Field Of Green Chemistry Research Articles

Iron-Catalyzed Enantioselective Reactions Through the Use of Chiral Bipyridine-Containing Ligands

Recent examples highlighted the use of iron salts in combination with chiral bipyridine-containing ligands for highly enantioselective reactions. Very high enantioselectivities were obtained for various organic transformations, such as oxidation, Mukaiyama aldol and epoxide-opening reactions. These examples represent new entries in the field of green chemistry and sustainable development.

Chemistry, Green Chemistry, and the Instrumental Valuation of Sustainability

Using the Public Value Mapping framework, I address the values successes and failures of chemistry as compared to the emerging field of green chemistry, in which the promoters attempt to incorporate new and expanded values, such as health, safety, and environmental sustainability, to the processes of prioritizing and conducting chemistry research. I document how such values are becoming increasingly “public.” Moreover, analysis of the relations among the multiple values associated with green chemistry displays a greater internal coherence and logic than for conventional chemistry. Although traditional chemistry research has successfully contributed to both economic and values gains, there have been public values failures due to imperfect values articulations, failure to take a longer-term view, and inertia within a system that places too much emphasis on “science values.” Green chemistry, if implemented effectively, has potential to remedy these failures.

Microstructure of supercritical CO2-in-water microemulsions: a systematic contrast variation study

Microemulsions of the type H(2)O-scCO(2)-surfactant are potential candidates for novel solvent mixtures in the field of green chemistry. Furthermore, scCO(2)-microemulsions are highly interesting from a fundamental point of view since their properties such as the bending elastic constants can be strongly influenced solely by varying the pressure without changing the components. With this motivation we studied the phase behavior and the microstructure of water-rich scCO(2)-microemulsions. Such microemulsions were formulated using the technical grade non-ionic surfactants Zonyl FSO 100 and Zonyl FSN 100. At elevated pressures the temperature dependent phase behavior of these systems follows the general patterns of non-ionic microemulsions. Small angle neutron scattering experiments were conducted to determine the length scales and the topology of the microstructure of these systems. Having determined the exact scattering length densities and the composition of the respective sub-phases by a systematic contrast variation we could show that these systems consist of CO(2)-swollen microemulsion droplets that are dispersed in a continuous aqueous-phase. The scattering data were analyzed using a newly derived form factor for polydisperse, spherical core/shell particles with diffuse interfaces. The underlying analytical density profiles could be confirmed applying the model-free Generalized Indirect Fourier Transformation (GIFT) to the scattering data. Following the general patterns of non-ionic microemulsions the radius of the microemulsion droplets is found to increase almost linearly upon the addition of CO(2).

Passive micromixer integration with a microfluidic chip for calcium assay based on the arsenazo III method

The ability for low reagent consumption and minimum waste production in a miniaturised system has generated great interest in the green chemistry field. Herein, a microfluidic system for calcium assays using the arsenazo III method has been developed. The reaction between arsenazo III and calcium to form a blue-purple coloured complex is measured by an embedded miniature fibre optic spectrometer through absorbance increments at 650 nm. A linear range was obtained from 0.2 to 3 mg dL−1 with a detection limit of 0.138 mg dL−1 (S/N=3). The method exhibited good reproducibility based on low and high calcium tests with control serums, the within-run coefficient of variation (CVs) (4.10% and 3.91%), and the run-to-run CV (4.6%) were obtained. The carry-over effect of the method was also 1.98%, which is acceptable for the current system. When compared to a conventional spectrophotometric method, this portable, microfluidic method correlated highly when evaluating serum samples (r2=0.985; n=15). This similarity suggests that our proposed system could be used for determining the amount of calcium in serum samples.

