Field Office Research Articles

The Political Work of Migration Governance Binaries: Responses to Zimbabwean “Survival Migration” at the Zimbabwe–South Africa Border

Abstract This article’s purpose is to analyse the political work of binaries used in both domestic and global migration governance responses with a particular focus on Zimbabwean “survival migration” at the Zimbabwe–South Africa border. This article finds that there is peculiar complementarity between South Africa’s domestic migration governance framework and global migration governance frameworks aimed at a migration management approach. This article argues that this nice fit normalises the ostensibly clear distinction between migrants and refugees to deny protection to deserving asylum-seekers, which is productive in serving the political interests of the South African government. Without access to the appropriate papers and encountering a border refugee reception office that has developed de facto gatekeeping measures to prevent them from seeking asylum, as well as a United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees field office that perceives them as economic migrants, many Zimbabweans living in South Africa occupy a liminal area of categorisation and protection. Hence, the possibilities of the global migration governance providing legitimacy to exclusionary practices at the national level in South Africa are immense. This points to the need for serious engagement with “survival migration” as a category of mobility in analysis, policy, law as well as practice.

PENGARUH GAYA KEPEMIMPINAN DAN BUDAYA ORGANISASI TERHADAP LOYALITAS KERJA KARYAWAN KANTOR PTPN III KEBUN MEMBANG MUDA

This study aims to analyze the effect of leadership style and organizational culture on work loyalty of employees in the field office of PTPN III Kebun Membang Muda. This research is quantitative research with associative methods. The population in this study consisted of 544 employees of PTPN III Kebun Membang Muda field, and the sampling method was purposive sampling with the slovin formula, resulting in a sample of 85 respondents. Primary data was obtained through direct survey distribution, and secondary data was obtained through books, journals and theses related to this research. Validity test, reliability test, classical assumption test, multiple linear regression analysis, and hypothesis testing were used in this study. According to the findings of this study, leadership style has a considerable impact on work loyalty. Workplace loyalty is positively influenced by organizational culture. Work loyalty is influenced by leadership style and organizational culture. Based on the coefficient of determination in this study, leadership style and organizational culture are able to explain 66.5% of the work loyalty variable. The rest is influenced by additional variables that are not discussed in this study.

Factors influencing Individual Behavior Intention of using E-government applications in Sindh Province

Electronic Application are used everywhere in order to carry out marketing and organizational activities. Although the literature that may link the application with governmental activities are rare. Moreover, the users of electronic Application are mostly consumers. Therefore, through using the same target audience this study is specifically focused towards the understanding of e-application and its influencing factors linked with governmental operations. This study highlights the essential elements that affect the adoption of e-government apps in the departments and field offices of the Sindh government. It also enables functionaries of the Sindh government for adopting e-government apps at several levels of government. Quantitative techniques have been selected for the purpose of analysis which indicated that social influence & trust in e- govt application have significant effect use of e-govt application. Similarly, moderation of some of the demographic factors like age and gender are also potent in defining the relationship.

Humanitarian Aid as Global Governance: The Architecture of the Red Cross’s Relief Operations after the 1976 Guatemala Earthquake

This paper analyses the disaster relief operation that was set in motion immediately after the 1976 Guatemala earthquake through the activities of the Guatemalan Red Cross Society. Already in the emergency phase, “Guatecruz” built field offices in the disaster region to manage both the relief efforts as well as to set up forty-three tent cities. By taking a seat in the disaster zone, as opposed to coordinating from a distant headquarters, Guatecruz became the main governing body in a large network of different national and international state and non-state actors. This paper sets out to elucidate the non-governmental logic behind the making, financing, building, and operation of Guatecruz’s field offices and introduce it as an early example of contracting out services that were previously controlled by the government to non-governmental organisations. Untangling a large-scale humanitarian crisis from these field offices, this paper introduces a specific institutional history that uses decentralisation as a method to plan, develop, and build an “architecture of global governance.”

Community, Authority, Power: Three times epistemic, but what fits the International Labour Organisation?

