Field Of Cardiology Research Articles

Predictors of 1-year follow-up period MACE in patients with NSTEMI

Abstract Background Identifying viable predictors of MACE in NSTEMI continues to pose a challenge in the field of cardiology. Unraveling these factors will elucidate crucial mechanisms underlying adverse post-infarction outcomes and identify key strategies for optimizing treatment. Aim Evaluation by using the multi-marker panel the biomarkers having a high predictive value regarding the risk of MACE developing in patients with NSTEMI. Methods The study embraced 550 patients with NSTEMI treated by angioplasty. A panel of 67 biomarkers was quantitatively determined by ELISA, immune assay and flow cytometry on admission in the blood linked to the most important mechanisms conceptually involved in post-infarction evolution (inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, hemostasis disorders, oxidative stress, NETosis, Ang 1-7/Ang II axis etc.) The rate of MACE (cardiac death, stroke, myocardial reinfarction) was estimated in a follow-up period of 18 months. In order to underline the overt predictors, the hazard ratio CI (95%) was assayed. 60 healthy persona formed control series. Results Upon admission, the circulating levels of 62 out of 67 biomarkers in patients with NSTEMI significantly deviated from control values. The MACE rate during 1-st year after revascularization was 28% (154 pts). According to hazard ratio (HR) the maximal predictive power regarding MACE risk of 1-year follow-up period was unraveled for 3 markers: endothelial microparticles (EMs), platelet-derived microvesicles (PMVs) and von Willebrand/ADAMTS13 ratio. For EMs – HR 2.21 CI (1.19-3.84; p<0.01); for PMVs - HR 2.56 CI (1.43-3.96; p<0.01); for von Willebrand/ADAMTS13 ratio - HR 2.94 CI (1.77-4.73; p<0.01). EMs-CD62E exceeded control level by 77,6% (325.6±101.5 vs 183.2±67.7 Ms/µL); PMVs-CD62P by 129% (378.6±87.4 vs 165.5±59.6 MVs/µL) and von Willebrand/ADAMTS13 ratio by 88% (2.52±1.88 vs 1.34±1.11). These predictors have not been adjusted to age, gender and cardiovascular risk factors. Conclusion Considering the pathophysiological significance of the highlighted predictors of MACE (EMs, PMPs and the von Willebrand/ADAMTS13 ratio) endothelial dysfunction and an activated prothrombotic state emerge as pivotal mechanism in the adverse progression of NSTEMI. THUS, these predictors should indicate a focus on corrective therspy targets.

Insights into retroperitoneal hemorrhage management: result from a tertiary cardiovascular center prospective cohort

Abstract Background Although rare, retroperitoneal hemorrhage (RPH) during percutaneous cardiovascular interventions is still potentially fatal, poses a critical challenge, often necessitating swift and precise management strategies. Its management is still controversial, and available recommendations are mostly based on expert opinion, and not updated according to recent advancement in the field of interventional cardiology. Purpose To present the rate, clinical characteristics and modern management of patients complicating with RPH in a large tertiary cardiovascular center Method We collected prospectively all consecutive RPH events encountered in the catheterization laboratories of a large tertiary cardiovascular center during 2014-2022. Procedural data from all the diagnostic and therapeutic procedures performed in the same time period, were retrieved from electronic hospital records (EHR). Results Among 89,361 percutaneous cardiovascular diagnostic or therapeutic procedures performed on 69596 patients, 52 (0.058%) episodes (patients) of RPH, (mean age of 56.37±16.84 years with female sex predominance of 36 (69.23%)). Also 2 (3.8%) patients died due to RPH. Non-contrast abdominopelvic CT scan was the most common primary imaging modality for RPH diagnosis, followed by DSA angiography. Of note, 13 (25 %) of patients returned directly to catheterization laboratory for RPH evaluation. Thirty-one (59.6%) patients were ultimately treated conservatively and no patient treated surgically. Structural and peripheral procedures were more prone to RPH. Still a median time of 7.5 hours was needed for RPH diagnosis. Contralateral access was the dominant approach for treating RPH, and although balloon tamponade was used in 11 (52.4 %) patients, 17 (80.9 %) patients were treated ultimately with covered stents; deep femoral and internal iliac arteries were covered in 1 (5.9%) and 2 (11.8%) patients, respectively. Patients treated endovascularly for RPH had higher acute kidney injury and longer hospital stays. Further comprehensive analysis regarding the potential risk factors of RPH are pending. Conclusion Our preliminary analysis from a large tertiary cardiovascular center database, showed RPH is still rare, with acceptable mortality rate of 3.83%. Our data showed the necessity of more precise probability assessment tools to improve the diagnostic time.

