Field Of Biomedical Sciences Research Articles

Porcine Intestinal Apical-Out Organoid Model for Gut Function Study.

Simple SummaryPigs have been used in various animal model studies on the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) across both animal science and biomedical science fields. