Field Of Information Technology Research Articles

Dimension-Controlled VO2 Film for Optoelectronic Logic Gates and Information Encryption.

As the fields of photonics and information technology develop, a lot of novel applications based on VO2 material, such as optoelectronic computing and information encryption, have been developed. While the performance of these devices was not only closely associated with the VO2 phase transition properties but also depended on their dimensional characteristics. In the current study, we conducted the dimension-controlled vanadium dioxide (VO2) film growth, resulting in the epitaxial 2-dimensional (2D) VO2 film and well-distributed 3-dimensional (3D) VO2 crystal film deposition, respectively. It was revealed that, unlike the 2D film, the pronounced localized surface plasmon resonance dominated the near-infrared spectrum across the phase transition for the 3D VO2 film due to the naturally formed meta-surface structure, which showed a transmittance valley in the infrared spectrum after metallization. Based on this distinct infrared spectrum feature in the 3D VO2 film, we proposed an optoelectronic logic gate controlled by the input voltage and the probing Vis/IR light. By detecting the transmittance states of the probing light with different wavelengths, we achieved multistate encoding functions and demonstrated the information encryption application. This new conception device also showed great potential for some other applications such as optoelectronic coupled computing, information encryption, and optical near-field sensing computing.

Unveiling photon-photon coupling induced transparency and absorption

Abstract This study presents the theoretical foundations of an analogous electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and absorption (EIA) which we are referring as coupling induced transparency (CIT) and absorption (CIA) respectively, along with an exploration of the transition between these phenomena. We provide a concise phenomenological description with analytical expressions for transmission spectra and dispersion elucidating how the interplay of coherent and dissipative interactions in a coupled system results in the emergence of level repulsion and attraction, corresponding to CIT and CIA, respectively. This theory comprehensively captures both the phenomena while modelling the microstripline loaded resonators and their couplings systematically. The model is validated through numerical simulations using a hybrid system comprising a split ring resonator (SRR) and electric inductive-capacitive (ELC) resonator in planar geometry. We analyse two cases while keeping ELC parameters constant; one involving a dynamic adjustment of the SRR size with a fixed split gap, and the other entailing a varying gap while maintaining a constant SRR size. Notably, in the first case, the dispersion profile of the transmission signal demonstrates level repulsion, while the second case results in level attraction, effectively showcasing CIT and CIA, respectively. These simulated findings not only align with the theoretical model but also underscore the versatility of our approach. Subsequently, we expand our model to a more general case, demonstrating that a controlled transition from CIT to CIA is achievable by manipulating the dissipation rate of individual modes within the hybrid system, leading to either coherent or dissipative interactions between the modes. The results provide a pathway for designing hybrid systems that can control the group velocity of light, offering potential applications in the fields of optical switching and quantum information technology.

Genetic fuzzy rules and hybrid QDCNN-F-DSAE for detecting attacker behavior with tuning of firewall

ABSTRACT The application of computer technology is increasing quickly as the field of information technology develops over time. Because of the growth of computer networks, there is a rise in network attacks. Moreover, the majority of transactions are conducted via the Internet, and then the web application security is becoming increasingly important. A network firewall shields the web servers from unauthorised and dangerous traffic. In this work, the hybrid Quantum Dilated Convolutional Neural Network fused Deep-Stacked Auto Encoder (QDCNN-F-DSAE) model with Genetic Fuzzy System (GFS) is developed for network protection. With the utilisation of genetic fuzzy system (GFS) and firewall tuning, the QDCNN-F-DSAE identified the attack, ransomware activity, and prompt decision-making. The data offered by the simulated environment is used to make decisions, and the decisions should be made quickly within a few seconds using the proposed QDCNN-F-DSAE with GFS. Furthermore, it identifies the attacks and alerts the users to store the data from the supplied source. The malicious function and protected private Local Area Network (LAN) are discovered and removed by the firewall after the formation of genetic fuzzy rules. Moreover, this model is estimated using the accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity measures that offered the finest values of 0.915, 0.908, and 0.920.

