Field Of Earth Sciences Research Articles

Ambient Noise Tomography for Coral Islands

As valuable land in the ocean, coral islands are not only important bases for making use of marine resources and protecting marine rights and interests, but also important for breakthrough research in many fields of earth science. Hence, the economical and efficient determination of the underground structure of coral islands has become significant in coral island engineering geology, but remains challenging for traditional marine geophysical prospecting and drilling methods. While ambient noise tomography with dense arrays has been widely used in continental regions, its applicability to coral islands remains undetermined. In this study, based on the data recorded by a dense array on an isolated coral island in the South China Sea, we analyzed the ambient noise characteristics and obtained a 3D subsurface structure of the coral island using ambient noise tomography. We made the following findings: ① The ambient noise frequencies can be roughly categorized into three levels: < 1, 1–5, and > 5 Hz. The spectral characteristics of the noise below 5 Hz were consistent at different stations, but there were significant differences in the characteristics of the noise above 5 Hz. ② For ambient noise frequencies below 5 Hz, cross-correlation functions with high quality could be obtained with only 24 h of waveform data. However, it was difficult to extract meaningful cross-correlation functions for ambient noise frequencies above 5 Hz. ③ The S-wave velocity in the coral island was higher toward the sea and lower toward the lagoon, which was consistent with the high degree of cementation of the outer reef flat stratum on the seaward side. ④ There were two low-velocity horizons at 25–75 and 200–300 m, which were in good agreement with the high-porosity horizons that were revealed by drilling core samples, reflecting the weathering history of the reef. Our research demonstrates that ambient noise tomography is a potentially economical, efficient, and environmentally friendly method for the geological prospecting of coral reefs.

RADIOCARBON AND TRITIUM MEASUREMENTS AT THE GXNU-AMS FACILITY

ABSTRACT A single-stage accelerator mass spectrometer (GXNU-AMS) developed for radiocarbon and tritium measurements was installed and commissioned at Guangxi Normal University in 2017. After several years of operational and methodological upgrades, its performance has been continuously improved and applied in multidisciplinary fields. Currently, the measurement sensitivity for radiocarbon and tritium is 14C/12C ∼ (3.14 ± 0.05) ×10–15 and 3H/1H ∼ (1.23 ± 0.17)×10–16, respectively, and the measurement accuracy is ∼0.6%, which can meet the measurement requirements in the nuclear, earth, environmental and life science fields. This study presents the performance characteristics of GXNU-AMS and several interesting application studies.

The Geotourism Students’ Scientific Club and 18 years of its activity at AGH University of Science and Technology

The Geotourism Students’ Scientific Club (GSSC) is operating at the Department of General Geology and Geotourism of AGH University of Science and Technology (AGH UST), bringing together young enthusiasts of Earth sciences, at the Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection. It has been operating continuously since 2003. The primary objective of the GSSC is to arouse interest in scientific work in the field of Earth sciences, as well as to popularise geotourism in the student community. The article reviews the most important achievements, events and activities documenting the long-term accomplishments of the GSSC. The greatest successes of the GSSC include the implementation of five rector’s grants and active participation in national and international scientific conferences. It is worth noting, that the GSSC organises its own “Geotourism” conference session as a part of the Conference of Student Special Interest Groups of the Mining Division. The members of the GSSC promote geology and geodiversity, explaining it in a manner which is comprehensible to an average person. Over the last dozen or so years, they have undertaken various activities, and some of them have become a tradition. Themed evenings and meetings with experts “That’s how it’s done!” attract a large audience from the university and beyond. Annual domestic and foreign educational and sightseeing trips, culminating in a trip to Iceland in 2022, have become an integral part of the GSSC activities.

Geodiversity and geoheritage research: valuable resources for Earth Science outreach and sustainable development

Abstract This contribution is aimed at framing the book ‘Visages of geoheritage and geodiversity’ in the context of relevant initiatives promoted by international bodies within the field of Earth Sciences.