Improved aqueous Cannizzaro reaction in presence of cyclodextrin

An aqueous hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin solution has been used to increase the conversion of 4-biphenylcarboxaldehyde into the corresponding alcoholic and carboxylic substrates, by means of a Cannizzaro reaction. The observed enhancement has been ascribed to a partial solubilization of 4-biphenylcarboxaldehyde. In addition, as the main part of the organic substrates still remains insoluble, synthesized products are easily recovered by filtration. As a consequence, the basic cyclodextrin solution might also be reused for a new synthetic cycle, without significant loss of conversion. Aqueous solid–liquid biphasic reaction in presence of cyclodextrins thus seems to be a promising tool in the green chemistry field.

Advances in the methodology of a multicomponent synthesis of arylnaphthalene lactones

Material and energy inefficiencies in total synthesis can arise from a lack of step economy. Multicomponent syntheses have the potential to optimize step economy and, in turn, to minimize not only waste, but also exposure to hazardous chemicals. Therefore, multicomponent syntheses are of immense interest to the field of Green Chemistry. Herein is described a multicomponent synthesis of arylnaphthalene lignan lactones, which are valuable natural products with promising anticancer and antiviral properties. In an effort to improve our previously reported one-pot, multicomponent synthesis an approach using phenylacetylene, phenylpropargyl chloride, carbon dioxide, catalytic silver iodide, and catalytic 18-crown-6 ether was developed. This methodology was then successfully applied to the preparation of dehydrodimethylconidendrin and its regioisomer, dehydrodimethylretroconidendrin.

Síntesis fotoquímica mediante luz solar

The primary source of energy for nearly all chemical transformations on Earth is the Sun. These photoprocesses have been the main sources for the origin of life, and their evolution has been a basis for the succession of abiotic and biotic evolutions. This is so because sunlight is the primary source for synthesis of organic matter and one of the main factors of biotic evolution and, because also was the main source of energy for abiogenesis of substances. The light of the Sun can be used directly for changing chemical structures photochemically. Since light is regarded as a clean reagent, photochemistry can contribute efficiently to the growing field of Green Chemistry. Such reactions using sunlight are inexpensive and easily scaled up for compounds synthesis. Some phototransformations that have been studied are: Cycloadditions, Photo-reduction, Photo-oxidation, photolysis and others.

Green Chemistry: Wilson and Schwarzman Respond

We commend O’Brien, Myers, and Warner for their pioneering work identifying chemical threats to human and ecosystem health and for advancing the field of green chemistry. In our article (Wilson and Schwarzman 2009), we discussed advancing green chemistry as an objective of chemicals policy and described existing policy barriers that, if lifted, would spur the scientific and commercial development of green chemistry. O’Brien et al. recognize that the science of green chemistry has a role in informing chemicals policies. We would add that public policy that accurately reflects current science—and the needs of the chemicals market—is instrumental to the widespread adoption of green chemistry, but dispute that green chemistry is integral to chemicals policy itself. Green chemistry’s potential is expanded when the science is embedded in a larger context. For example, in an introductory text on green chemistry, Lancaster (2002) stated that Green chemistry is not a new branch of science, but more a new philosophical approach that underpins all of chemistry and has technological, environmental and societal goals. Lancaster (2002) pointed out that “over the last ten years, green chemistry has gradually become recognized as both a culture and a methodology for achieving sustainability,” and that the “12 principles of green chemistry help show how this can be achieved” (Lancaster 2002). This book addresses technical aspects of green chemistry while acknowledging the economic, legal, and knowledge barriers to advancing green chemistry. California has adopted a similarly expansive approach. The state’s 2-year old Green Chemistry Initiative is rooted in the 12 principles of green chemistry, and it also embraces a range of tools to ensure the success of green chemistry in society. These include new regulatory strategies, economic incentives, technical assistance, research, and education, with the goal of “launch[ing] a new chemicals framework and a quantum shift in environmental protection” (Adams 2008). These are the same kinds of legislative and regulatory tools that California has used successfully to promote innovation in the energy sector, and which the empirical evidence has identified are the primary drivers for the adoption of cleaner technologies (Nameroff 2004). It is in this context that we see the broad potential of green chemistry. It is a credit to those who have established the field of green chemistry that multiple interests recognize its value in achieving environmental and economic sustainability, with benefits for worker health, resource conservation, environmental justice, public health, and global warming. As a result, green chemistry is reaching out from a core set of technical principles to inform broad societal goals. As the field of green chemistry garners increasing attention in the scientific community and in society, it is worth recognizing that the 12 principles of green chemistry will be put to use in many contexts. We welcome the opportunity to join others in engaging with this promising field, with its relationship to the environmental health sciences and its role in effective public policy.