The International Labour Organization (ILO) is a well-known standard setting organization in the world of work. With its standards the ILO has created an epistemic community for labour law and social security law. Central to this paper though is the question whether the ILO is also an epistemic authority or even an epistemic power. To assess this, the main activities of the ILO are described in this paper. The descriptions are made against the background of the idea of discursive diffusion, which could be typified as governance technique to influence the policies or behaviour of the members of an epistemic community. In the conclusion it is argued that the ILO can definitely be qualified as an epistemic authority, and even holds some traces of epistemic power. However, most of the activities that could make up for the ILO’s epistemic power are executed in the ILO’s field offices. We know not enough about the modus operandi in those field offices, therefore further, preferably qualitative empirical research would be needed.

OSCE Operational Capacity in the Regulation of Armed Conflicts in the Countries of the Former Eastern Bloc (1991–2021)

The purpose of this article is to present the operational capabilities of the OSCE in regulating armed conflicts and their application in the former Eastern bloc countries. In order to show the role of the OSCE in the regulation of armed conflicts, OSCE operational capabilities have been structured in a conceptual grid including: OSCE regulatory tools – in the form of missions, field offices and field coordinators; regulatory mechanisms and emergency mechanisms applied in the light of the peaceful pathways of OSCE involvement in the regulatory process. The common feature of operation at each phase is the broadly understood maintenance of stability or achieving stability. There are armed conflicts against which the OSCE has selectively used regulatory activity, omitting certain phases of the conflict, and those against which the application of regulatory tools has not led to lasting stabilisation. The results presented in the paper confirm the correctness of considering the above theories against the background of the conflict cycle concept. Institutional and legal analysis and comparative analysis were used in this paper.

Aid worker adaptability in humanitarian operations: Interplay of prosocial motivation and authoritarian leadership

Many field office leaders contend that authoritarian leadership improves the performance of humanitarian operations. The common narrative is that authoritarian leadership helps aid workers more quickly adapt to changes and thus deliver better job performance (e.g., by improving operations in their field office). However, given that field reports often highlight extant leadership as the source of serious operational failures, could leaders with an authoritarian style be part of the problem? We draw on psychological theorizing on the nature of human motivation to address this question. Specifically, we note that many aid workers primarily join humanitarian operations with the prosocial motive to help beneficiaries. While proactive adaptability is inherent to prosocial motivation, we hypothesize that authoritarian leadership may curtail the relationship by impeding aid workers’ autonomy. We find support for our theorizing in a sample of 299 humanitarian aid workers from the field. Additionally, we conducted 31 expert interviews to contextualize and validate our empirical findings. The paper concludes by discussing the findings’ theoretical and managerial implications for humanitarian operations.

Bioherms of the Bozhekhan uplift in the Cis-Baikal trough as a marginal barrier reef system of a Cambrian salt basin of the southern Siberian platform

Modern forecast, exploration and development of hydrocarbon deposits within natural carbonate reservoirs of buried bioherm (reef) structures in the north of the Irkutsk region and the Sakha Republic (Yakutia) areas within the NepaBotuoba Anticline apply the most advanced technologies of 3D seismic exploration and geoelectric prospecting supplemented with a set of new interpretation approaches and analysis attributes contrasted against wide range of well logging data. The recent discoveries of hydrocarbon deposits in the northern reefs shoved the bioherms of the Irkutsk amphitheater in the shadow. The purpose of this research is geological study of biohermal carbonate formations of the Lower Cambrian age in the outcrops of the Bozhekhansky megaswell in the Baikal region. The choice of this object of study is due to the fact that the first oil and gas inflows were obtained from the wells of the Atovskaya, Osinskaya, Birkinskaya, Khristoforovskaya, Balykhtinskaya and Tuturskaya areas. Field geological routes and office processing of data on cuts and polished thin sections of sample surfaces were carried out including microscopic studies in the thin sections of samples and archival collections of cores from deep oil and gas prospecting wells. In 2021–2022, while prospecting in the south of the Irkutsk amphitheater, the authors explored stratified, nodular and columnar stromatolites found within the compound Bozhekhan megaswell of Cambrian carbonate outcroppings. Carbonate intraformational sedimentary breccias identified in the area under investigation feature a great variety in their fragment sizes and inclusions. The stromatolites’ structural features were studied by the cuts and polished thin sections of sample surfaces. Microphytolites were found in the thin sections and described. The authors also took advantage of the opportunity to study an archive collection of the thin sections of VendCambrian and Lower Cambrian carbonate strata from the Akhinskaya area’s wells at the Bozhekhan megaswell and from the Upper-Lena uplift to the north-west. The conducted study implies that Cambrian bioherm outcroppings of the Bozhekhan megaswell-type uplift within the Cis-Baikal trough are, in a sense, model geologic objects. The study of biologic and genetic varieties of Lower Cambrian phytolites, diagnostic features of the organogenic structures, their inner structure and formation processes of the reef ecosystem may provide a region-level prognostic key to the research of Cambrian sediment system in the south of the Siberian platform.