Change Detection Applications in the Earth Sciences Using UAS-Based Sensing: A Review and Future Opportunities

Over the past decade, advancements in collection platforms such as unoccupied aerial systems (UAS), survey-grade GNSS, sensor packages, processing software, and spatial analytical tools have facilitated change detection analyses at an unprecedented resolution over broader spatial and temporal extents and in environments where such investigations present challenges. These technological improvements, coupled with the accessibility and versatility of UAS technology, have pushed the boundaries of spatial and temporal scales in geomorphic change detection. As a result, the cm-scale analysis of topographic signatures can detect and quantify surface anomalies during geomorphic evolution. This review focuses on the use of UAS photogrammetry for fine spatial (cm) and temporal (hours to days) scale geomorphic analyses, and it highlights analytical approaches to detect and quantify surface processes that were previously elusive. The review provides insight into topographic change characterization with precise spatial validations applied to landscape processes in various fields, such as the cryosphere and geosphere, as well as anthropogenic earth processes and national security applications. This work sheds light on previously unexplored aspects of both natural and human-engineered environments, demonstrating the potential of UAS observations in change detection. Our discussion examines the emerging horizons of UAS-based change detection, including machine learning and LIDAR systems. In addition, our meta-analysis of spatial and temporal UAS-based observations highlights the new fine-scale niche of UAS-photogrammetry. This scale advancement sets a new frontier in change detection, offering exciting possibilities for the future of land surface analysis and environmental monitoring in the field of Earth Science.

”MINERALOGY OF IGNEOUS COMPLEXES OF WESTERN VOLYN” – THE FIRST FUNDAMENTAL MONOGRAPH ON REGIONAL MINERALOGY IN UKRAINE

The contribution of the authors of the monograph “Mineralogy of igneous complexes of Western Volyn”, headed by Academician Yevhen Kostiantynovych Lazarenko, to the mineralogy of igneous rocks of the region is highlighted. The results of a detailed geological and mineralogical study, a geological and petrographic essay and the characteristics of mineral formation processes of Archean metamorphic and Zhytomyr-Kirovohrad and Osnitsk intrusive as well as dyke-effusive igneous complexes are discussed. It is shown that the materials obtained by the authors of this first fundamental monograph on regional mineralogy of Ukraine, together with the full use of literature at the time, formed the basis for all subsequent studies of Western Volyn, given its prospects for identifying of copper fields within the Volyn series of the Lower Ediacaria flood continental basalts. The obtained results, together with а set of data obtained later, made it possible to justify the need to intensify targeted efforts in the region. In the future, special attention should be paid to continuing the detailed study of the geological structure, mineral composition, petrographic and petrochemical features of rock-ore complexes of Western Volyn, the fluid regime of mineralogenesis of copper-containing flood continental basalts. Further research in the region will contribute to detailing the conditions for the formation of native copper mineralization in traps of the Volyn series in the aspect of assessing their copper ore potential; their results should be used by production geological organizations to optimize prospecting and exploration work in the preparation of promising areas for exploration. The significance of Yevhen Lazarenko’s contribution to regional mineralogical research, which was initiated by the monograph “Mineralogy of igneous complexes of Western Volyn”, is growing under these conditions. The book is still a powerful source of inspiration for geologists who continue the work of an outstanding scientist in the field of Earth sciences and conduct regional mineralogical research not only in Volyn, but also in other regions of Ukraine.

Progress and perspectives of point cloud intelligence

ABSTRACT With the rapid development of reality capture methods, such as laser scanning and oblique photogrammetry, point cloud data have become the third most important data source, after vector maps and imagery. Point cloud data also play an increasingly important role in scientific research and engineering in the fields of Earth science, spatial cognition, and smart cities. However, how to acquire high-quality three-dimensional (3D) geospatial information from point clouds has become a scientific frontier, for which there is an urgent demand in the fields of surveying and mapping, as well as geoscience applications. To address the challenges mentioned above, point cloud intelligence came into being. This paper summarizes the state-of-the-art of point cloud intelligence, with regard to acquisition equipment, intelligent processing, scientific research, and engineering applications. For this purpose, we refer to a recent project on the hybrid georeferencing of images and LiDAR data for high-quality point cloud collection, as well as a current benchmark for the semantic segmentation of high-resolution 3D point clouds. These projects were conducted at the Institute for Photogrammetry, the University of Stuttgart, which was initially headed by the late Prof. Ackermann. Finally, the development prospects of point cloud intelligence are summarized.

