Field Of Game Theory Research Articles

Some Topological Characteristics of q‐Rung Orthopair Fuzzy Metric Space

This paper introduced a novel concept of q‐rung orthopair fuzzy (q‐ROF) metric spaces, in connection with the idea of q‐ROF sets, which generalizes well‐known concepts of fuzzy metric spaces and intuitionistic fuzzy metric spaces. An elaborated example has been provided representing the increase in selection space due to the q‐ROF metric and limitations for the case of intuitionistic fuzzy metric space. We have presented the definitions of introduced concepts along with examples, so they are way more understandable for readers. Some basic topological results have been defined and proved for q‐ROF metric space. The concept of q‐ROF Menger boundedness is introduced, and its application in game theory is presented. Also we have presented the significance of introduced metric compared to existing versions of fuzzy metric in the consequent sections. Baire’s theorem and uniform limit theorem are also established in the perspective of q‐ROF metric spaces. An application of the obtained results in the field of game theory is also presented to draw the attention of investigators searching new fields of research.

Особенности количественного анализа проектов с позиций современной теории принятия решений

Improving the quality of project analysis requires the involvement of mod-ern achievements in the field of quantitative methods and mathematical modeling, in particular in the field of game theory and decision theory. The article presents a critical understanding of the horizons of the established theory, traditionally used in the practice of project analysis, and a description of techniques that contribute to improving the quality of project anal-ysis. Special attention is paid to the mechanisms of taking into account the subjective perceptions of the investor, which complicate the classical scheme of choice and decision-making in various information conditions. A set of criteria for the analysis of projects has been constructed, which has features of relative simplicity and universality, and consists of nine positive criteria that have received a meaningful interpretation. The set of criteria is open for expansion by adding special criteria specific to the subject areas of the analyzed projects. The presented approaches to making a decision on choosing a project in the conditions of multi-criteria optimization allow us to use the achievements of modern economics as a science of human behavior in the real practice of analyzing projects.

A navigability entropy model for street networks

In this paper, we propose novel local and global models of street network entropy that measure levels of navigability given only limited local directional information. These models are defined for individual locations and entire street networks. Both models are derived using a generalised model of entropy from the field of game theory, which considers a decision-maker attempting to perform a task in the presence of incomplete information. We argue that the proposed models are more interpretable and useful than existing models of street network entropy since they measure the uncertainty of navigation, which is the task street networks are intended to facilitate. We demonstrate this utility by performing an empirical analysis of the entropy properties of UK city street networks.

A linear algorithm for the restricted subtraction games

The subtraction game is a well-known problem in the field of game theory, which is often called a one-heap Nim game. There are two players, a heap of tokens, and a strategy matrix, in this game. It is called a restricted subtraction game if some constraints are imposed on the strategy matrix. The subtraction game could be solved by a classical algorithm with a query complexity no less than O(N2) and computed by an O(N32logN) quantum query algorithm with an error probability ϵ≤1N. The restricted subtraction game proposed by Huang et al. can be computed by an exact quantum algorithm with O(N32) queries. They also proved that the classical exact query complexity is Θ(N2). In this study, we use an array and an adjacency list to replace the strategy matrix and propose another more general subtraction game than the one introduced by Huang et al. Based on dynamic programming and the replaced game strategy, two linear classical query algorithms are designed to solve the restricted subtraction game proposed by Huang and this study, respectively.

Social norms in society as an integral factor in the formation and evaluation of an individual's reputation

One of the problems in the study of reputation, which faces specialists in different fields, is the search for factors of formation and criteria for evaluating the value characteristics of subjects, both individualized and collective. For example, experts in the field of game theory are of the opinion that there are game-theoretic models of reputation and norms of activity, and reputation itself, in their research, is, in a sense, a reflection on the norm of activity. In this article, the task is to consider social norms, firstly, as a factor in the formation of reputation, and secondly, as a factor in the assessment of the subject. During the period of education, there is an interiosis of social norms and the formation of value systems, which affects the activity of the subject. Based on the analysis of the subject's activities, one can judge the reputation. The very concept of "reputation" is polysemantic in nature. This allows us to talk about reputation, on the one hand, as a certain phenomenon, an established system of assessments and value characteristics, on the other, as a process of forming such assessments and characteristics. In the latter case, it turns out that "reputation" as a procedural concept turns to us in the form of a process of searching for the value characteristics of subjects and the results of their activities and the decision-making process on what assessment to give to the activity of the subject.The article will show that the compliance or non-compliance of the subject's activity with generally accepted social norms, as well as the value preferences of the evaluating subject, turns out to be one of the fundamental factors for making a decision regarding the reputation of the evaluated subject, both individualized and collective.