Navigating the Space between Policy and Practice: Toward a Typology of Collaborators in a Federal Land Management Agency

Navigating the space between policy and on-the-ground natural resource management presents unique challenges. We interviewed 22 U.S. Bureau of Land Management Field Office Managers to understand their perceptions toward, and applications of, collaboration with public and private stakeholders. Interviews were transcribed and open-coded using qualitative data analysis software. Then, each interview was represented visually using the MaxQDA MaxMaps feature. We deductively coded each visual model and created a typology based on a mix of salient traits exhibited by each group. Differences emerged in each group’s approach to teaching and learning; communication style; attitude toward collaboration; attention to relational and substantive outcomes; and the ability to create space within the agency mission to achieve mutually beneficial goals. Findings can help agencies navigate the challenges associated with aligning agency directives with on-the-ground realities in different contexts when collaborators exhibit different traits.

Development of a Remote Collaboration System for Interactive Communication with Building Information Model in Mixed Reality

Remote collaboration for construction site management is challenging. Building Information Modeling (BIM) provides the potential for remote collaboration based on its powerful data compatibility. Furthermore, the recently evolving Mixed Reality technology improves visual perception by superimposing 3D virtual BIM objects on real-world artifacts. This study proposes a remote collaboration system based on BIM in Mixed Reality. This system consists of three-unit systems: (1) Field Operator System (FOS), (2) Communication Server, and (3) Office Manager System (OMS). FOS was developed based on MR smart glasses for a field operator. The field operator can manipulate virtual BIM objects with finger-pointing cues and share the view with an office manager. FOS creates Mixed Reality Capture (MRC) video, the combined image of real-world images of existing artifacts in the construction site with virtual BIM elements superimposed on them, and sends it through the Communication Server to OMS. Thus, the office manager can see the field operator’s view through OMS based on a desktop or tablet PC. The office manager can give instructions to a field operator by voice through OMS. A user test was conducted to evaluate the applicability of the developed prototype system. As a result of the test, it was found that most of the testers had a positive evaluation of the developed system. This paper discusses the development of the BIM and MR-based remote collaboration and the test results.

ПД-14 – чи такий вiн вдалий?

The introductory part of the article provides information about the features of the modern Russian aircraft and engine designations, about the disappearance of the world famous brands such as "Tu", "Yak", "PS", "NK" and others. The tone of many publications testifies to a certain "megalomania" of the Russian aviation industry, whose real achievements of which are greatly exaggerated. One of the main prides of Russia is the PD-14 turbofan engine. This evaluation is the purpose of this article. The history of the development and testing of the PD-14 turbofan engine is given. Simultaneously, it is indicated that it was an alternative engine for the MS-21 aircraft, for which the Western PW-1000G engine was initially selected. Detailed information is given on the production and testing of experimental engines, including in a flying laboratory. It is noted that PD-14 is actually a program for the entire aircraft engine industry in Russia and other enterprises are actively involved in its implementation, in addition to the main subcontractors of the UEC - Aviadvigatel and Perm Motors. In the development of the PD-14, the experience of creating and fine-tuning the PS-90A2 turbofan engine was widely used. It is indicated that when creating the PD-14, many innovative and advanced technologies were developed and applied (16 key technologies). The developers of PD-14 pay considerable attention to the creation of an effective after-sales service system (a network of field offices, engine service stations, spare parts warehouses, ensuring the replacement of modules in operation, etc.), the absence of which previously prevented the successful marketing of Russian engines (a characteristic negative example is the SaM-146 engines of the SSJ regional airliner). General information about the development programs, the main technical characteristics and design features of the competitors of the PD-14 - western PW1000G and LEAP-1 turbofan engines are given. These engines are already widely used in several types of medium-haul aircraft. The PD-14 is compared with its main competitors in terms of many parameters and design characteristics. It is concluded that a modern 5th generation turbofan engine has been created in Russia, which has come close in terms of characteristics and the level of applied technologies to the existing serial Western engines of a similar thrust class. However, the future of the PD-14 engine in the current conditions of the fall of the Russian economy due to the war with Ukraine and EU and US sanctions looks uncertain.