Teaching pediatric cardiology fellows to communicate serious news: a pilot study

BackgroundPediatric cardiology fellows often deliver serious news to families. Effective clinician-patient communication is the basis of strong therapeutic relationships and improves health outcomes, increases patient adherence, and enhances patient satisfaction. Communication training improves physicians’ communication skills, ability to deliver serious news, and meet the informational and emotional needs of patients and family members. However, there is little data surrounding pediatric cardiology fellows competencies or training in communication skills.MethodsPediatric cardiology fellows participated in a 3-hour communication training session. The session used VitalTalk methodology and was facilitated by two VitalTalk facilitators. Fellows spent 1 h learning the skills of delivering serious news and responding to emotion and 2 h in role play with standardized actors followed by a brief group wrap-up activity. Participants took an anonymous, electronic pre- and post-survey and an 8-month follow-up survey via REDCap. Participants were asked about their preparedness and comfort performing certain communication skills and leading challenging conversations specific to pediatric cardiology. Response options used a combination of 0 (low comfort/preparedness) to 100 (high comfort/preparedness) point scales and multiple choice.Results9 fellows participated in the training and 100% completed all three surveys. Eight were first-year fellows and 1 was a third-year fellow. Finding the right words, balancing honesty with hope, and clinical and prognostic uncertainty were the top three factors that contributed to making conversations difficult. Following the course, there was a significant increase in fellow preparedness to communicate a new diagnosis of congenital heart disease, discuss poor prognoses, check understanding, and respond to emotion and an increase in fellow comfort responding to emotions. Four fellows reported using the skills from this training course in various clinical settings at 8-month follow up.ConclusionsCommunicating serious news effectively is a skill that can be learned in a sustainable way and is essential in the field of pediatric cardiology. Our study demonstrates that an interactive, VitalTalk course can improve preparedness and comfort to deliver serious news in a cohort of pediatric cardiology trainees. Future studies are needed to evaluate translation of skills to clinical practice and durability of these skills in larger cohorts.

Spironolactone in modern cardiology: from many years of experience to the latest evidence of effectiveness (literature review)

Spironolactone is a drug that plays an important role in the treatment of various diseases, especially in the field of cardiology and endocrinology. First synthesized in 1957, spironolactone gained widespread recognition due to its unique ability to block the action of aldosterone, a hormone that plays an important role in the pathogenesis of many cardiovascular diseases and increases the risk of severe cardiovascular complications. Spironolactone is included in the list of essential medicines of the World Health Organization. In cardiology, it is one of the universal remedies, because it is prescribed for resistant or secondary hypertension, heart failure, as part of hormonal therapy and in a number of other clinical conditions and situations. Resistant hypertension is a complex and serious medical problem, which is a significant challenge for doctors and patients, as it requires a specialized and individualized approach to treatment. Clinical studies found that spironolactone was the most effective adjunctive drug for the management of resistant hypertension, and this superiority of spironolactone confirmed the central role of sodium retention in the development of treatment resistance. Studies have shown that the addition of spironolactone to initial combination therapy resulted in a more potent antihypertensive effect compared to the addition of doxazosin or bisoprolol. The proportion of patients in whom spironolactone was the optimal blood pressure-lowering drug appeared to be the largest, according to the analysis on the prediction of the effect of each drug on the blood pressure level using plasma renin and the probability that different drugs will be best at different points of renin distribution in the blood plasma. Spironolactone has been used in modern cardiology for a long time to treat patients with heart failure and atrial fibrillation, but in this article, we have focused on another very important site for spironolactone administration, namely hypertension, especially in its resistant forms.