A DATABASE OF NERC RADIOCARBON MEASUREMENTS DETERMINED BY ACCELERATOR MASS SPECTROMETRY

ABSTRACT Radiocarbon (14C) measurements undertaken by the NERC Radiocarbon Laboratory using accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) are now freely available on a new online database. The data presented covers measurement of the wide range of sample types that are processed for research projects in the fields of Earth and environmental science, supported by the United Kingdom’s Natural Environment Research Council. Sample types within the database include organic remains, soils, sediments, carbonates, dissolved organic and inorganic carbon, and carbon dioxide. Currently, the database contains 14C data for over 2400 individual samples that were measured and reported between 2005 and 2013, but it is envisaged that this will expand considerably as more data are made available. Contextual information such as sampling location and associated publications are provided where available, and searches can be performed on sample location, sample type, project number, and publication code. This new database compliments an existing, publicly available database of measurements performed using radiometric methods by the laboratory which has recently been expanded to present over 2000 measurements. It is hoped that this archive will prove useful to workers in the community who would benefit from greater availability of measurements for particular locations or sample types, and for the purposes of performing meta-analyses, and/or synthesis of larger datasets.

A Bibliometric Analysis of Groundwater Access and Its Management: Making the Invisible Visible

The sustainable management of groundwater resources is required to avoid a water crisis. The current study focused on a bibliometric analysis of groundwater access and management to assess research progress. The study was based on data from Dimensions.ai generated using the search terms “Groundwater”, “access”, and “management” for the period from 1985 to 2022. A total of 534 documents were identified as relevant and retrieved in CSV format. The intellectual structure of the retrieved data was visualized and analyzed using VoS viewer software (version 1.6.18). The analysis showed that the field of earth sciences had the highest number of publications on groundwater access and management (358), followed by the environmental sciences (155). Most of the articles (267) were about Sustainable Development Goal 6, which focuses on ensuring access to clean water and sanitation. The co-authorship analysis for the countries indicated that the United States has the most impact and research, and all other countries have established clusters around it. The citation analysis of the organizations showed that the International Water Management Institute, Charles Sturt University, and Wageningen University and Research were the top three organizations in terms of total citations (825, 611, and 584, respectively), indicating the most effect. The citation analysis for the sources indicated that the “Water” journal had a greater impact on readers with respect to groundwater research. Numerous parties are involved in the groundwater investigation; hence, a broad multidisciplinary approach is required. Therefore, researchers should work together rather than alone to address the problem of sustainable groundwater management.

A Novel Merging Method for Generating High-Quality Spatial Precipitation Information over Mainland China

Accurate estimation of precipitation is critically important for a variety of fields, such as climatology, meteorology, and water resources. However, the availability of precipitation measurements has proved to be spatially inadequate for many applications. In this study, to acquire high-quality precipitation fields with enhanced accuracy and a fine-scale spatial resolution of 1 km × 1 km, we developed a new data fusion method by establishing an energy function model using the downscaled Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Integrated Multi-satellite Retrievals (IMERG) precipitation product and high-density station observation in mainland China. Our merging approach was inspired by the interdisciplinary research framework integrating the methods in the fields of image processing, earth science, and machine learning. Cross-validation analyses were performed for the monthly precipitation over the period 2009–2018. It was found that the results of the newly developed method were more accurate than the original IMERG products in terms of root mean squared error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), correlation coefficient (CC), and Kling–Gupta efficiency (KGE). The merging precipitation results exhibit consistent spatial patterns with the original IMERG products, yet have good agreement with station observations. The gauge observations were the major source of the prediction skill of precipitation for the proposed method, and the downscaled-IMERG precipitation products added additional spatial details in the final merging results. Results indicate that the proposed merging method can reproduce the spatial details of the precipitation fields as well as enhance their accuracy. In addition, the time evolution of the error index indicates that the improvement in the merged result was stable over time, with KGE improving by 14% on average. The developed approach provides a promising way of estimating precipitation with high spatial resolution and high accuracy, which will benefit hydrological and climatological studies.

Content analysis of the developed science textbook (Collins) for the fourth grade in Jordan in light of the requirements of (TIMSS-2019)

The study aimed to analyze the content of the developed science book (Collins) for the fourth grade in Jordan in light of the requirements of (TIMSS, 2019) The analysis card was designed in light of the list of requirements of the international study project (TIMSS, 2019), and to ensure its validity and stability. The results of the study concluded The content of the developed science book (Collins) is consistent in terms of the percentages of the main areas of content with the requirements of (TIMSS-2019), where the content areas were distributed in percentages that reached (47.5%) in the field of biology, while this area was mentioned in the standards (TIMSS-2019). By (45%), and in the field of physics, the percentage coincided with the same percentage in the standards of ((TIMSS-2019), which is (35%), while the field of Earth science in the science book was at a percentage of (17.5%) compared to (20%) in the standards of (( TIMSS-2019, and although the percentages of content areas agree with TIMSS-2019 standards, 31 of the content indicators did not appear in the Science Book among the 57 approved indicators in content standards according to TIMSS-2019. Accordingly, the study recommends Continuing to plan science books in Jordan in light of international standards, especially TIMSS standards, and taking into account the inclusion of indicators of content areas concepts in a balanced manner. Keywords: Content analysis, developed science book (Collins), TIMSS - 2019.