A Survey Assessing Antimicrobial Prescribing at United Nations Relief and Works Agency Primary Health Care Centers in Jordan.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a public health emergency. There is insufficient information on AMR in the context of humanitarian settings. An understanding of behavioral and institutional-level factors can strengthen antimicrobial stewardship. This study used a semistructured questionnaire to assess both knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) on antimicrobial use, resistance and stewardship, and options to improving prescribing, among prescribers at the Primary Healthcare facilities of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency Jordan field office. Responses to the KAP questions were evaluated using the Capability, Opportunity, Motivation, Behavior (COM-B) framework and Bloom's cutoffs. For each framework component, Blooms cutoffs and interpretations were as follows: > 80%, "good"; 60-79%, "moderate"; and < 60%' "poor." Fourteen options to improve prescribing were each assessed using 5-point Likert scales from very unhelpful to very helpful, aggregated by helpful and very helpful and ranked as follows: > 90%, best/most acceptable; > 80-90%, acceptable; and 70-80% as maybe acceptable/good. The questionnaire response rate was 59% (37/63) with a completion rate of 92% (34/37). Aggregate scores for real knowledge on AMR was 97%; opportunity to improve prescribing 88%; and motivation 16%-participants did not believe that there was a connection between their prescribing and AMR or that they had a key role in helping control AMR. Good options (74% aggregate score) to improving prescribing were the availability of guidelines and resistance data. There was good knowledge of AMR and good opportunities, but poor motivation for rational prescribing or behavioral change. There is a clinical need for AMR data to promote rational antibiotic prescribing.

Financial Performance of Islamic and Conventional Banks in Qatar: A ‎Comparative Analysis

The goal of bank performance evaluation is to guarantee that they efficiently ‎utilize resources. Financial performance analysis is a critical tool for recognizing ‎the bank's weaknesses and strengths across its numerous activities. The CAMELS ‎technique is regarded as a supervisory tool to evaluate bank performance based on ‎several aspects, according to the literature review. Regulators use on-site and off-‎site monitoring tools to assess a bank's financial stability. The CAMELS rating ‎system encourages transparency, evolution, and change in all financial ‎institutions. Furthermore, this method identifies the structural strengths and ‎weaknesses of financial organizations. This study conducts a comparative analysis ‎of Islamic and conventional banks in Qatar using the CAMELS rating scale from ‎‎2015 to 2020. We used a sample of 14 banks in Qatar, four of which were Islamic ‎while the others were conventional. The findings indicate that Islamic banks ‎showcase superior performance in Qatar while outperforming their conventional ‎counterparts in many variables. However, none of the banks in Qatar could obtain ‎a rating of 1, indicating areas of weaknesses that need to be worked on, particularly ‎in the area of liquidity, which was a critical factor for all banks. According to this ‎study, the Qatar Central Bank should improve the monitoring and screening of all ‎Islamic banks in Qatar. Furthermore, it is suggested that the Qatar central bank ‎employs the CAMELS system to track operations and field offices for banks ‎functioning to facilitate regular access to a stable banking sector. Banks can use ‎CAMELS to track their performance, and the necessary actions must be ‎undertaken.‎

ქალაქ თბილისის ფარგლებში გამავალი მცირე მდინარეებისა და მათი შენაკადების კალაპოტების რეგულირება საინჟინრო ეკოლოგიური ღონისძიებებით, მდინარე ლოჭინის შენაკადის მდინარე ალისხევის მაგალითზე

Global climate change on our planet has significantly intensified natural disasters, such as floods, flash floods, erosions, glaciers, landslides, and more. The situation is similar in Georgia, particularly in its mountainous and foothill regions, where floods, mudflows and downpours are intensifying. Therefore, special attention should be paid to populated areas where the population and infrastructure facilities are at risk. The ecological state of the Lochini riverbeds within the city of Tbilisi is discussed and ways to improve it are suggested. An analysis of the advanced experience of foreign countries is presented, including the restoration of environmental sustainability in their valleys with the help of fragmentary revitalization in riverbeds. To achieve this goal, those field studies that were carried out in the gorge of the Aliskhevi River, in turn, the having mudflow character and representing the tributary of the Lochini River, are analyzed. The results of a study that determine the current state of the Aliskhevi riverbed are presented. The results of the study showed that this is an active mudflow, which poses a threat both to the population of the village of Martkophi and its infrastructure, as well as to the channel of the Lochini River, in particular, its environmental safety due to the transport of debris flow. The article proposes an anti-mudflow structure, the geometric dimensions of the elements of which are calculated specifically for the channel of the Aliskhevi River and according to the parameters of the expected mudflow. The effectiveness of this structure is calculated by further mathematical calculations. The corresponding scientific conclusions are given on the basis of field reconnaissance studies and office processing of aerial photographs.