Recent Advancements in Drug-Eluting Stents: A Comprehensive Review

Drug-eluting stents (DES) have revolutionized the field of interventional cardiology by significantly reducing restenosis rates compared to bare-metal stents (BMS). Over the past two decades, there have been remarkable advancements in DES technology aimed at improving efficacy, safety, and long-term outcomes. This comprehensive review provides an overview of recent developments in DES design, drug formulations, coatings, and delivery systems. It discusses the clinical evidence supporting the efficacy and safety of next-generation DES and explores emerging strategies to address remaining challenges, such as late stent thrombosis and neo atherosclerosis. Additionally, the paper examines future directions in DES research, including bioresorbable stents, drug-free coatings, and personalized approaches to stent selection.

Identifying the Role of Flow-Mediated Dilatation Assessment in Acute Coronary Syndromes: A Systematic Review.

In the context of the global burden of cardiovascular disease, the development of novel, patient-targeted diagnostic and therapeutic strategies is of paramount importance. Acute coronary syndromes (ACS) comprise a subset of cardiovascular disease, with constantly increasing prevalence requiring urgent attention. Flow-mediated dilatation (FMD), a noninvasive method for the evaluation of endothelial function, has been previously implemented in patients with ACS. A systematic review following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines was conducted in order to identify all relevant studies assessing the implementation of FMD among patients with ACS. Our review reflects an effort to present all available data regarding the role of FMD to date, a valuable noninvasive and easy accessible diagnostic tool, in the prognosis of patients with ACS. FMD evaluation in patients with ACS reveals a decline in values, indicative of the presence of endothelial function among this distinct patient group. FMD has also been used to assess the response to various treatments, as well as to predict major adverse cardiovascular events. Dynamic responses to interventions highlights its potential in the evolving field of interventional cardiology.

How does Regular Exercise Improve Cardiovascular Function: Congenital Heart Disease and Beyond

Major advances in the fields of paediatric cardiology and cardiac surgery over the last decades have dramatically improved the survival of patients with congenital heart disease (CHD). Thus, care for CHD patients has shifted from managing short-term survival to having the best possible outcome in terms of long-term physical health, development and well-being. In this article, with a special focus on adult CHD (ACHD) population, we address the question: How does regular exercise improve cardiovascular function? We aim to underscore that regular exercise not only offers clinically relevant physiological benefits for patients living with a CHD condition but has also a positive effect on reducing the risk of future cardiovascular events.

Challenging the status quo: a scoping review of value-based care models in cardiology and electrophysiology.

The accomplishment of value-based healthcare (VBHC) models could save up to $1 trillion per year for healthcare systems worldwide while improving patients' wellbeing and experience. Nevertheless, its adoption and development are challenging. This review aims to provide an overview of current literature pertaining to the implementation of VBHC models used in cardiology, with a focus on cardiac electrophysiology. This scoping review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis for Scoping Reviews. The records included in this publication were relevant documents published in PubMed, Mendeley, and ScienceDirect. The search criteria were publications about VBHC in the field of cardiology and electrophysiology published between 2006 and 2023. The implementation of VBHC models in cardiology and electrophysiology is still in its infant stages. There is a clear need to modify the current organizational structure in order to establish cross-functional teams with the patient at the centre of care. The adoption of new reimbursement schemes is crucial to moving this process forward. The implementation of technologies for data analysis and patient management, among others, poses challenges to the change process. New VBHC models have the potential to improve the care process and patient experience while optimizing the costs. The implementation of this model has been insufficient mainly because it requires substantial changes in the existing infrastructures and local organization, the need to track adherence to guidelines, and the evaluation of the quality of life improvement and patient satisfaction, among others.

Current Research on Cardiac Tumors and Their Treatment

Cardiac tumors, while rare, pose significant challenges within the field of cardiology. These tumors, which can be either primary or secondary, have unique diagnostic and therapeutic considerations due to their location in the heart. This paper provides an overview of the current state of research on cardiac tumors, emphasizing the advancements in diagnostic techniques and the evolving approaches to treatment.

Radiation Exposure During Invasive Cardiovascular Procedures: Portable Shielding System Versus Standard Lead Aprons.