Geological and geomorphological characteristics of Du Cape at the Cam Mountain, Ninh Hai ward, Ninh Hoa district, Khanh Hoa province to serve as a basis for conservation and exploitation of tourism potential

Du Cape, with the area of about 3 km2, is positioned at the eastern edge of the Cam Mountain, Ninh Hai ward, Ninh Hoa town, Khanh Hoa province. Possessing a north‒south direction, this shoreline section covers a length of about 2.5 km.The section comprisessedimentary cliffs of 15‒25 m. The natural landscape now is unspoiled and attractive. The cliffs consist of layers of sedimentary rock with varying slopes and orientations of 45‒63o at different locations. The northern part of the studied Du Cape has characteristic concave folds. The geological formation in the area, belonging to the La Nga Formation (J2ln). The lower part includes of claystone, siltstone, layered and banded sandstone. The upper part comprises layers of medium‒small‒grained sandstones with varied colors of brown, yellow‒brown and gray‒white. The rock is highly compressed and has a schist structure. Ammonite fossils are typical for the Jurassic period and this type of sedimenthas been discovered in some remaining ones. The topographicorigins of the studied Du Cape could be divided into two groups: erosive and accumulative. Its topographical surfaces are of 6 types: erosion‒landslide slope, eroded and eroded slope, multi‒origin accumulation surface of Quaternary age, sedimentary shelf of marine origin, strip of sand accumulation of marine origin, and deposition of coastal sand. The geological mapping and mineral prospecting methods are used to study in detail the geological and geomorphological features of the area. The obtained results showed that Du Cape merits to be developed into a geological heritage as well as a destination "mountain‒sea tourist area" combining with research and educational activities in the field of Earth Science.

About Creating a Digital Twins in Field of Earth Sciences

A brief analysis of the research results on the creation of digital twins in the field of earth sciences presented. For the first time approaches proposed to create a digital twin for this field. The approximate composition of the digital twin data for the development of hydrometeorological support for consumers has been determined. Requirements for the digital twin developed. Digital twins should become key components at the heart of smart buildings, cities, digital enterprises, self-driving cars, flying objects, ships, and others that require data on the state of the environment and the state of these objects. The digital twin can be used to impact models of the environment on enterprises, to solve tasks of calculating the possible damage and cost of preventive actions in the event of the passage of disasters.

Remote sensing strategies to monitoring land use maps with AVHRR and MODIS data over the South Asia regions.

In South Asia, annual land use and land cover (LULC) is a severe issue in the field of earth science because it affects regional climate, global warming, and human activities. Therefore, it is vitally essential to obtain correct information on the LULC in the South Asia regions. LULC annual map covering the entire period is the primary dataset for climatological research. Although the LULC annual global map was produced from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) dataset in 2001, this limited the perspective of the climatological analysis. This study used AVHRR GIMMS NDVI3g data from 2001 to 2015 to randomly forests classify and produced a time series of the annual LULC map of South Asia. The MODIS land cover products (MCD12Q1) are used as data from reference for trained classifiers. The results were verified using the annual map of the LULC time series, and the space-time dynamics of the LULC map were shown in the last 15years, from 2001 to 2015. The overall precision of our 15-year land cover map simplifies 16 classes, which is 1.23% and 86.70% significantly maximum as compared to the precision of the MODIS data map. Findings of the past 15years show the changing detection that forest land, savanna, farmland, urban and established land, arid land, and cultivated land have increased; by contrast, woody prairie, open shrublands, permanent ice and snow, mixed forests, grasslands, evergreen broadleaf forests, permanent wetlands, and water bodies have been significantly reduced over South Asia regions.