Analysis of the Effectiveness of Based Public Services Information and Communication Technology (ICT)

This research is entitled: Analysis of the Effectiveness of Public Services Based on Information and Communication Technology (ICT): Study of the National Public Service Complaint Management System for People's Online Aspiration and Complaint Services (SP4N LAPOR) at the Communication and Information Service of the Riau Islands Province. The aim of the research is to determine the effectiveness of public services that utilize information and communication technology (ICT) with the SP4N LAPOR Application service at the Riau Islands Province Communication and Informatics Service (Diskominfo). The SP4N LAPOR Application is an application that can be used for category purposes. reporting in the form of aspirations and appreciation, as well as requests for public information and complaints and reports in the reporting completion category. and one of the government's efforts to provide high-quality public services for the community. In measuring the level of program effectiveness, researchers used Champbel theory (in Mutiarin and Arif, 2014). Also this research is descriptive in nature by applying qualitative methods. Informants were determined by applying purposive sampling techniques. In data collection, research instruments were used, including field observations and interviews with several informants. Then documentation studies are used for the documents in the research. Meanwhile, data analysis techniques are carried out through data reduction, displaying data and drawing conclusions on research that has been carried out. In the research results, it was found that the effectiveness of ICT- based public services with the SP4N LAPOR application in the Riau Islands Province Communication and Information Service (Diskominfo) was running quite effectively, although there were a number of obstacles, including limited reliability human resources in the field of information technology and obstacles. others in the form of the Riau Islands Provincial Government, especially Diskominfo, do not yet have an Information and Communication Technology (ICT) master plan and an Electronic Based Service System (SPBE) architecture.

The Development of a Mathematical Model of an Algorithm for Constructing an Individual Educational Trajectory for the Development of Methodological Competence among IT Discipline Teachers

This article explores contemporary models of the development of methodological competence, focusing on the needs of IT discipline teachers. The challenges in implementing these features within modern educational conditions are identified, underscoring the necessity for creating innovative teaching methods adapted to the requirements of IT teachers. By analyzing current trends in the educational environment, the authors highlight key stages in the continuous education system for teachers, including the mastering of basic education, adapting young teachers, and fostering their professional development. The article reveals the actual possibilities of developing the methodological competence of teachers as an ongoing endeavor to elevate their professional pedagogical culture. In the article, the authors propose a conceptual model within the domain of education, serving as the basis for constructing an efficient mathematical model which is specifically designed to create individualized learning trajectories for IT discipline teachers with the focus on managing the process of methodological competence development during the synthesis of training courses. The authors propose an innovative approach to teacher retraining, centered around individualized needs and abilities, with the aim of enhancing the quality of education in the field of information technology.

Some Solutions to Improve Programming Skills for Information Technology Students at Tan Trao University

In the rapidly evolving field of Information Technology, proficient programming skills are paramount for students aspiring to excel in their careers. This study investigates the current state of programming competencies among IT students at Tan Trao University, identifies the challenges they face, and proposes targeted solutions to enhance their programming capabilities. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, we gathered data through surveys, interviews, and performance assessments, revealing significant gaps in foundational knowledge, practical application, and problem-solving skills. Based on these findings, we recommend a multifaceted strategy that includes curriculum enhancement, hands-on coding workshops, peer mentoring programs, and the integration of industry-relevant projects. These solutions aim to create a robust learning environment that not only improves technical skills but also fosters critical thinking and collaboration. The implementation of these strategies is expected to significantly elevate the programming proficiency of IT students at Tan Trao University, preparing them to meet the demands of the tech industry and contribute innovatively to their future workplaces. This research underscores the urgent need for educational institutions to adapt and evolve their teaching methodologies to cultivate the next generation of skilled programmers.

