Field Of Telecommunications Research Articles

СУЧАСНІ ТЕНДЕНЦІЇ РОЗВИТКУ СЕКТОРА ІКТ В УКРАЇНІ

The article emphasizes the priority role of the ICT sector in building a highly developed and competitive national economy. Attention was drawn to the ability of the ICT sector to improve the country's adaptation to globalization and neo-industrial challenges. The role of the ICT sector in the course of our country overcoming hybrid risks and threats and challenges of a full-scale military invasion and subsequent post-war recovery is increasing. An economic and statistical analysis of the number of enterprises (business entities) by type of economic activity «Information and telecommunications» in Ukraine in 2010-2022 was carried out and their absolute growth, growth rate, absolute value of 1% of growth, average annual value, average annual absolute growth and growth rate. It was established that during the analyzed period, the number of subjects of this type of economic activity increased by 5.3 times, while the annual increase was 20 units or 14.9%. If in 2010 there were 55.9 thousand business entities in the field of information and telecommunications, then in 2022 their number was 295.9 thousand units. The shares of enterprises (business entities) by the type of economic activity «Information and telecommunications» in the total number of enterprises (business entities) in Ukraine in 2010-2022 were calculated. It was concluded that the share of entities of this type of economic activity in the total the number of enterprises in Ukraine is constantly increasing and in 2022 was equal to 4.5%, which is by 1% more compared to 2010. It was emphasized that in order to increase the intensity of the development of the ICT sector, it is necessary to change the state’s approach to ensuring the digitalization of the economy and the development of the information society, while providing support, guarantees, broad opportunities for businesses to realize their own economic interests.

Arc-flow formulation and branch-and-price-and-cut algorithm for the bin-packing problem with fragile objects

This study introduces an arc-flow formulation and the first branch-and-price-and-cut (BPC) algorithm designed to solve the bin-packing problem with fragile objects (BPPFO). This variant of the bin-packing problem originates in the field of telecommunications, particularly in the allocation of cellular calls to frequency channels. The arc-flow formulation is inspired by previous studies and modifies the graph construction method to accommodate fragility constraints. We proved the correctness of this formulation and demonstrated its superiority in instances with small maximum fragility through extensive experiments. The proposed BPC algorithm leverages advanced cutting and packing techniques and incorporates innovative elements such as problem reduction, additional cutting planes, and a label-setting-based exact pricing algorithm. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed BPC algorithm is highly competitive with the state-of-the-art algorithm for solving the BPPFO and can successfully solve several previously unsolved instances.

Mid-infrared ultrafast soliton molecules from a few-cycle Cr:ZnS laser

Soliton molecules, or soliton bound states, are envisioned to make far-reaching changes in both fundamental research and applications. Here, we report on the generation and precision manipulation of soliton molecules based on a Kerr-lens mode-locked single-crystal Cr:ZnS laser at 2.4 µm. In the classical soliton regime, self-starting near-transform-limited pulses with a duration of 37 fs, less than 5 optical cycles, have been obtained at a repetition frequency of 173 MHz and an average output power of 572 mW. By fine-tuning the cavity group-delay dispersion profile, bi-soliton states with pulse durations between 55 fs and 98 fs with temporal separations between 348 fs and 604 fs have been observed and characterized. These are the shortest pulse duration and separation of soliton molecules reported so far in the mid-infrared region, to the best of our knowledge. With the ability of precision manipulation of soliton molecules generated on a sub-100-fs timescale, the tunable mid-infrared soliton molecule source paves the way for applications in the fields of telecommunications and ultrafast laser technologies.

Design and Manufacturing of Dielectric Resonators via 3D Printing of Composite Polymer/Ceramic Filaments.

