligent controllers for three-phase motors. With these devices, digital vector control algorithms like field-oriented control (FOC) may be implemented with much more precision. By computing a dynamic model of the motor, the FOC algorithm maintains efficiency across a wide speed range and considers torque variations with transient phases. The ideas include strategies to get rid of the phase current sensors and switch to sensorless speed control with an observer. The proposed model simulations can be achieved using MATLAB simulation tools, Graphical User Interface (GUI) application and Code Composer Studio (CCS).

A Combined Control Scheme of Direct Torque Control and Field-Oriented Control Algorithms for Three-Phase Induction Motor: Experimental Validation

In this paper, a combined structure of algorithms based on field-oriented control (FOC) and direct torque control (DTC) is proposed for improving the performance of a three-phase induction motor (IM) over a wide range of torque loads. The objective of this study is to investigate the state-of-the-art research performed on the resilient intersection control management between FOC and DTC algorithms for IM drive. Three algorithms are employed in the proposed scheme: Direct Torque Stator Flux Control (DTSFC), Direct Torque Rotor Flux Control (DTRFC), and the FOC algorithm. The main aim of the control law is to launch the drive system by selecting DTSFC or DTRFC during the transient state while FOC is switched smoothly to the steady-state. The proposed method had several advantages, including the ability to produce torque beyond the pull-out torque range at 340%, high torque dynamics during transient state within 0.5 ms, low chattering up to 0.05 N.m, and fixed frequency at steady-state operation. Furthermore, a comprehensive comparison study has been conducted, including the most recent research, to verify the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed technique. Results were obtained using both MATLAB/Simulink environment and also were experimentally performed by using a dSPACE DS1103 digital signal processing board to verify the concept of the proposed control scheme.

An Integrated Power Converter-Based Brushless DC Motor Drive System

In this article, an integrated power converter with dc bus voltage boosting capability is proposed for driving the brushless dc motors. In the topology, a bidirectional buck/boost dc–dc (BBD) converter can be integrated with the three-phase voltage-source inverter (TVSI) through a common three-switch leg. As compared with the traditional TVSI with a front-end BBD converter (TVSI-BBD), one power switch and its associate driving circuits in the BBD converter part can be saved. Thus, the integrated power converter has the benefits of reducing the converter size, lowering system costs, and enhancing power density. To decouple the dc bus voltage boosting control and the speed closed-loop control, a field-oriented control algorithm with space vector pulsewidth modulation technique is also proposed. The feasibility of the driving system is evaluated through systematic analysis and validated experimentally on a developed motor drive system prototype.

Simulation of Field Oriented Control Algorithm of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Based on SVPWM

Aiming at the problems of large flux pulsation and unstable operation of permanent magnet synchronous motors affected by motor parameters and magnetic field harmonics, this paper proposes a permanent magnet synchronous motor vector control strategy based on SVPMW directional control algorithm to improve motor control performance. This control strategy realizes the effective control of the motor under harmonic interference by establishing a motor model oriented along the air gap magnetic field and the SVPMW regulator algorithm. At the same time, an online query algorithm for current reference values based on mathematical models is established to achieve fast dynamic response of the motor. A simulation model of directional control is established in MATLAB/Simulink. The simulation results show that the modeling method can effectively reduce the interference of harmonics on the flux linkage. It proves that under the interference of harmonics, the directional control of this algorithm has a better control effect, which is practical. The design and debugging of the motor control system provide the basis and ideas.

Design of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Power-assisted System Based on Field Oriented Control Algorithm

Aiming at the integrated surgical robot, a set of power-assisted control system is designed to overcome the transmission resistance between master and slave hands, so that the operator feels light and comfortable during operation. The system includes permanent magnet synchronous motor, driver, controller, torque sensor, upper computer. The field oriented control algorithm is discussed and is used to control the permanent magnet synchronous motor. STM32 is used as the main control chip, DRV8301 is used as the driving chip, and the upper computer software, which has human-computer interaction interface and real-time torque signal display interface, is written by C#. A non-contact torque sensor and corresponding signal processing module is designed. The experimental results show that with the operator’s start-stop and reversing action, the q-axis current of the motor changes rapidly, and the amplitude of steady-state changes is small. This means that the designed system has the advantages of stable assist torque and fast response.