Introduction Significant progress in the field of interventional cardiology has led to a rise in percutaneous procedures and an increase in the risk of radiation exposure at the workplace. Staff health has been put at risk due to the limitations of conventional radiation protective techniques. Innovative methods, such as RAMPART, have promising prospects for enhancing radiation safety. The purpose of this study was to evaluate RAMPART's effectiveness and practicality in comparison to conventional protective techniques with a lead apron and shield (LAS) during cardiac interventional procedures. Method One hundred elective cardiac procedures were enrolled in this prospective single-center research study. Two groups were formed from the participants: standard protection (group A) and RAMPAT system (group B). Real-time dosimeters were used to track the radiation dosage, dosage reduction factor, dosage reduction percentage, and likelihood of exceeding the limit, which were included in the data. Proceduralists were urged to use different strategies to reduce exposure. The study was approved by an ethical committee and ran from June 2023 to August 2023. Results When comparing the RAMPART group to the conventional protection group, neck-level radiation exposure was considerably lower for all workers. There were no notable variations in the exposure of the waist. The RAMPART group was shown to be superior in minimizing radiation exposure, as evidenced by dose reduction metrics. The groups had comparable procedural characteristics. Conclusion Compared to conventional LAS, the RAMPART system dramatically reduces radiation exposure to the entire body.

Novel drug design and repurposing: An opportunity to improve translational research in cardiovascular diseases?

Drug repurposing is defined as the use of approved therapeutic drugs for indications different from those for which they were originally designed. Repositioning diminishes both the time and cost for drug development by omitting the discovery stage, the analysis of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion routes, as well as the studies of the biochemical and physiological effects of a new compound. Besides, drug repurposing takes advantage of the increased bioinformatics knowledge and availability of big data biology. There are many examples of drugs with repurposed indications evaluated in in vitro studies, and in pharmacological, preclinical, or retrospective clinical analyses. Here, we briefly review some of the experimental strategies and technical advances that may improve translational research in cardiovascular diseases. We also describe exhaustive research from basic science to clinical studies that culminated in the final approval of new drugs and provide examples of successful drug repurposing in the field of cardiology.

Identifying Areas of Unmet Clinical Need in the Field of Cardiology Within the Context of Greater Western Sydney, for Future Innovation Studies

Identifying Areas of Unmet Clinical Need in the Field of Cardiology Within the Context of Greater Western Sydney, for Future Innovation Studies

Treating Cardiovascular Disease in the Inflammatory Setting of Rheumatoid Arthritis: An Ongoing Challenge.

Despite progress in treating rheumatoid arthritis, this autoimmune disorder confers an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD). Widely used screening protocols and current clinical guidelines are inadequate for the early detection of CVD in persons with rheumatoid arthritis. Traditional CVD risk factors alone cannot be applied because they underestimate CVD risk in rheumatoid arthritis, missing the window of opportunity for prompt intervention to decrease morbidity and mortality. The lipid profile is insufficient to assess CVD risk. This review delves into the connection between systemic inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis and the premature onset of CVD. The shared inflammatory and immunologic pathways between the two diseases that result in subclinical atherosclerosis and disrupted cholesterol homeostasis are examined. The treatment armamentarium for rheumatoid arthritis is summarized, with a particular focus on each medication's cardiovascular effect, as well as the mechanism of action, risk-benefit profile, safety, and cost. A clinical approach to CVD screening and treatment for rheumatoid arthritis patients is proposed based on the available evidence. The mortality gap between rheumatoid arthritis and non-rheumatoid arthritis populations due to premature CVD represents an urgent research need in the fields of cardiology and rheumatology. Future research areas, including risk assessment tools and novel immunotherapeutic targets, are highlighted.

Cardiomyopathies matter: a multistakeholder european initiative to improve patient outcomes through effective health policies