Rapid technological advancements in recent years have opened the door to innovative solutions in the field of telecommunications and wireless systems; thus, new materials and manufacturing methods have been explored to satisfy this demand. This paper aims to explore the application of low-cost, commercially available 3D-printed ceramic/polymer composite filaments to design dielectric resonators (DRs) and check their suitability for use in high-frequency applications. Three-dimensional printing was used to fabricate the three-dimensional dielectric resonant prototypes. The filaments were characterized in terms of their thermal and mechanical properties and quality of printability. Additionally, the filaments' dielectric properties were analyzed, and the prototypes were designed and simulated for a target frequency of ~2.45 GHz. Afterward, the DRs were successfully manufactured using the 3D printing technique, and no post-processing techniques were used in this study. A simple and efficient feeding method was used to finalize the devices, while the printed DRs' reflection coefficient (S11) was measured. Results on prototype size, manufacture ease, printability, cost per volume, and bandwidth (BW) were used to evaluate the materials' suitability for high-frequency applications. This research presents an easy and low-cost manufacturing process for DRs, opening a wide range of new applications and revolutionizing the manufacturing of 3D-printed high-frequency devices.

ASSESSMENT OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY DEVELOPMENT FACTORS OF THE LARGEST COMPANIES IN NON-INDUSTRIAL SECTORS

The purpose of the research is to quantitatively assess the effectiveness of corporate social responsibility of the largest Russian companies in the field of trade, telecommunications, finance and investment. The research included a comprehensive quantitative analysis based on financial and integrated non-financial reporting data of sixteen largest representatives of such types of economic activities as wholesale and retail trade (OKVED 45–47), telecommunications (OKVED 61), financial and investment activities (OKVED 64–66). According to the results of the conducted research, the most priority directions of corporate social responsibility development in the companies of these types of economic activities were determined, namely, personnel retention and increase in the number of young specialists, revision of approaches to professional retraining and advanced training, reduction of occupational injuries, as well as full comprehension of the need to influence the social sphere and environmental responsibility.

Exploring robust microwave absorption properties of functional polyvinyl butyral (PVB) via facile cross-linking and data-driven material discovery

This work introduces a chemically facile approach for synthesizing cross-linked polyvinyl butyral (XPVB) at room temperature, utilizing divinyl sulfone (DVS) as the cross-linking agent. Leveraging data-driven discovery methods, we optimize the DVS concentration to enhance the material's reflection loss (RL) performance, establishing XPVB as a formidable contender in microwave absorption without the need for conventional filler materials. Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) was used in this analysis, the material's development process was streamlined to achieve a high-fidelity predictive model that closely aligns with the observed experimental data. The synergy between our GPR model and the empirical evidence is particularly noteworthy, with the GPR predictions exhibiting exceptional agreement across the investigated frequency range, especially in the Ku-band, where high RL values are crucial. These findings indicate that XPVB exhibits exceptional dielectric properties that translate into an unprecedented absorption bandwidth encompassing the entire Ku-band, paired with strong RL, thereby achieving a significant attenuation of electromagnetic waves even at minimal material thicknesses. The optimized XPVB sample, without any filler addition, delivers an exceptional RL performance. Notably, a 2.4 mm-thick XPVB sample demonstrated an extraordinary RL value of -44 dB with RL≤-10 dB absorption Ku-bandwidth (12.4–18 GHz), showcasing the material's potential as a standalone absorber. This synthesis methodology, combined with the analytical approach, lays the groundwork for further research and development in microwave absorbers and has the potential to significantly impact the fields of defense, telecommunications and self-powered devices by providing a new standard for material performance.

ОБЗОР ПУБЛИКАЦИЙ ЗАРУБЕЖНОГО СЕГМЕНТА ПО БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ VOIP-СЕТЕЙ: ГЕНЕРАЦИЯ DOS-АТАК И ИХ ОБНАРУЖЕНИЕ

The paper is devoted to the problem of protecting VoIP systems from DoS/DDoS attacks, as one of the most relevant for the field of digital telecommunications. A review of a significant number of publications by foreign scientists devoted to methods of creating this type of attack, as well as countering them, was carried out. A systematization of the review results is proposed in the form of a comparative table according to the following 10 criteria: year of publication, stage of the life cycle of the attack, its type, protection method, degree of implementation, its resource intensity, practical applicability, effectiveness of the method, application of machine learning. Fundamental conclusions were drawn for each of the criteria, a brief description of the research was given, as well as ways to continue it.