Development of a PMSM motor field-oriented control algorithm for electrical vehicles

Recently, with issues such as global warming, melting of glaciers and climate change, the need for sustainable methods of living has seen a drastic increase. Combustion cars that run on petrol and diesel are slowly being replaced with electrical vehicles (EVs). Currently, EVs face challenges in terms of range of kilometers offered, availability of charging systems, infrastructure for their development, etc. As the need for electrical vehicles increase, the usages of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) too have seen a growing trend. Motor control in an electrical vehicle is extremely crucial as a vehicle on road is subject to different terrains and hence, different loads. Throughout all these different scenarios, it is essential that the motor operates at its optimum efficiency in order to provide optimum vehicle performance for the driver and passengers. Currently, several methods are available for the control of electrical vehicles, nevertheless the field-oriented control (FOC) method for permanent magnet motors is widely used due to its efficient nature. This paper discusses with the design of modified FOC control algorithm for control the PMSM motor eliminates an initial jerk seen during the starting condition of a motor thereby providing a smoother start. As the entire simulation is done using Hardware in the Loop model, the values obtained have real life constraints taken into account, as opposed to a software only simulation. Moreover, the transient time taken to reach a steady state value in speed and to also change direction of rotation have been improved as well. The simulation has been designed entirely on the Altair Embed software.

A novel MTPA and flux weakening method of stator flux oriented control of PMSM

Abstract Permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) has the advantages of high efficiency, high power density and high reliability. It has been widely used in electric vehicles, rail transit, industrial transmission and other fields. Compared with the traditional PMSM control strategy, the Indirect stator-quantities control (ISC) of low torque ripple induction motor has high dynamic response performance in the whole speed range, with high stability and strong security. However, due to the inherent characteristics of PMSM, there are still some difficulties in applying ISC strategy, such as solving the load angle corresponding to the current torque, realizing the maximum torque per ampere (MTPA) control and flux weakening control method in the stator field oriented control algorithm of PMSM. In this paper, theoretical analysis and discussion are carried out for the above difficulties, and an indirect stator vector control (ISC) method for PMSM is proposed. Finally, combined with the electric drive application platform of electric vehicle, the simulation and experimental results verify that the proposed ISC control strategy of PMSM also has good dynamic and steady-state performance in the whole speed range.

The Operation of UAV Propulsion Motors in the Presence of High External Magnetic Fields

The operation and maintenance of converter stations (also known as valve halls) in high voltage DC (HVDC) grids is a key element in long-term, reliable and stable operation, especially in inherently adverse offshore environments. However, the nature of the electromagnetic field environment inside HVDC valve halls presents a challenge for the operation of traditional off-shelf inspection robots. In this paper, the impact of the external magnetic field on the operation of an inspection UAV’s propulsion motors is assessed. An experimental method is proposed to simulate the maximum magnetic field interference to off-shelf UAV motors, which can be used to identify their suitability for use in HVDC valve halls inspection robots. The paper’s experimental results compare the performance of direct torque control and field-oriented control algorithms for propulsion motors under the influence of external magnetic flux. Under the influence of a 177 mT external magnetic field, it was found that using direct torque control, the motor rotational velocity steady-state error was up to 55%. With field-oriented control, the steady-state error was 0%, however the peak-to-peak current draw increased by up to 567%.

Torque ripple compensation control for hybrid UGVs in mode transition based on current harmonic control of a PMSM

Load jumping and mode transitions both cause the unstable dynamic states for compound power-split hybrid Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGVs), and these phenomena lead to vibrations of the transmission system and longitudinal buffeting of the vehicle. This study presents a feed-forward compensation control strategy for load jumping and mode transitions to reduce the corresponding torsional vibration in hybrid UGVs. The proposed method injects an appropriate harmonic current into a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) to generate a harmonic torque that is opposite to the load torque, which improves the dynamic response quality of the vehicle load. First, the multimode structure of a hybrid UGV and mode switching vibration and shock are investigated, as well as a feed-forward compensate control architecture is proposed. Second, two models are established the PMSM dynamic model based on the electromagnetic coupling principle and a 2-degree-of-freedom torsional vibration model of transmission system by simplifying the vehicle system. Third, the harmonic current injection method is proposed, and the harmonic current equation is derived. Based on the field-oriented control algorithm, a double closed-loop controller is designed for the torque and speed of the PMSM, and the internal model control method is applied to design the current controller. The simulation results show that the proposed strategy effectively suppresses jerk and that the harmonics current transfers the energy from the mechanical vibrations of the system into electric power fluctuations.