Green Chemistry and Workers

What follows is a summary of remarks presented by panelists participating in a workshop entitled, “What Green Chemistry Means to Workers.” The session examined the connection between green jobs—including those connected to the emerging field of green chemistry—and occupational, public, and environmental health. It was coordinated by Paul Renner, associate director of the Labor Institute, in collaboration with the Tony Mazzocchi Center for Safety, Health and Environmental Education, a project of the United Steelworkers and The Labor Institute. It was moderated by Joseph “Chip” Hughes, Director, Worker Education and Training Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. Panelists included Julie Zimmerman, PhD, Assistant Professor of Environmental Engineering, Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale School of Engineering and Applied Science and Assistant Director for Research, Green Chemistry and Green Engineering Center, Yale University; David LeGrande, Occupational Safety and Health Director, Communications Workers of America; Mike Wilson, PhD, MPH, Environmental Health Scientist, Program in Green Chemistry and Chemicals Policy, Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, Berkeley School of Public Health, University of California; and Sharon D. Beard, Industrial Hygienist, NIEHS Worker Education and Training Program.

Template‐Controlled Reactivity in the Organic Solid State by Principles of Coordination‐Driven Self‐Assembly

AbstractIn this microreview, we show how principles of coordination‐driven self‐assembly can be used to direct chemical reactivity in the organic solid state. We also show how products obtained from the templated solid‐state reactions can be used as organic building units of metal–organic frameworks and coordination capsules. Self‐assembled structures based on dinuclear ZnII and AgI complexes are used to direct stereocontrolled [2+2] photodimerizations of vinylpyridines in the solid state in up to quantitative yield. The products are used as bi‐ and polytopic ligands of self‐assembled coordination capsules and metal–organic frameworks. We also describe emerging metal‐based approaches to conduct mechanochemical reactions in organic solids. In addition to the field of supramolecular coordination chemistry, these observations impact the field of green chemistry.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)

Determination of the Heat of Combustion of Biodiesel Using Bomb Calorimetry. A Multidisciplinary Undergraduate Chemistry Experiment

An integrated undergraduate laboratory activity involving the synthesis and characterization of a diesel fuel substitute, biodiesel, is presented. Biodiesel is currently a popular topic in the field of green chemistry because it is a non-petroleum fuel that can be efficiently produced from waste vegetable oil. As a fuel, it requires no engine modifications and results in lower pollution emissions including carcinogens and carbon dioxide. Over a three-week period, students synthesize biodiesel, measure its heat of combustion, density, and cloud point, then compare these properties to conventional petroleum diesel. Heats of combustion are measured in a common laboratory bomb calorimeter and cloud point is measured using a UV–vis spectrophotometer.

Green challenges: student perspectives from the 2004 ACS-PRF Summer School on Green Chemistry

Participants in the American Chemical Society-Petroleum Research Fund (ACS-PRF) Summer School on Green Chemistry discuss the topics covered and lessons learned during the week-long summer school held July 31 through August 7, 2004, at Carnegie Mellon University. An outline of the program is accompanied by a discussion of the challenges and needs of the field of green chemistry as seen by the participants. These include further education of the public as well as members of the scientific community, thorough research and rigorous publication standards, and the formation of a cooperative and collaborative group of researchers.