PEMBINAAN KEPEMIMPINAN ORANG MUDA KATOLIK: DI PAROKI KUALA DUA DAN BEDUAI KEUSKUPAN SANGGAU

This activity is motivated by developments in science and technology, especially in the field of telecommunications, which are currently sweeping the world. As future leaders of the people who are expected by the church to be able to actively develop church life, they are required to be wiser and able to teach young Catholics around them regarding the main negative impacts of the development of telecommunications technology. With the development of science and digital, humans experience amnesia, forgetting their identity. This is also what is happening to young Catholics in the Sanggau Diocese who are being hit by the mastery of science and the development of the digital world. This community service was carried out for two days, in the Beduai parish in the Sanggau Diocese. The method of this activity is education for young people, starting with the presentation of material in each session and continuing with reflection in the form of revealing responses from the participants. The atmosphere of the activity was held in a lively manner accompanied by music. This activity was successful in increasing teenagers' understanding of leadership and efforts to overcome the impact of developments in communication technology that could threaten their Catholic faith.

Comparative Analysis of CMOS-based D-type Flip-Flop Architectures for High-Performance VLSI Applications Using 45-nm CMOS Technology

High performance VLSI (very large-scale integration) is an essential electronic technology required for space missions and scientific advancements. The only source of reliance for the VLSI designer is the data storage devices designated as flip-flops, which are widely used in semiconductor memory devices as well as for data processing and storage in the telecommunication fields. In this paper, the four D-type flip-flop architectures of CMOS-based D-type flip-flops, such as D-type flip-flops using traditional technology (DFF-T), D-type flip-flops with Demorgan’s law (DFF-DL), D-type flip-flops with transmission gates (DFF-TG), and D-type flip-flops with five transistors (DFF-F), have been designed and constructed. The analytical simulations of the schematics and equivalent layouts of these four architectures are implemented using 45-nm complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology. With cadence virtuoso design software, the performance investigation of the four D-type flip-flop architectures is compared in terms of layout area, transistor counts, average power consumption, rise time, fall time, and propagation delay. The DFF-F technologies have modestly compact design goals in order to reduce production costs and achieve faster processing speeds with fewer transistors.

The effect of CoFe2O4 and CoFe2O4/SiO2 nanoparticles on structural, linear and nonlinear optical properties of MOF-199

CoFe2O4, CoFe2O4/SiO2, MOF-199, CoFe2O4/MOF-199 and CoFe2O4/SiO2/MOF-199 were prepared, and their characteristics have been compared. According to the results, incorporation of silica shell significantly reduced the magnetic property of CoFe2O4 particles. Moreover, incorporation of ferrites in the course of synthesis of composite did not hinder formation of MOF-199, however, morphology and textural features of the composites were distinguished from those of bare MOF-199. The nonlinear optical parameters, such as (n2,β) and susceptibility of samples were evaluated with 532 nm wavelength through the simple and accurate Z-scan technique. The values of n2 and β were measured as 10-8(cm2/W) and 10-4(cm/W), respectively. By integrating MOF into materials, the nonlinear optical characteristics of compounds can be enhanced through electron transfers and the inclusion of π-electron delocalization systems within their structure. Our results indicated the unique properties of CoFe2O4/SiO2/MOF-199, which opens possibilities for advancements in telecommunication and other fields.

A theoretical study on deep ultraviolet supercontinuum generation in subwavelength optical fiber

In order to obtain supercontinuum (SC) spectra in the deep ultraviolet (UV) region, a generation method of UV SC is proposed based on subwavelength fiber (SWF) composed of background material MgF2. The nonlinear Schrödinger equation is solved by the split-step Fourier method, the optical fiber transmission characteristics are analyzed by the full-vector finite element, and the evolution of the pumping light into SC is numerically simulated in detail. The results of the numerical analysis show that the SC spectra have a spectral width extending from 229.11 nm to 2366.68 nm when 350 fs input pulses of 6 kW peak power, centered about λ0 = 400 nm, are launched into a 4 cm long MgF2 SWF. Such a deep UV SC spectrum has many applications, especially in telecommunication and military fields.