Are the current incentives sufficient to drive the use of solar PV in the Colombian residential sector? - An analysis from the perspective of the game theory

It is necessary to increase the use of renewable energy sources to supply the world's energy demand to mitigate the harmful effects of climate change. Many countries have incorporated the use of solar energy on a large scale. However, the use of photovoltaic (PV) systems at the residential level has been rather limited because many barriers to their implementation persist (e.g., high investment costs, insufficient government policies and incentives, and lack of knowledge in the implementation and operation of these systems). This paper aims to investigate how the interaction between prosumers and consumers can drive the use of PV systems at the residential level. The interaction is analyzed from the field of game theory. The payoffs of the players' strategies determine not only the Nash equilibrium but also the desirability of the interaction for both investment in the case of prosumer and consumption costs in the case of the consumer. Prosumer strategies consisted of selling power to the grid and to the consumer; selling only to the consumer; selling only to the grid; selling to the grid and giving to the consumer; and only giving to the consumer. The consumer strategies were to buy only from the grid or to buy from both the grid and the prosumer. The prosumer's investment in three sizes of PV systems (2.3, 2.7 and 3.6 kW) were analyzed; the amount of electricity produced was estimated using PVWatts and data from a Typical Meteorological Year in the city of Barranquilla, Colombia. The Net Present Value of each investment was calculated considering the prosumer's strategies and this indicator was taken to an equivalent annual cost to represent the prosumer's payment in the Nash equilibrium. On the other hand, for the consumer's payments, the annual energy purchase costs to supply their demand were used, according to the consumer's strategies. Analysis found that PV systems that can produce surpluses can be attractive to the prosumer if the tax on revenues received from the sale of energy to the grid is eliminated. Profitability is further improved if the prosumer is allowed to sell their surplus to other consumers, with the purchase price to the grid being the maximum price at which they can sell to other consumers. In turn, the cost savings for consumers will be greater to the extent that they can buy cheaper energy from prosumers. Based on these findings, countries such as Colombia, where there has not been a massive use of solar photovoltaic energy at the residential level, can stimulate investments in this sector by eliminating the income tax on the sales of surplus energy of small prosumers, without representing a loss of income for these countries.

Competitive scheduling in a hybrid flow shop problem using multi-leader–multi-follower game - A case study from Iran

It is logical that organizations pay more attention to their major customers which have more impacts on their abilities or benefits. In many real cases, decision makers in scheduling system must prioritize the sequence of processing orders according to the agent of orders while the classic production scheduling do not have the ability to consider the relationships between agents. These problems can be modeled by the Stackelberg problems in the field of game theory. In this study, an agent-based hybrid flow shop problem is formulated by using the multi-leader multi-follower mathematical model. Each level is evaluated by Nash equilibrium and Nash bargaining with the new co-evolutionary and genetic algorithm. The proposed model is validated in a real case problem in the tire manufacturing industry. The results show that Nash equilibrium is superior to Nash bargaining for all agents.

English

In this paper, we discuss some major applications of Kakutani’s fixed point theorem in game theory. In the course of research work we mostly use the idea of mathematical set, functions, topological properties and Brouwer’s fixed point theorem to make the Kakutani’s fixed point theorem more conspicuous. In the key point of idea, we include how this theory can play the effective role to highlight new fixed point results and their applications in different fields of game theory.

A Population Game Model for the Expansion of Airbnb in the City of Venice

The emergence of Airbnb along with an increase in urban tourism has intensified the pressure on urban areas while adding a new dimension to the dynamics of housing distribution, especially in historic cities. These dynamics affect local economies and significantly alter the characteristics of urban spaces, hence the necessity to not only create policies that foster sustainable tourism development but also to advance urban models that explore the relation between Airbnb and the traditional rental and accommodation sector. Through the case of Venice, the present study sheds light on the potential evolution of Airbnb housing in comparison to the traditional rental and homeowner market. In particular, we sought to understand whether a potential equilibrium between these uses exists and if so, at which point in regard to this equilibrium the historic center of Venice is. To tackle this question, methods derived from the field of game theory and specifically evolutionary game theory were used. With the agents (players) being the housing units, the designed theoretical model explored the population dynamics of the housing units in Venice given the three options of homeownership or long-term renting (residential); short term renting or Airbnb (airbnb); and no use (vacant). The findings of our theoretical population game model were validated and discussed with a dataset describing the usage patterns in the city of Venice during the past 20 years. A verification of the outcome through further case studies could eventually provide insights into the future behavior of tourism’s pressure in historic urban areas.