Prediction of Prospecting Target Based on ResNet Convolutional Neural Network

In recent years, with the development of geological prospecting from shallow ore to deep and hidden ore, the difficulty of prospecting is increasing day by day, so the application of computer technology and new methods of geological and mineral exploration is paid more and more attention. The mining and prediction of geological prospecting information based on deep learning have become the frontier field of earth science. However, as a deep artificial intelligence algorithm, deep learning still has many problems to be solved in the big data mining and prediction of geological prospecting, such as the small number of training samples of geological and mineral images, the difficulty of building deep learning network models, and the universal applicability of deep learning models. In this paper, the training samples and convolutional neural network models suitable for geochemical element data mining are constructed to solve the above problems, and the model is successfully applied to the prediction research of gold, silver, lead and zinc polymetallic metallogenic areas in South China. Taking the Pangxidong research area in the west of Guangdong Province as an example, this paper carries out prospecting target prediction research based on a 1:50000 stream sediment survey original data. Firstly, the support vector machine (SVM) model and statistical method were used to determine the ore-related geochemical element assemblage. Secondly, the experimental data of geochemical elements were augmented and a dataset was established. Finally, ResNet-50 neural network model is used for data training and prediction research. The experimental results show that the areas numbered 9, 29, 38, 40, 95, 111, 114, 124, 144 have great metallogenic potential, and this method would be a promising tool for metallogenic prediction. By applying the ResNet-50 neural network in metallogenic prediction, it can provide a new idea for the future exploration of mineral resources. In order to verify the generality of the research method in this paper, we conducted experimental tests on the geochemical dataset of B area, another deposit research area in South China. The results show that 100% of the prediction area obtained by using the proposed method covers the known ore deposit area. This model also provides method support for further delineating the prospecting target area in study area B.

Investigating the elastic, mechanical, and thermal properties of polycrystalline Mo2C under high pressure and high temperature

Understanding pressure-induced acoustic velocity-elasticity behavior has extraordinary significance in the fields of materials science and earth science. Herein, we used an advanced high-pressure high-temperature (HPHT) method to synthesize pure-phase β-Mo2C bulk ceramics. The sound velocity-elasticity behavior, thermodynamic properties, and mechanical behavior of the synthesized β-Mo2C ceramics were systematically investigated by in-situ high-pressure ultrasonic interferometry and theoretical calculations. The compressive and shear wave velocities, isothermal bulk modulus, shear modulus, Vickers hardness, fracture toughness, Debye temperature, and melting temperature of polycrystalline β-Mo2C exhibited a monotonic increase with increasing pressure. The experimental and calculation results showed that β-Mo2C had strong ductile behavior and was a ductile ceramic. Additionally, the temperature-hardness relationship of the as-synthesized polycrystalline β-Mo2C was investigated by in-situ high-temperature Vickers indentation measurements. The hardness of β-Mo2C gradually decreased with increasing temperature, and this ceramic still maintained a hardness as high as 12.3 GPa at 500 °C. These results suggest that the intrinsic mechanical and thermodynamic properties of β-Mo2C are dominated by its unique electronic structure and bonding mode.

Prior knowledge of the data on the production capacity of boron facilities in Turkey

The element boron is widely used in many industrial fields (semiconductor industry, glass industry, etc.). In order to assess the environmental impact of industrial products containing boron from cradle to grave, it is necessary to consider the impact of borate minerals on the environment. The literature on this subject is quite poor and the inventory of data on the life cycle of boron mining is very scarce. This article presents a synthesis of a literature review on this topic and provides easy access to important data on boron use and production capacities of Turkish boron facilities. The scope of Turkey has been chosen because the country has the largest deposits of borate ores in the world. The literature review is based on the analysis of sixty-three theses and fourteen reports in the fields of mining engineering, geology and earth sciences, environmental sciences, and chemical engineering. The production capacities from 1985 to 2016 (most recent data) and supporting data for each facility were studied using bibliometrics analysis. The data were then evaluated by calculating a data quality matrix, the coefficient of dispersion, and the standard deviations. We have found that the data compiled is generally of good quality. The values of the production capacities ±2.3 tons have 95% chance to be the real values of the production capacities of the boron industry in Turkey. The data obtained constitute a basis for enriching models in the field of life cycle assessment (LCA), sustainability, and/or material flow analysis (MFA) applied to borate mineral processing.