Angular momentum transfer to charged particles by interaction with Laguerre–Gauss pulses

Orbital angular momentum of light and the associated Laguerre–Gauss modes have garnered increasing interest due to the many applications they promise in the fields of telecommunications and quantum information, as well as charged particle acceleration. Here, we use the numerical simulation of the dynamics of a large number of identical, charged, relativistic, but classical particles, forming a statistical ensemble and seen as test-particles in a time-dependent external electromagnetic field, to get insight into the process of a head-on collision with a pulsed Laguerre–Gauss mode. We have identified two steady-states regimes (low a0 and large a0), where the distribution of the final angular momentum gained by the particles as a function of their initial coordinates is well-behaved and does not change its structure with variations of the reduced amplitude. For small reduced amplitudes a0 of the incoming electromagnetic field, we have also found an analytic approximation of the expression for the angular momentum transferred to the particles after the pulse has left their region. Using both numerical integration and the analytic approximation, we have investigated the effects of the field’s gradient, initial phase of the field, polarization type, and azimuthal order m.

Facile and scalable preparation of Ni/NiO/SiO2@porous carbon network with strong and wide bandwidth microwave absorption

Researchers are exploring high-performance electromagnetic wave absorbing materials to mitigate electromagnetic interference, focusing on minimizing surface reflection and enhancing attenuation capability. However, one single component and structure struggle to meet the aforementioned requirements. Here, a Ni/NiO/SiO2@porous carbon network (Ni/NiO/SiO2@PCN) with porous structures is synthesized via a pyrolysis process. The magnetic Ni/NiO and dielectric SiO2 nanoparticles are uniformly dispersed within the PCN matrix. The absorption capability of the material can be controlled by adjusting the SiO2 content in Ni/NiO/SiO2@PCN. Particularly, when the SiO2 loading is 0.5 wt%, the resulting Ni/NiO/SiO2@PCN-0.05 demonstrates outstanding EMW absorption properties, exhibiting strong broadband absorption attributed to its 3D porous architectures, the hybrid composition of Ni/C, NiO/C, and SiO2/C, and good impedance matching. At a filler loading of 20 wt%, the Ni/NiO/SiO2@PCN-0.05 achieves remarkable EMW absorption performance, with a minimal reflection loss reaching −71.42 dB at 2.6 mm and 11.18 GHz, and an effective absorption band extending over 6.24 GHz within the frequency range of 11.52 to 18.0 GHz at a thickness of 2.25 mm, effectively covering the entire Ku band. This study introduces a cost-effective and efficient fabrication approach for producing high-performance microwave absorbers, thereby offering promising prospects for applications in the field of microwave telecommunications.

Implementation of a client–centric model of customer service (based on the example of customer service in the field of telecommunications and communications)

Growing competitive pressure and problems of customer churn in the telecommunications industry determine the need for an intensive transition to customer–centric service. The article studies the features of the implementation of a client–centric model of customer service using the example of customer service in the field of telecommunications and communications. The key stages and principles of transition to a customer–centric model are formulated, and the maturity levels of the customer relationship management system are highlighted. Based on the analysis of scientific literature on the research topic, the features and key approaches to managing customer service, development and strategic planning in the activities of telecommunications companies are determined. Objective differences are established in building relationships with B2C and B2B client segments. Based on the results of the study, recommendations are formulated for the implementation of a client–centric model of client service in the field of telecommunications and communications, suggesting a transition to an integrated construction of a client–centric business model for the telecommunications business. It is emphasized that despite the historical tendency towards short–term planning in the telecommunications industry, a customer–centric business model is becoming increasingly in demand in inextricable connection with the ecosystem approach and maximum customer retention.

Penerapan Nilai-Nilai Kebangsaan Bersumber dari Pancasila dan UUD 1945 dalam Meninjau Strategi Manajemen Sekuriti pada PT. PLN (Persero) Guna Meningkatkan Kepuasan Pemenuhan Kebutuhan Listrik untuk Menyejahterakan Masyarakat Indonesia

PLN is a state-owned company which operates in the fields of electricity generation, electricity supply, telecommunications, finance and maintenance services. In accordance with the existing electricity supply law, the Indonesian state-owned company which is given the authority to manage the electricity industry, starting from the industrial, housing, business, government office and public street lighting sectors is PT. PLN. Apart from that, PT. PLN is also obliged to improve the welfare of the Indonesian people by fulfilling electricity needs in accordance with the 5th principle of Pancasila. The method used in this research is the literature review journal method. This research is to describe the extent to which national values originating from Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution are implemented in PT's security management strategy. PLN to increase satisfaction with meeting the electricity needs of the Indonesian people. The aim of this research is to analyze the implementation of security management strategies at PT. PLN is based on national values, namely the 5th principle of Pancasila and Law Number 30 of 2009 concerning Electricity Articles 28a and 28b. PT. PLN as a state-owned business actor which is fully obliged and responsible for its design in accordance with existing laws, must ensure that the security management system implemented by this company covers security and safety aspects in its operations.