General Torque Enhancement Approach for a Nine-Phase Surface PMSM With Built-In Fault Tolerance

This article investigates maximum possible torque improvement in a two-pole surface permanent magnet synchronous machine with a reduced magnet span, which causes production of highly nonsinusoidal back electromotive force (EMF). It contains a high third and a fifth harmonics, which can be used for the torque enhancement, using stator current harmonic injection. Optimal magnet span is studied first, and it is shown that with such a value, the machine would be able to develop an insignificantly lower maximum torque than with the full magnet span. Next, field-oriented control algorithm, which considers all nonfundamental EMF components lower than the machine phase number, is devised. Using maximum torque per ampere principles, optimal ratios between fundamental and all other injected components are calculated and then used in the drive control. The output torque can be in this way increased up to 45% with respect to the one obtainable with fundamental current only. Alternatively, for the same load torque, stator current rms value can be reduced by 45%. Last but not least, a method for position sensor fault mitigation is introduced. It is based on the alternative use of a back-EMF harmonic for rotor position estimation, instead of the torque enhancement. Experimental verification is provided throughout for all the relevant aspects.

Efficient Estimator of Rotor Temperature Designing for Electric and Hybrid Powertrain Platform

This paper presents an efficient method of estimation of rotor cage temperature for induction machine design, applied for electric and hybrid vehicles. This factor influences the torque produced by the induction machine with a field-oriented control algorithm. Equipping sensors to measure the temperature of a rotation component is expensive and is not representative of mass production. The approach of estimation of rotor cage temperature is based on the good knowledge of motor parameters and the estimation of the flux of the machine. For an accuracy inductance taking account of the saturation, the no-load test can be performed. The machine flux will be estimated taking account of the voltage drop of the system on the test-bench. The rapid prototyping in a real-time motor control platform will be presented that integrates this estimator of rotor temperature. We finally show the experimental testing results compared to the measurement of the rotor cage on a prototype asynchronous low-cost motor designing for battery electric city cars.

Development of single phase 12S‐6P FEFSM and field‐oriented control algorithm based on the effect of rotor position on stator flux pair linkage

Field excited flux-switching machines (FEFSMs) falls into advance category of synchronous machine. However, most FEFSM structures are comprised of overlapped stator windings, which ends up in taking more space, more copper losses and material costs. Moreover, FSM works on flux-switching principle which made the implementation of field-oriented control (FOC) significantly complex. This study proposes a new structure of single phase FEFSM having segmented rotor and non-overlapped windings for the elimination of above-mentioned drawbacks. Additionally, this study also presents a mechanism to implement FOC without the need of magnetomotive force (MMF) in the rotor. Design of this new topology and its performance characteristics have been analysed through two-dimensional finite element analysis. FOC algorithm has been designed on the basis of sinusoidal variation of stator flux linkage due to rotor position. Experimental results show staggering performance efficiency of about 96% in terms of torque generation when compared to simulation results. Thus, verified the successful implementation of the proposed algorithm on the designed prototype.

Embedded Model Predictive Control With Certified Real-Time Optimization for Synchronous Motors

Model predictive control (MPC) is a very attractive candidate to replace standard field-oriented control algorithms for electrical motors. We demonstrate that it is possible to implement an MPC algorithm for continuous control set (CCS-MPC), with both inputs and states constraints, in which the associated quadratic programming (QP) problem is solved online, even on the computationally limited platforms used in control of electrical motors. We detail the implementation of an active-set algorithm to solve efficiently the associated QP problem. Moreover, by exploiting recent results on active-set solver certification, we are able to assess the computational complexity of the online optimization algorithm, providing the exact worst-case solution time. The controller is experimentally tested on an embedded control unit for the torque regulation of a permanent magnet synchronous motor and benchmarked against explicit MPC. Computational feasibility, low-memory occupancy, and worst-case certification are achieved, fulfilling all the requirements of embedded control.