Controlling Best Response Dynamics for Network Games

Controlling networked dynamical systems is a challenging endeavor, specifically keeping in mind the fact that in many scenarios the actors engaged in the dynamism behave selfishly, only taking into account their own individual utility. This setting has been widely studied in the field of game theory. One way we can control system dynamics is through the use of control parameters that are at our disposal, but finding optimal values for these parameters is complex and time consuming. In this paper we use the relation between network structural properties and control parameters to create a mathematical model that speeds up the calculation of the aforementioned values. For this, we use learning methods to find optimal values that can control the system dynamics based on the correlation between structurally similar networks.

Game theory approach for detecting vulnerable data centers in cloud computing network

SummaryNowadays, cloud computing has many benefits to accessibility, scalability, and cost‐effectiveness, leading to network security risks and vulnerabilities. Cloud computing is gaining in popularity with the advances and growth of its systems. Therefore, the security of this system and the identification of vulnerable data centers are more complicated than the past. Definitely discovering vulnerable data centers that are vulnerable to attacks can help to strengthen these data centers and provide a safer and more secure network structure. This paper examines the vulnerability of malware data centers in the infrastructure and cloud computing network structure. Based on the analysis of the cloud computing system in the field of game theory, we introduce a developed model for identifying vulnerable data centers in cloud computing. The developed model in this paper is based on the game theory as a mathematical tool. According to the game theory, we introduce a measure of the degree of vulnerability of data centers in the cloud computing network.

Experiencia subjetiva y racionalidad práctica. Incertidumbre y azar en las valoraciones y elecciones de preferidores racionales limitados

Human beings choose rationally according to their own belief systems. Without taking into consideration these belief systems, which do not only contain theoretical assumptions about reality but also practical convictions, emotions, evaluations and preferences, it is not possible to understand how and why they choose and decide as they choose and decide under uncertainty. Belief systems are of great utility for beings whose form of rationality is a limited and bounded one. Due to the qualitative structure of belief systems, the mathematical models develo-ped in the fields of game theory and rational choice theory are not always the adequate instrument to conceptualize them.

SOCIAL STANDARDS IN SOCIETY AS AN INTEGRAL FACTOR OF FORMATION AND ESTIMATION OF INDIVIDUAL REPUTATION

The author sees search for formation factors and assessment criteria of valuable features of individual subjects and collective ones as one of the most important problems in investigation of reputation. Specialists in the field of game theory think that there are theoretical game models of reputation and standards; reputation is seen as a reflection about the standard activities. The paper aims at considering the social standards as a factor of reputation and as a factor of subject assessment. The author speaks that interioration of common social standards, values and behavior models take place in the period of upbringing, socialization and professional education. These activities are revealed through subject activity. When analyzing subject activity, we can make conclusions about reputation. The concept «reputation» is rather polysemantic. This allows us to review reputation as an assessment system and valuable characteristics and as a process of forming these assessment and characteristics. It appears that reputation as a process concept turns out to be the process of searching for valuable characteristics of the subjects and results of their activity. Thus, we can speak about reputation as a process of making decision what evaluation belongs to the subject activity. The paper shows that compliance or incompliance of subject activity is assessed by means of common social standards and valuable preferences of the evaluator and it is the basic factor for making decision in concerns of reputation.

Game theory: The system approach and development

Game theory is a complex field of study that deals with strategic decision-making, in different situations, in which there are more decision makers, with different interests. There are several theories in the field of game theory, which have some similarities and differences, the most famous is the classic (axiomatic) version of game theory. The main objective of this work is to enable the introduction to the theory of games, its system concept, basic elements and settings, current achievements and limitations, as well as new directions of development, citing some examples.

A game-theoretical and cryptographical approach to crypto-cloud computing and its economical and financial aspects

Recently, crypto-cloud computing has become an interesting research area with many technical, security, commercial and financial aspects, goals and consequences. The original intention of the cloud is to link computing stations (services) for collaboration. Sharing and coordination of computational resources is important because of the activities between service providers and service requesters. Considering the cooperative functionality of crypto-cloud computing, the use of game theory in that area has became very beneficial. In the sequel, we mathematically associate that area with game theory, i.e., the bargaining and compromising of interests of various “players”, by using a game-theoretical approach which arises from networks, servers, operating systems, storage devices, etc. Further, we propose a novel efficient encryption system by using XTR (effective and compact subgroup trace representation) which has the property of semantic security. Those interactions has been constructed in the direction of how cryptographic tools can be used to address a natural optimization problem in the fields of game theory and financial economics. It is believed that game theory and its optimization is going to provide a suitable framework for the design of a crypto-cloud computing system that will be perceived as a strong technique and satisfy the needs of many participants and users of the cloud. The paper ends with a conclusion and an outlook to future studies.