Preface

Abstract In order to bring in the latest progress in theory, technology and application in the fields of electrical engineering and information technology at home and abroad in recent years, and show the latest research achievements, 2024 3rd International Conference on Electrical, Control and Information Technology (ECITech 2024) was held from January 19th to 21st, 2024 in Xiamen, China via virtual form. It was attended by about 120 participants from different countries and regions. At this conference we had a comprehensive overview of this fascinating field and of future scenarios thanks to the participation of distinguished delegates around the globe, including Prof. Hamid Reza Karimi (Politecnico di Milano, Italy), Prof. Mouquan Shen (Nanjing Tech University, China), Assoc. Prof. Jamaludin Jalani (Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Malaysia), and Assoc. Prof. Wenfeng Hu (Central South University, China). The experts performed wonderful keynote speeches, and the participants raised questions based on the speeches and interacted with the speakers and people around, leading to a heated discussion on the latest research findings and trends in related fields. As one of the important outcomes of ECITech 2024, this proceedings contains excellent academic contributions from all over the world, demonstrating the latest research results and innovative ideas in this field. These papers not only cover theoretical explorations of electrical, control and information technology, but also numerous practical application cases, which provide us with valuable experiences and insights. In this collection of papers, the authors, with profound academic background and keen insight, have discussed the hot issues in the field of electrical, control and information technology in depth. They have systematically analyzed and elaborated on the latest advances in electrical engineering, innovative applications of control theory, and the integration and development of information technology from different perspectives and at different levels. These papers not only enrich our understanding of the field, but also provide new ideas and directions for future research. We would like to thank all the experts, scholars and authors who participated in this conference for their hard work and excellent contributions, which made this conference a complete success and the publication of the proceedings. At the same time, we would also like to thank all the guests and attendees, whose enthusiastic participation and active support have made this conference a real academic feast. Finally, we sincerely hope that this proceedings will bring inspiration and harvest to the readers, and we also look forward to exploring more mysteries and possibilities in the field of electrical, control and information technology with you in the future academic exchanges and cooperation. The Committee of ECITech 2024 List of Committee Member is available in this Pdf.

Экспертная оценка индикаторов и показателей для разработки модели цифровой зрелости первичной медико-санитарной помощи.

The research is devoted to the development of a model of digital maturity of primary health care in the Russian Federation. Through expert evaluation, key indicators and indicators of digital maturity were identified, which made it possible to create a comprehensive model for assessing the digital development of medical organizations. The main attention is paid to the functional capabilities of medical information systems and information and communication technologies that ensure high quality and accessibility of medical care. Aim: to conduct an expert assessment of indicators and indicators for the development of a model of digital maturity of primary health care. This includes an analysis of existing indicators, identification of key indicators, their classification and assessment of significance for the formation of an objective model for assessing the digital maturity of medical organizations. Materials and methods. For a systematic assessment of the digital maturity of primary health care, a questionnaire was developed containing 6 indicators and 52 indicators reflecting various aspects of the digital maturity of the subjects of the Russian Federation. Regulatory documents, methodological guidelines and recommendations from experts in the field of medicine and information technology were studied. Experts assessed the importance of each indicator on a scale from 0 to 10 points, and the results of the assessments were classified to form the final model. Results. The expert assessment showed that the functionality of the medical information system is evaluated higher than the equipment of information and communication technologies. Key indicators, such as access to research results and telemedicine consultations, received high marks, indicating their importance for the digital maturity of medical organizations. The recommendations include updating the digital infrastructure, developing the functionality of the medical information system and improving the level of training of medical personnel. Conclusions: the study showed that in order to achieve a high level of digital maturity of PHC, it is necessary to pay attention to both the technical equipment and the development of the IIA functionality. An integrated approach, including updating the infrastructure and improving the digital literacy of medical personnel, will significantly improve the quality and accessibility of medical care. The proposed recommendations can serve as a basis for further planning of measures to increase the digital maturity of primary health care in the Russian Federation.

User Interface Design for the Orca Music Player Mobile Application

The rapid development in the field of information technology has resulted in a significant change in the way music is listened to. The current digital generation prefers to listen to music online through their digital devices. Thus, designing User Interface and User Experience on Mobile Music Player Applications using the User Centered Design method which consists of Plan the human centered process, Specify the context of use, Specify user and organizational requirements, and Produce design Solution. The target audience for this design is productive age children 15-35 years old with product limitations that only reach the prototype stage and feature services that are still lacking. The platform used is the android and ios mobile platform and UI design by making Wireframe of the application design.