High-precision Sr and Nd isotope measurements using a dynamic zoom lens-equipped thermal ionisation mass spectrometer

Techniques for the determination of radiogenic strontium (87Sr/86Sr) and neodymium (143Nd/144Nd) isotope ratios by Thermal Ionisation Mass Spectrometry (TIMS) are presented in this study. We have developed a 5 lines acquisition routine for both elements, taking advantage of the 16 Faraday cups available on the Nu Instruments TIMS in conjunction with an efficient zoom lens system. This allows increased flexibility regarding the number of lines in a multidynamic acquisition routine whilst maintaining optimal peak alignment and peak shape for every measurement line despite the fact that the detectors are not movable. The long-term reproducibility obtained for our Sr (NBS 987) and Nd (Rennes-Ames) standard solutions gives a (87Sr/86Sr)multidyn of 0.7102467 ± 0.0000043 (6.0 ppm, 2 s.d., n = 38) and a (143Nd/144Nd)multidyn of 0.5119537 ± 0.0000022 (4.2 ppm, 2 s.d., n = 31), respectively. We also report (87Sr/86Sr)multidyn and (143Nd/144Nd)multidyn for a set of terrestrial rock standards (including 5 basalts (BCR-2, BHVO-2, BIR-1, Be-N and BR-24), one rhyolite (RGM-1) and one andesite (AGV-2)) with the same, or greater, level of precision as for the pure standards solutions. This level of precision is 2 to 3 times better than the literature data for Sr isotope ratios, and comparable to the latest high precision data reported for Nd isotope ratios. This is the first paper reporting such high precisions for radiogenic Sr and Nd data generated using a TIMS from Nu Instruments. Significant statementHigh precision Sr and Nd isotopic measurements are of key importance in the field of Earth Sciences because they are powerful tools to trace sources of materials and to date them. Here, we report the first high-precision data for 87Sr/86Sr and 143Nd/144Nd (external error of 5–6 ppm for Sr and 4–5 ppm for Nd) measured using a Nu Instruments TIMS. Such precisions will open new opportunities in fields such as geochemistry, geochronology, cosmochemistry, archaeology or forensics.

Estimating Soil Clay Content Using an Agrogeophysical and Agrogeological Approach: A Case Study in Chania Plain, Greece

Thorough knowledge of soil lithology and its properties are of considerable importance to agriculture. These parameters have a direct impact on water permeability and the content of the water in soil, which represent significant factors in crop yield, decisively determining the design of irrigation systems and farming processes. In the framework of this study, and considering the inevitable impacts of climate change, the rational management of water resources and the optimization of irrigation through innovative technologies become of significant importance. Thus, we propose an interdisciplinary approach based on robust techniques from the allied fields of earth (geological mapping, geophysical methods) and soil sciences (sampling, mechanical analysis) assisted by statistics and GIS techniques. Clay or the sum of clay and silt soil content is successfully determined from the normalized chargeability using induced polarization and electrical resistivity techniques. Finally, we distinguished three classes (S1, S2 and S3) considering the clay or the sum of clay and silt soil content in the study area (a) based on the dry period geophysical data and (b) using as classification criterion the spatial distribution of the geological formations.

Wave-induced fluid pressure diffusion and anelasticity in partially saturated rocks: The influences of boundary conditions

Open or partially open boundary conditions in fully or partially saturated rocks possibly occur in many realistic geologic scenarios, and it is critical to understand the influences of wave-induced fluid pressure diffusion and anelasticity for many fields of earth science and engineering applications. Under the framework of Biot’s poroelasticity, by proposing a scale factor to represent the opening degree of the boundary, we have investigated the influences of boundary conditions on the seismic wave dispersion and attenuation in partially saturated rocks. It is found that there exist two types of fluid pressure diffusion taking place simultaneously: the mesoscopic fluid pressure diffusion between the two immiscible fluids (e.g., gas and brine) and the fluid flow associated with the outer boundary. The boundary conditions significantly control the seismic wave dispersion and attenuation signatures. The coupled fluid pressure diffusion of mesoscopic flow and outer boundary flow expedite the pore pressure equilibration processes and make the characteristic frequency one order of magnitude higher than the undrained scenario. The drained and partially drained conditions also significantly decrease the velocity of partially saturated rocks, which can be even lower than that of Gassmann’s prediction and dry rock. The reliability of the theoretical model also is validated by comparing it with the numerical simulation for drained and undrained conditions. We have determined that the proposed model is capable of better interpreting the logging data of velocity-saturation relationship for a partially saturated carbonate reservoir and experimental data of wave dispersion for a fully saturated sandstone, both of which are possibly exposed to the open boundary conditions.