Novel schiff base-azide metal complexes: Synthesis, spectral, nonlinear optics, and DFT studies

In order to enhance nonlinear optics (NLO)-based technologies, current research focuses on the design and synthesis of coordination materials. In this context, to investigate spectral and theoretical linear optical (LO)/nonlinear optical (NLO) behaviors, novel metal complexes including azide {[Mn (L1)2(N3)2], (9), [Ni(L1)2(N3)], (10), [Co2(L1)2(N3)2]⋅2H2O, (11); L1: N-(pyridin-2-ylmethylene)methanamine} were synthesized. The vibrational and electronic spectral features of complexes 9–11 were investigated by UV–Vis and FT–IR spectra. Depending on the central metal ion and coordination geometries of complexes, the microscopic static nonlinear behaviors were examined by using the CAM-B3LYP/and ωB97XD/6–311 + G (d,p)//LanL2DZ levels of density functional theory (DFT). Furthermore, the vibrational and electronic properties of complexes 9–11 based on the same levels of time-dependent/density functional theory (TD-DFT/DFT) were surveyed. Additionally, the theoretical χ(1), χ(2), and χ(3) parameters, known as linear optical, second-, and third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility tensors, as well as linear, second-, and third-order polarization parameters (P(1), P(2), and P(3)) for complexes 9–11 were examined. The greatest <β(0; 0,0)> value for complex 10 found to be 262.55 × 10−30 esu using CAM-B3LYP level is 820.5 and 2019.6 times higher than the urea findings (0.32 × 10−30 esu and 0.130 × 10−30 esu). The <γ(0; 0,0,0)> results indicate that complex 9 having the highest value obtained at 2216.40 × 10−36 esu using CAM-B3LYP level is 47.76 and 316.63 times greater than those of pNA (15 × 10−36 esu) and urea (7 × 10−36 esu), respectively. Complexes 10 and 9 demonstrated promising microscopic second-order and third-order NLO features, respectively. Our research is anticipated to provide insight into NLO materials that may have applications in optoelectronics and telecommunication field.

E-Moticon's Effective Curriculum Revolutionizes Technical Education

This research focuses on developing an E-Moticon E-Module as a digital learning tool for classroom use in the field of basic computer network and telecommunications. Utilizing the ADDIE method, the study includes expert validation and student trials to assess the media's effectiveness. Results show an 84.31% approval rate from experts and an 82.14% acceptance rate from students, indicating high feasibility and positive reception. This E-Module addresses a knowledge gap in tailored technical learning resources and highlights the potential impact of digital media integration in enhancing classroom learning experiences. Further research is recommended to validate its broader applicability and effectiveness in larger-scale classroom settings. Highlight: Tailored Technical Resource: E-Moticon fills gaps in technical learning for classrooms. High Feasibility: Expert and student approval rates exceed 80%, validating effectiveness. Structured Development: ADDIE method ensures systematic and effective media creation. Keyword: E-Moticon, E-Module, Digital Learning, Classroom Integration, ADDIE Method

Role of Bridging Groups in Regulating the Luminescence and Charge Transfer Properties of Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Molecules: A Theoretical Perspective.