Does preconception care make a difference to pregnancy outcomes? A quasi-experimental, mixed-methods study

BackgroundPreconception care comprises a set of prevention and management interventions that aim to identify and modify risks to a woman's health or pregnancy outcome by emphasising factors that must be acted on before or early in pregnancy. This study aimed to ascertain the effect of the preconception care programme offered at UN Relief and Works Agency primary health-care centres in Gaza, Relief and Works Agency, on pregnancy outcomes. MethodsA quasi-experimental, mixed-methods study was done between Aug 16, 2018, and April 30, 2019. A stratified sampling process resulted in the selection of five of 22 UN Relief and Works Agency primary health-care clinics in Gaza, from which a sample of women was selected by the convenience method. A purposive sample of 11 key informants were interviewed. 60 beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries of preconception care also participated in focus group discussions. A structured interview questionnaire and records review were used for the quantitative study, and a semi-structured protocol was used for the qualitative study. Quantitative data were analysed with SPSS version 21.0 and an open coding thematic technique was used to analyse the qualitative data. The protocol of this study was approved by the Gaza Field Office and headquarters of the UN Relief and Works Agency and by the Al Quds University and was given ethical permission by the Palestinian Helsinki committee. All participants provided written informed consent. Findings800 women (400 who received preconception care and 400 controls) were included in the analysis. 188 (47%) of recipients first learned about the service through midwives. 176 (44%) of recipients registered for the service because they were planning to get pregnant. Regarding preconception care activities, 288 (72%) of recipients indicated that they received health advice, 396 (99%) were screened for hypertension, diabetes, and dental and breast problems and given folic acid, and more than 328 (82%) of recipients were counselled about its importance. 368 (92%) of recipients of preconception care took folic acid before conception, compared with 60 (15%) of non-recipients. 232 (58%) of recipients of preconception care and 268 (67%) of non-recipients had complications during their latest pregnancy, including genitourinary tract infection and anaemia. The percentage of women who delivered via caesarean section was 100 (25%) of recipients and 72 (18%) of non-recipients. 92 (23%) of recipients of preconception care and 128 (32%) of non-recipients had complications during their last delivery, especially bleeding. 72 (64%) of recipients and 268 (67%) of non-recipients had a full-term pregnancy. The mean birthweight of babies was 3274·5 g among recipients and 3225·4 g among non-recipients (p=0·2). InterpretationOur study showed that providing preconception care promotes positive maternal outcomes, yet further enhancement is needed. Targeting recipients of service, improving staff communication, informing and counselling prospective mothers, and ensuring compliance with technical instructions are areas that require further attention, as is strengthening monitoring and supervision. FundingNone.

The importance of race, gender, and religion in naturalization adjudication in the United States

This study presents an empirical investigation of naturalization adjudication in the United States using new administrative data on naturalization applications decided by the US Citizenship and Immigration Services between October 2014 and March 2018. We find significant group disparities in naturalization approvals based on applicants' race/ethnicity, gender, and religion, controlling for individual applicant characteristics, adjudication years, and variation between field offices. Non-White applicants and Hispanic applicants are less likely to be approved than non-Hispanic White applicants, male applicants are less likely to be approved than female applicants, and applicants from Muslim-majority countries are less likely to be approved than applicants from other countries. In addition, race/ethnicity, gender, and religion interact to produce a certain group hierarchy in naturalization approvals. For example, the probability of approval for Black males is 5 percentage points smaller than that of White females. The probability of approval for Blacks from Muslim-majority countries is 9 percentage points smaller than that of Whites from other countries. The probability of approval for females from Muslim-majority countries is 6 percentage points smaller than that of females from other countries. This study contributes to our understanding of the nature of inequalities present in agency decision-making in the naturalization process.