Water as a reaction medium for clean chemical processes

Solvent usage is often an integral part of manufacturing process, whether it is chemical or another industrial sector. Thus, this unavoidable choice of a specific solvent for a desired manufacturing process can have profound economical, environmental, and societal implications. Some of the impacts are long lasting especially from an environmental perspective, which has been well documented in the scientific literature. The pressing need to develop alternative solvents for manufacturing processes originates, in part, from these implications and constitutes an essential strategy under an emerging field of green chemistry. Whereas there have been excellent advances in developing several alternative “clean” solvents, it is unlikely that the one solvent will be a panacea for various chemical protocols. This article provides some examples of using water as an alternative solvent for chemical reactions with wide-ranging possibilities that include direct use of water soluble renewable materials, C–C bond forming reactions using organometallic reagents, and exploiting the use of alternate energy sources such as solar, microwave and ultrasound in accelerating chemical syntheses.

An Environmental Engineering Approach to Green Chemistry Catalysis.

21st century is the time to evaluate the “total quality” in terms of the environment, energy and resources of the world. All the nations have to unite in resource protection, depollution, reuse and recycling concepts. In order to adopt sustainable development, man has to try the way to find out processes and products that maximize economic and environmental benefits and social responsibility. Catalysis is an economically and ecologically important field in the production integrated environmental protection. There are numerous examples of catalytic applications in various industries for a cleaner production and non-stop research is going on in the field of green chemistry. In this study, the developments in the green chemistry and thereby catalysis technology have been reviewed. Also, an evaluation of the clean production conditions in Turkiye is tried.

Recent progress in lanthanide-catalyzed organic reactions in protic media

Lanthanide triflates are stable in water. It is possible for lanthanides to undergo many organic reactions in environmentally friendly solvents. This makes lanthanides very promising in the field of green chemistry. This review describes the recent development of the lanthanidecatalyzed organic reactions in protic solvents. Those reactions include Diels-Alder, Aldol, Allylation, acetalization, pericyclization, radical reactions as well as some newlydeveloped lanthnidesbased catalysts.

Teaching green chemistry. Third-year-level module and beyond

Abstract Teaching green chemistry at Monash University started in earnest in 1999 with the launch of a 12-lecture final year undergraduate course. The course was designed to introduce students to the field of green chemistry. The students had no prior knowledge of the field or indeed what green chemistry meant. The course covered a definition of green chemistry, historical issues, and challenges, together with an introduction to the principles and tools of green chemistry, evaluating the effects of chemistry and technology, general areas of green chemistry, and presenting examples of successful and developing green chemistry technologies. Several general references were used, although specific examples were from the primary literature. Another feature of the course was the analysis of recent papers. In addition, experiments linking into the course have been developed, and there are plans for postgraduate training, professional development, and community outreach involving postgraduate candidates.

Green Chemistry and Education

Many students today are profoundly interested in the sustainability of their world. With growing public concern over global warming and greenhouse gases, students want to understand how human actions affect the health of our planet. Students are deeply concerned about pollution. They practice recycling. Moreover, they want to secure a healthy Earth for future generations. As students of chemistry, they have a unique opportunity to start at the ground floor of the exciting and expanding field of green chemistry.

Utilization of TiO2 photocatalysts in green chemistry

Abstract Environmental pollution and destruction on a global scale have drawn attention to the vital need for totally new environmentally friendly, clean chemical technologies and processes, the most important challenge facing chemical scientists in the field of green chemistry. Strong contenders as environmentally harmonious catalysts are photocatalysts that operate at room temperature and in a clean manner, while applications of such safe photocatalytic systems are urgently desired for the purification of polluted water, the decomposition of offensive atmospheric odors as well as toxins, the fixation of CO2, and the decomposition of NOx and chlorofluorocarbons on a huge global scale. To address such enormous tasks, photocatalytic systems that are able to operate effectively and efficiently not only under UV light but also under the most environmentally ideal energy source, sunlight, must be established. To this end, we are moving in a positive direction with various practical applications already at hand, as is described. The present report involves 1) new approaches in the design and development of second-generation titanium oxide photocatalysts which can operate effectively under visible light and/or solar beam irradiation, 2) practical industrial applications of titanium oxide photocatalysts in Japan, and 3) recent advances in green chemistry in Japan.