Organic emitters with a simultaneous combination of aggregation-induced emission (AIE) and thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) characteristics are in great demand due to their excellent comprehensive performances toward efficient organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), biomedical imaging, and the telecommunications field. However, the development of efficient AIE-TADF materials remains a substantial challenge. In this work, light-emitting properties of two AIE-TADF molecules with different bridging groups ICz-BP and ICz-DPS are theoretically investigated in the solid state with the combined quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) method and the thermal vibration correlation function (TVCF) theory. The research indicates that the C═O bridging bond in ICz-BP is more favorable than the S═O bridging bond in ICz-DPS for enhancing the planarity of the acceptor, increasing conjugation, and thereby elevating the transition dipole moment density. Simultaneously, the stacking pattern of ICz-BP in the solid facilitates a reduction in energy gap between S1 and T1 (ΔEST), achieving rapid reverse intersystem crossing rate (kRISC). Furthermore, compared to toluene, the stacking patterns of ICz-BP and ICz-DPS in the solid effectively suppress the out-of-plane wagging vibration of the acceptor, thereby inhibiting the loss of nonradiative energy in the excited state and realizing aggregation-induced emission. Moreover, the charge transport properties of both electrons and holes in ICz-BP are found to be higher than the corresponding rates in ICz-DPS, attributed to the smaller internal reorganization energy of ICz-BP in the solid state. Additionally, the calculations reveal a more balanced charge transport characteristic in ICz-BP, contributing to efficient exciton recombination and emission and ultimately mitigating efficiency roll-off. Based on these computational results, we aim to unveil the relationship between molecular structure and light-emitting properties, aiding in the design and development of efficient AIE-TADF devices.

Influence of Pr-cations on structural, spectral, elemental, and electrical features of Zr2–R type ferrites

Hexagonal ferrites have gained much attraction due to extensive applications in telecommunication and stealth fields. R-type hexagonal ferrites are rare hexagonal ferrites used in various technological applications. In the current work, the sol-gel auto-combustion method was used to prepare samples of R-type hexagonal ferrites with the chemical formula BaZr2Fe4-xPrxO11 (x = 0.00, 0.03, 0.06, and 0.09) respectively. The impact of substituting Praseodymium (Pr) on its structural, electrical, dielectric, and magnetic properties was investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns suggest all samples exhibit a single phase. The lattice parameters and unit cell volume experienced alterations with varying Praseodymium (Pr3+) substitution levels. The atomic dynamics study of the Pr-doped R-type hexagonal ferrites was evaluated using FTIR analysis. Two absorption bands in the infrared spectroscopy were utilized to designate the tetrahedral and octahedral sites. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) findings verified the presence of all metal ions alongside their respective electronic states. Jonscher's power law elucidates the conduction mechanism of charge carriers in the synthesized ferrite samples. Impedance analysis was employed to investigate the influence of relaxation time and grain boundaries on the electrical characteristics of the fabricated nanomaterials. Impedance Cole-Cole plots provide evidence that all samples demonstrate multiple relaxation processes of a non-Debye nature. The minimum reflection loss (RL) of −32.46 dB at 3.27 GHz was achieved for x = 0.09. Pr-doped R-type hexagonal ferrite has potential applications in microwave high-frequency applications.

Games and Arts as Tools for Developing Generic Skills in Engineering Students

In today’s educational landscape, the integration of innovative pedagogical approaches is essential for improving student learning. In this respect, game-based learning appears to be a strategy that not only actively engages students—who often struggle to understand scientific concepts, leading to negative emotions and discouragement—but also helps them acquire transferable skills. Particularly in the field of telecommunications engineering, where the practical application of knowledge is essential, the use of educational games offers a unique opportunity to explore and reinforce specific and general skills. In this study, a cross-sectional quantitative methodology was implemented using a representative sample of 64 undergraduate students in the sixth semester of the telecommunications engineering program at a public university. In general, educational games are primarily intended to evoke emotions in participants, such as enjoyment, to help them cultivate a “receptive learning mindset” and to effectively teach a specific subject. In contrast to these approaches, the game proposed in this study incorporates humanistic skills and artistic tools to construct antennas within a specific context. This enabled students to engage in a practical, applied learning experience in their field of study, focusing on three key aspects: appropriating knowledge, building values, and learning about life, as well as recognizing others in society and interacting with the environment. The results obtained using the proposed game-based strategy were compared with those obtained using conventional teaching tools. The results showed that play not only imparted knowledge but also contributed to students’ overall development by fostering the values and skills essential to their personal and professional success. The results underscore the significance of developing games that authentically simulate project processes and activities. This emphasizes the importance of aligning game dynamics with real-world challenges and situations in the field of telecommunications engineering. This simulation-based approach may be the key to maximizing the impact of game-based learning on the training of future professionals in this field. This comparative study helps fill a gap in knowledge about game-based learning in engineering education by providing valuable insights. It is also important to comprehend the impact of game-based learning on an antenna course and the students’ willingness to engage with this innovative teaching style in the classroom.