Tymczasowy Zarząd Państwowy jako ośrodek legalizacji pobytu żołnierzy konspiracji niepodległościowej z Podokręgu AK Rzeszów na terenie Górnego Śląska

The article is an attempt to show how and with the participation of which people the smuggling operation to the areas of Upper Silesia was carried out in 1945. Its main organizer was Łukasz Ciepliński, and the persons responsible for its smooth running in Rzeszów, Adam Lazarowicz, and in Katowice Józef Rzepka. The legalization of the stay of the Home Army soldiers escaping from the NKVD and UB would not have been possible without the participation of two graduates of the Faculty of the Jan Kazimierz University in Lviv and, at the same time, officers of the Rzeszów Home Army intelligence, Józef Kokoszka and Władysław Pałka, who, as heads of the provincial branch of the Provisional State Board (“TZP”) in Katowice, were able to find in field offices of the TZP employing practically all those in need, at least several dozen people.

DILG Negros Occidental Contact Tracer Information Management System

COVID-19 pandemic reshapes the use of technology and innovation in an organization. Organizations are adopting and utilizing technologies in their day-to-day operations. Information Systems offer a wide range of solutions in terms of data management and interconnecting people with the use of a system. Its use was proven to enhance and improve the productivity of an organization in this pandemic. These promising results led the researcher to develop the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) Negros Occidental Contact Tracer Information Management System (CTIMS). The CTIMS is a web application that enables DILG Negros Occidental Personnel to manage and facilitate all DILG Hired-Contact Tracers (CT) in the Province of Negros Occidental. The automated system made the data collection easy and error-free, streamlined reporting, and eliminated the time-consuming process of consolidating the Accomplishment Reports (ARs) from the Field and Provincial Offices. The document tracker feature replaced the manual entry in the logbook. It also improved the received and released document reporting. It improved the processes of the CT Task team compared to the manual operations and is expected to increase the productivity, effectivity, and efficiency of DILG Negros Occidental.

Early History of Using Total Lightning Data at NWS Melbourne, Florida

This forecaster’s note documents the early history (1989–1998) of the use of total lightning data within an operational forecast and warning environment. As early as 1989, the Melbourne field office of the National Weather Service had access to real-time cloud-to-ground lightning data. In 1993, the Lightning Detection and Ranging system (capable of detecting all types of lightning flashes) became available. In 1996, these two lightning data sets, along with radar data, were incorporated into the Lightning Imaging Sensor Data Applications Display (LISDAD) system. During a 3-y period (1996–1998 inclusive), the LISDAD permitted forecasters to observe relationships of total lightning with a variety of convective events, including pulse-severe thunderstorms in the warm season, cool-season tornadic supercells, tornadic mini-supercells in tropical cyclones, and non-severe storms. Major findings included: 1) “lightning jumps” with warm-season pulse-severe storms several minutes prior to reported severe weather; 2) cool-season tornadic supercell storms with very large total flash rates; and 3) tornadic mini-supercells in tropical cyclones produced only small amounts of lightning, however this sporadic activity benefited forecasters by implying stronger updraft development in a favorably sheared environment, in turn implying possible storm rotation and potential tornadogenesis. Finally, given the availability of total lightning datasets to operational forecasters, local forecast products could more effectively provide the public information about the overall lightning threat.

Purpose – to recognize Germany. About some activities of the Polish intelligence in the 1920s

After World War I, Weimar Germany did not recognize the western borders of the Second Polish Republic. They did not accept the result of the defeat they suffered. Poland was referred to as the ‘Saisonstaat’, which was synonymous with aggression for the Germans. The Weimar Republic sought to rebuild its military potential and demanded the abolition of all forms of control and revision of the Versailles Treaty. From the moment Poland regained independence, the security of the state was threatened by Germany and Russia. In this situation, the identification of threats was of particular importance. Secret service structures were created under very difficult conditions. In the early 1920s, the intelligence reconnaissance of Germany was not sufficient. The organizational changes and improved methods of operation carried out in the second half of this decade had a positive impact on the effects of work. The head of the Berlin intelligence facility, codenamed ‘In 3’, captain, and later major, Jerzy Sosnowski provided the headquarters of the Second Department of Polish General Staff with valuable information on the expansion of the German armed forces. Also, field offices were actively exploring Germany. Agents played a special role in the activities of the intelligence service. Therefore, the process of their selection, conducting, training and supervision, on which the effects of work depended, deserves attention.