E-Commerce Information System Design Using SpringBoot Framework and PostgreSQL

Advances in information technology, especially in the field of information technology, have become an integral part of our daily lives. The increasing volume and complexity of data affects almost all aspects of our activities, including education, sales, transportation, banking, and others. In a world filled with advanced technology, people expect speed and convenience in everything. Therefore, businesses need to design and build effective and reliable e-commerce information systems to meet the demands of an increasingly connected and digitalized market. In this research, e-commerce information systems are faced with the demand to efficiently manage various aspects of business such as product management, stock, transactions, delivery, and payment. RESTful web services are used as a solution to facilitate data exchange between various systems effectively by using SpringBoot Framework, which is chosen as an easily configurable and efficient framework. In addition, security and flexibility in data management were in focus, with PostgreSQL chosen as a database capable of dealing with large data volumes and providing a good level of security. By combining SpringBoot-based RESTful web services and the use of PostgreSQL database, the e-commerce information system can provide high performance, integrated, and secure, improving the user's shopping experience and building customer trust in the e-commerce platform used. The research method used by researchers in the design of this information system is the System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) which includes planning, analysis, design and implementation.

FEATURES OF THE TACTICS OF INTERROGATION OF THE ACCUSED IN THE INVESTIGATION OF CRIMES IN THE FIELD OF COMPUTER INFORMATION

The subject of the study is the tactics of interrogation as a key element of the investigation of crimes in the field of computer information. The purpose of the article is to find and choose the right interrogation tactics in the investigation of crimes in the field of computer information, which allows you to effectively collect and analyze data, obtain evidence necessary for the investigation, protect the rights of all participants in the process and save time during the investigation. Methodology. In the course of the work, the following methods of scientific research were used: analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, dialectical, comparative and formal logical methods. The results of the study. The tactical actions necessary for the effective investigation of crimes in the field of computer information have been identified. It has been established that a particularly important factor in the investigation is the availability of sufficient skills and knowledge of the investigator in the field of information and telecommunications technologies, which allows the most productive way to obtain the necessary information for the investigation. During the interrogation of the suspect, it should be clarified how he gained access to the information and telecommunications system, what specific actions he committed, whether he worked independently or was a member of a group. Scope of application of the results: the results of this work can be applied in the educational process, as well as by investigative authorities in the investigation of crimes in the field of computer information, these materials can be especially useful for novice investigators. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that special attention is paid to the technical component when constructing interrogation tactics. Conclusions. It is concluded that it is technical training that is the key feature of interrogation tactics in the investigation of crimes in the field of computer information, since without this component, in some situations, investigative actions are ineffective.

Improving The Writing Skills of Vocational High School in Payakumbuh Teachers Through a Blog-Based Autobiographical Technique Workshop

Improving skills should be a concern for educators to support student abilities, but not all educators pay attention to the importance of improving skills. One of them is in terms of writing for teachers at the Vocational High School level. At Vocational High School in Payakumbuh, which is a Vocational School that has majors including Computer Network Engineering, Multimedia, and Software Engineering (Broadcasting), with the sophistication of this IT-based school, of course, it already has facilities in the field of Information and Communication Technology that are qualified. The type of research used is in the form of School Action Research (PTS). School Action Research is an amalgamation of action research. Action research was developed with the intention of finding solutions to social problems. Action research begins with a systematic study of a problem. The results of the study are used as the basis for developing a work plan (action) in an effort to overcome the problem. The conclusion obtained from the research on improving the writing ability of Vocational High School in Payakumbuh teachers through blog-based autobiographical techniques is that there is an increase in the writing ability of Vocational High School in Payakumbuh teachers after attending a workshop on blog-based autobiographical techniques. Teachers' motivation to improve their writing skills also increased, and enthusiasm for using blog or website media to be more optimized.

Свойства гражданско-правовых услуг и вопросы исполнения договора возмездного оказания услуг в судебной практике (на примере риелторской деятельности)

Services in the field of civil law relations are becoming widespread. These processes increase the relevance of their study by scientists of different specialties: lawyers, economists, specialists in the field of information and communication technologies and others, including at the junction of various social sciences. A number of issues related to the functioning of the service market remain controversial, including the essence of the service and its properties. In civil law, services were studied by legal scholars both in the pre-revolutionary and subsequent periods as objects of civil rights and legal relations, the subject of civil law contracts, etc. The author attempts to identify all the properties of the service contained in the economic and legal scientific literature studied by him, establishes their hierarchy, and proposes a mega-property of the service. Insufficient development of legal issues of services contributes to a multitude of litigation on the execution of contracts for the provision of paid services. The article considers in detail the issues of registration of the fact of rendering services, and gives an assessment of the business habit (business custom) that has developed in the provision of services. The requirements for the act of acceptance and transfer of services to resolve disputes between counterparties are formulated.