Abstract Background/Introduction Cardiomyopathies are common and affect up to 1:250 of the population. Despite conferring a risk for sudden cardiac death and substantial disease burdens that could be reduced through better awareness, detection and care, cardiomyopathy care is rarely incorporated in European and national health policies. New European Society of Cardiology cardiomyopathy guidelines (1) could substantially benefit care but need to be supported by effective policies. Cardiomyopathies Matter is a Europe-wide, multistakeholder initiative aiming to raise awareness about cardiomyopathies and to ensure they receive the policy attention they warrant from EU and national decision-makers. Methods Cardiomyopathies Matters participants include experts from the fields of cardiology, cardiac nursing, economics, and patient advocacy, coordinated by a Secretariat, representing 36 countries and 6 patient advocacy groups (PAGs). A Policy Roadmap and other publications were co-created based on i) reviews of published and grey literature, and ii) input from topic experts and PAGs through 2 group workshops, individual consultation meetings, and a modified nominal group technique reviewing successive drafts toward consensus approval. Results The Roadmap (2) identifies unmet needs and challenges throughout the patient care pathway and offers holistic EU and national policy recommendations to address these and improve patient outcomes (Figure 1). These include policy measures to support early and accurate diagnosis, access to expert multidisciplinary care, guidelines-informed disease investigation and management, holistic support and empowerment of patients and carers, and research and innovation. Key aspects for nurses and allied health professionals include the need for 1)improved knowledge and awareness to promote early diagnosis; 2)rapid referral systems to multidisciplinary care and access to specialist cardiomyopathy or heart failure nurses care coordination, 3)genetic counselling (index cases and cascade/family screening), and 4)support of patients and families. Building on existing examples of good practice at national expert centre networks (e.g. France, Spain, UK),Cardiomyopathies Matter published updated policy recommendations for the European Union mandate (3), which are now being adopted more widely. National initiatives are underway or in development in Belgium, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, and Spain. Local actions include multistakeholder roundtables and events, national Roadmap publications, events, educational activities, and media outreach. Conclusions EU and national Cardiovascular Health Action Plans are needed, with specific attention to cardiomyopathies and other inherited CVDs. Cardiomyopathies Matter fosters collaboration between healthcare professionals, PAGs and policymakers to promote policies that ensure all patients and families have access to guidelines-informed care.Figure 1Cardiomyopathy Priorities

Listen to your heart: a critical analysis of popular cardiology podcasts.

Podcasts are an increasingly popular medium for medical education in the field of cardiology. However, evidence suggests that the quality of the information presented can be variable. The aim of our study was to assess the quality of the most popular cardiology podcasts on existing podcast streaming services, using tools designed to grade online medical education. We analyzed the five most recent episodes from 28 different popular cardiology podcasts as of 20th of September, 2022 using the validated rMETRIQ and JAMA scoring tools. The median podcast length was 20 min and most episodes were hosted by professors, subspecialty discussants or consultant physicians (87.14%). Although most episodes had only essential content (85%), only a small proportion of episodes provided detailed references (12.9%), explicitly identified conflicts of interest (30.7%), described a review process (13.6%), or provided a robust discussion of the podcast's content (13.6%). We observed no consistent relationship between episode length, seniority of host or seniority of guest speaker with rMETRIQ or JAMA scores. Cardiology podcasts are a valuable remote learning tool for clinicians. However, the reliability, relevance, and transparency of information provided on cardiology podcasts varies widely. Streamlined standards for evaluation are needed to improve podcast quality.

Innovations in Intracoronary Imaging: Present Clinical Practices and Future Outlooks.

Engaging intracoronary imaging (IC) techniques such as intravascular ultrasound or optical coherence tomography enables the precise description of vessel architecture. These imaging modalities have well-established roles in providing guidance and optimizing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) outcomes. Furthermore, IC is increasingly recognized for its diagnostic capabilities, as it has the unique capacity to reveal vessel wall characteristics that may not be apparent through angiography alone. This manuscript thoroughly reviews the contemporary landscape of IC in clinical practice. Focused on current methodologies, the review explores the utility and advancements in IC techniques. Emphasizing their role in clarifying coronary pathophysiology, guiding PCI, and optimizing patient outcomes, the manuscript critically evaluates the strengths and limitations of each modality. Additionally, the integration of IC into routine clinical workflows and its impact on decision-making processes are discussed. By synthesizing the latest evidence, this review provides valuable insights for clinicians, researchers, and healthcare professionals involved in the dynamic field of interventional cardiology.

Cost-Utility Analysis of 3-Month Telemedical Intervention for Heart Failure Patients: A Preliminary Study from Poland.

Heart failure (HF) is a common clinical syndrome in which the cardiac systolic and/or diastolic functions are significantly insufficient, resulting in an inadequate pump function. Currently, it is one of the leading causes of human death and/or hospitalization, and it has become a serious global public health problem. Approximately 1.2 million people in Poland suffer from HF, and approximately 140,000 of them die every year. In this article, we present the result of telemedicine intervention and its cost-effectiveness in a group of patients from a pilot program on telemedicine and e-health solutions reducing social inequalities in the field of cardiology. Based on the EQ-5D-5L questionnaire administered in the beginning of the project and after approximately 3 months, used for the health state utility values calculation, cost estimates of the project, and inclusion of supplementary data, the economic rationale behind telemedical intervention in HF patients using a cost-utility analysis was corroborated. The choice of a 3-month project duration was due to the top-down project assumptions approved by the bioethics committee. The average improvement in health state utility values was statistically significant, implying a 0.01 QALY improvement per patient. The cost of the telemedical intervention per QALY was well within the official limit adopted as a cost-effective therapy measure in Poland.