A Parallel Algorithm for Game Tree Search Using GPGPU

Game tree search is a classical problem in the field of game theory and artificial intelligence. Fast game tree search algorithm is critical for computer games asking for real-time responses. In this paper, we focus on how to leverage massive parallelism capabilities of GPU to accelerate the speed of game tree search algorithms and propose a concise and general parallel game tree search algorithm on GPU. The performance model of our algorithm is presented and analyzed theoretically. We implement the algorithm for two real computer games called Connect6 and Chess. We also use these two games to verify the effectiveness and efficiency of our algorithm. Experiments support our theoretical results and show good performance of our approach. Compared to classical CPU-based game tree search algorithms, our algorithm can achieve speedups of 89.95x for Connect6 and 11.43x for Chess, in case of no pruning. When pruning is considered, which means the practical performance of our algorithm, the speedup can reach about 10.58x for Connect6 and 7.26x for Chess. The insight of our work is that using GPU is a feasible way to improve the performance of game tree search algorithms.

Coevolution of Artificial Agents Using Evolutionary Computation in Bargaining Game

Analysis of bargaining game using evolutionary computation is essential issue in the field of game theory. This paper investigates the interaction and coevolutionary process among heterogeneous artificial agents using evolutionary computation (EC) in the bargaining game. In particular, the game performance with regard to payoff through the interaction and coevolution of agents is studied. We present three kinds of EC based agents (EC-agent) participating in the bargaining game: genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO), and differential evolution (DE). The agents’ performance with regard to changing condition is compared. From the simulation results it is found that the PSO-agent is superior to the other agents.

입자군집최적화와 차분진화알고리즘 간의 공진화를 활용한 교섭게임 관찰

근래에 게임이론 분야에서 진화계산법을 사용한 교섭게임 분석은 중요한 이슈 중에 하나이다. 본 논문에서는 이질적인 두 인공 에이전트 간의 공진화를 활용하여 교섭게임을 관찰한다. 두 인공 에이전트를 모델링하기 위해 사용된 전략은 진화전략의 종류인 입자군집최적화와 차분진화알고리즘이다. 교섭게임에서 각 전략이 최선의 결과를 얻기 위한 알고리즘 모수들을 조사하고 두 전략의 공진화를 관찰하여 어느 알고리즘이 교섭게임에 더 우수한지 관찰한다. 컴퓨터 시뮬레이션 실험 결과 입자군집최적화 전략이 차분진화알고리즘 전략보다 교섭게임에서 더 우수한 성능을 보임을 확인하였다. Recently, analysis of bargaining game using evolutionary computation is essential issues in field of game theory. In this paper, we observe a bargaining game using co-evolution between two heterogenous artificial agents. In oder to model two artificial agents, we use a particle swarm optimization and a differential evolution. We investigate algorithm parameters for the best performance and observe that which strategy is better in the bargaining game under the co-evolution between two heterogenous artificial agents. Experimental simulation results show that particle swarm optimization outperforms differential evolution in the bargaining game.

Assessing the Utilization of Automata in Representing Players' Behaviors in Game Theory

Representing players' strategies in game theory has a direct impact on the players' performance. The state of art shows that automata are one of the primary techniques used for representing players' strategies and behaviors. In this paper, the author will identify different types of automata and assess their utilization in the field of game theory. Is has been found that finite automata, adaptive automata, and cellular automata are widely adopted in game theory. The utilization of finite automata is found to be limited to represent simpler players' behavior. On the other hand, adaptive automata and cellular automata are intensively applied in complex environments, where the number of interacted players is large and therefore, representing complex behaviors are needed.

Measuring and rewarding flexibility in collaborative distribution, including two-partner coalitions

Horizontal collaboration among shippers is gaining traction as a way to increase logistic efficiency. The total distribution cost of a logistic coalition is generally between 9% and 30% lower than the sum of costs of each partner distributing separately. However, the coalition gain is highly dependent on the flexibility that each partner allows in its delivery terms. Flexible delivery dates, flexible order sizes, order splitting rules, etc., allow the coalition to exploit more opportunities for optimization and create better and cheaper distribution plans.An important challenge in a logistic coalition is the division (or sharing) of the coalition gain. Several methods have been proposed for this purpose, often stemming from the field of game theory. This paper states that an adequate gain sharing method should not only be fair, but should also reward flexibility in order to persuade companies to relax their delivery terms. Methods that limit the criteria for cost allocation to the marginal costs and the values of the subcoalitions are found to be able to generate adequate incentives for companies to adopt a flexible position. In a coalition of two partners however, we show that these methods are not able to correctly evaluate an asymmetric effort to be more flexible. For this situation, we suggest an alternative approach to better measure and reward the value of flexibility.