Formation of Competences in the Field of Information Security for Future Bachelors of Applied Informatics

The purpose of the study is to develop a model for developing competencies in the field of information security for bachelors in the field of Applied Information Science. The relevance of this problem is determined by modern requirements for enterprise employees and, accordingly, the process of their training. Demand for qualified employees who have skills not only in their field of activity, but also in areas relevant to the information society, such as information culture and the ability to provide an information enterprise.Materials and research methods. To achieve this goal, a competency-based approach was used to activate the process of developing the readiness and ability of subjects to make independent decisions, express independent judgments and at the same time participate in a common cause, create relationships with other participants in joint activities. The following methods were used in the work: analysis of pedagogical, scientific, technical and methodological literature on the research problem, systematization and generalization and visual presentation of the results.Results. As part of the study, a tabular model for the formation of competencies in the field of information security was developed based on the competency-based approach. The article reflects a model for developing competence in the field of information security using the example of additional professional competencies - 2 (the ability to take part in project management, organizing IT infrastructure and information security management) in the process of studying the discipline “Information Security”. The component blocks of the developed model are described: diagnostic, motivational, theoretical, practical and control-analytical. In accordance with the stages of this process of developing competencies and the tasks to be solved at each stage, various innovative forms and methods are presented. The results of the paper show that the process of developing competencies in the field of information security among bachelors in the “Applied Information Science” area is complex and multifaceted. Even though bachelors of applied computer science will not perform the same job functions as information security specialists, their training should be sufficient to enable them to design and build safe and reliable information systems. The pedagogical search is not completed, but it has acquired the necessary boundaries, unique centers of crystallization around which the academic discipline is designed.Conclusion. We can conclude that training specialists in the field of information security is an urgent task of modern society, the solution of which is dependent on scientific justification and identification of a set of necessary competencies that a modern specialist should have. The components of competencies in the field of information security that we have identified, the generalized tabular model of these competencies that we have proposed, as well as the stages, methods and forms of developing these competencies among bachelors of Applied Information Science require additional study. The conducted research allows us to outline ways to solve the multifaceted and complex problem of forming students’ competencies in the field of information security, taking into account modern requirements for the training of specialists not only in the field of computer science and information technology.

FORMATION OF TECHNICAL SKILLS OF FUTURE IT SPECIALISTS BY MEANS OF VISUAL PROGRAMMING

In this article, the process of developing technical skills for future professionals in the field of information technology through the creation of web applications using visual programming is examined. The study analyzes the specific characteristics of using visual programming in the educational process, highlighting both its advantages and challenges. It describes modern approaches to teaching visual programming, including effective pedagogical strategies and techniques to enhance student engagement and learning outcomes.The article identifies the main components and stages of the process of creating web applications, such as design, development, testing, and deployment. Each stage is discussed in detail, providing a clear framework for educators to follow. The feasibility of using the Node-RED software platform is also analyzed, focusing on its user-friendly interface and versatility in an educational context. Node-RED’s ability to simplify complex coding tasks and its application in real-world projects are examined. The research findings can be useful for educators in higher education who are interested in improving methods of teaching visual programming. By implementing the study’s recommendations, educators can better prepare students to become qualified specialists in the field of information technology. The study underscores the importance of continuous innovation in teaching practices to keep pace with the evolving landscape of IT education. Additionally, it highlights the potential for visual programming to make complex programming concepts more accessible to a broader range of students. The article concludes with suggestions for future research on enhancing visual programming curricula and integrating emerging technologies.

Problems of Investigation of Crimes in the Field of Information Technology

The purpose of the study is to analyse the main problems that law enforcement agencies and information technology security specialists face when investigating cybercrime. In particular, the research work is also aimed at identifying the main shortcomings in the process of investigating crimes in the relevant area, analysing the legal acts governing these legal relations, and elucidating foreign experience in further improving the investigation of cybercrime. The methods that were used to write the work are as follows: legal hermeneutics, comparative, statistical, method of analysis, synthesis. The main results of the study were: clarification of the concept of “information technology”, as well as the categories involved in this concept, in particular, information legal relations, cybercrimes; analysis of the legislation regulating relations in the information sphere and the main shortcomings of the relevant legislation of Kazakhstan, possible improvements in regulatory legal acts.