Coronary artery anomalies: what are they? when to suspect? how to treat?-a narrative review.

In the literature have been widely discussed different classification criteria for coronary artery anomalies (CAAs), some authors have tried to categorize them only as "major" or "hemodynamically significant" anomalies versus "minor" or "not hemodynamically significant" ones. However, the most recent literature has concluded that all possible coronary anatomy should be taken into consideration in a comprehensive classification of CAAs. The aim of the article is to review the most recent literature regarding CAAs to provide a comprehensive overview of this challenging topic. We propose a narrative overview of the most impactful and recent literature, synthetizing and re-elaborating the most important articles concerning CAAs. The important gap of knowledge on the specific characteristics of CAAs has led to a progressively increased interest of the current research in this field. Albeit their nature is still unclear, an increased awareness of their fatality is spreading among clinicians and the general population, mostly associated with their clinical relevance among young patients and athletes. On the other side, we do believe that clinical and hemodynamic repercussions are of crucial importance and should always be integrated to understand the true nature of this important pathology. In the field of pediatric cardiology, CAAs are one of the most fascinating and studied subject. We propose a state-of-the art review to provide a comprehensive and systematic description and subsequently an approach to the epidemiological, pathophysiological, and clinical aspects of the most important CAAs in the pediatric population.

How to improve patient outcomes following TAVI in 2024? Recent advances.

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) has revolutionized the treatment of aortic stenosis, particularly among elderly patients. The world's first TAVI procedure was performed in 2002 by Professor Cribier. It was approved for clinical use in Europe in 2007, followed by approval in the United States in 2011. It has since been introduced into clinical practice throughout Europe, and there has been a remarkable increase both in the number of procedures and in the number of centers performing TAVI. Recent findings endorse its additional application in lower-risk populations, suggesting a transformative shift in the field of interventional cardiology. This review article thoroughly explores the recent advances and key considerations aimed at enhancing patient outcomes following TAVI. Key areas of focus include valve durability, paravalvular leak management, valve-in-valve procedures, and the implications and management of coronary artery disease in these patients. We highlight the importance of selecting valves with favorable hemodynamics, minimal coronary risk, and optimal durability, especially for younger, lower-risk patients. Paravalvular leak remains a significant concern; thus, pre-procedural planning and immediate corrective measures are crucial to mitigate its impact. The increasing need for valve-in-valve interventions underscores the importance of the strategic initial valve choice with a forward-looking perspective. Additionally, emerging strategies such as transcatheter leaflet laceration to prevent coronary obstruction during reinterventions, are examined. This review synthesizes current research and clinical practice, providing a roadmap for enhancing TAVI outcomes through technological advances and strategic procedural planning. The findings and recommendations presented aim to optimize long-term patient prognosis, ensuring that TAVI remains a leading solution for aortic stenosis in an increasing variety of patients.

Artificial Intelligence in Cardiology

Abstract Significant progress in the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has been highlighted over the past decade. Its continuously evolving applications have found various uses in the medical field, focusing on prevention, screening, and treatment for a wide range of conditions, as well as anticipating their progression. In the field of cardiology, various AI models have proven their effectiveness in interpreting data from technologies such as electrocardiography and imaging, demonstrating their utility in interpreting echocardiography, nuclear magnetic resonance, as well as computer tomography. The integration of artificial intelligence into electrocardiogram (ECG) analysis not only improves the accuracy of diagnosis but also facilitates the recommendation of personalized and optimal treatment for each patient. Cardiovascular imaging has become an extremely advanced research field within AI, with echocardiography being an excellent method for non-invasive evaluation, both quantitatively and qualitatively, of cardiac function. The implementation of artificial intelligence in analyzing images obtained through nuclear magnetic resonance and computer tomography has also been successful in identifying specific conditions, such as myocardial ischemia or obstructive coronary artery disease.