Active ballistic orbital transport in Ni/Pt heterostructure

Orbital current, defined as the orbital character of Bloch states in solids, can travel with larger coherence length through a broader range of materials than its spin counterpart, facilitating a robust, higher density and energy efficient information transmission. Hence, active control of orbital transport plays a pivotal role in the progress of the evolving field of quantum information technology. Unlike spin angular momentum, orbital angular momentum couples to phonon angular momentum efficiently via orbital-crystal momentum (L-k) coupling, allowing us to control orbital transport through crystal field potential mediated angular momentum transfer. Here, leveraging the orbital dependant efficient L-k coupling, we have experimentally demonstrated the active control of orbital current velocity in Ni/Pt heterostructure. We observe terahertz emission from Ni/Pt heterostructure via long-range ballistic orbital transport, as evidenced by the delay, and chirping in the emitted THz pulse correlating with increased Pt thickness. Additionally, we also have identified a critical energy density required to overcome collisions in orbital transport, enabling a swifter flow of orbital current. Femtosecond light driven active control of the ballistic orbital transport lays the foundation for the development of dynamic optorbitronics for transmitting information over extended distance.

XI Международная конференция по криминалистическому исследованию оружия

The article provides an overview of the two-day sessions of the XI International Conference on Forensic Study of Weapons, which was held at Saratov State University on October 17–18, 2023. The conference was attended by ballistics and criminologists experts from Saratov, Moscow, Volgograd, Nizhny Novgorod, St. Petersburg, the Kyrgyz Republic, the Republic of Armenia, Sri Lanka, the United Arab Emirates, Israel, the Republic of Belarus. The conference has been held on the basis of Saratov State University since 2011. The main issues of the conference are related to the introduction of modern technologies into forensic studies of firearms, ammunition and traces of their use. Promising methods for studying modern models of firearms, traces of their use, shot products, reconstruction of places of criminal use of firearms, identification of firearms by traces on fired bullets and spent cartridges were presented and discussed at the conference. The results of research into the effectiveness of using machine learning methods to automatically compare weapon traces on fired bullets and cartridges for the purpose of classifying them into firearms were presented in a number of reports. Separate reports were devoted to the reconstruction of crime scenes involving the use of firearms. The conference confirmed the status of a scientific platform bringing together criminologists, ballistics experts, specialists in the field of information and digital technologies, whose scientific interests are related to the study of weapons, ammunition and traces of their use.

Joint Processing of Aerospace and Ground Surveying Materials to Create 3D Terrain Models

Methods for creating three-dimensional terrain models based on aerospace and ground survey data is an important direction in the field of geographic information technologies. This article presents a detailed analysis of the process of developing and implementing an automated approach to creating 3D terrain models using Agisoft Metashape and ArcGIS software. The presented method can significantly reduce the time and human resources required to create 3D models, as well as increase the accuracy and reliability of the results obtained.

Challenges in adopting blockchain technology in supply chain management: a too far fetched idea?

PurposeRecent technological advancements, often linked to Industry 4.0, require organizations to be more agile and innovative. Blockchain technology (BT) holds immense potential in driving organizations to achieve efficiency and transparency in supply chains. However, there exist some insurmountable challenges associated with the adoption of BT in organizational supply chains (SC). This paper attempts to categorically identify and systematize the most influential challenges in the implementation of BT in SC.Design/methodology/approachThis study resorts to an extensive literature review and consultations with experts in the field of supply chain management (SCM), information technology and academia to identify, categorize and prioritize the major challenges using VlseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR) and Combined Compromise Solution method (CoCoSo).FindingsThe top three classes of challenges revealed in this study are privacy challenges (PC), infrastructure challenges (IC) and transparency challenges (TC). Maintaining a balance between data openness and secrecy and rectification of incorrect/erroneous input are the top two challenges in the PC category, integration of BT with sustainable practices and ensuring legitimacy are the top two challenges in the IC category, and proper and correct information sharing in organizations was the top most challenge in the TC category.Originality/valueFuture scholars and industry professionals will be guided by the importance of the challenges identified in this study to develop an economical and logical approach for integrating BT to increase the efficiency and outcome of supply chains across several industrial sectors.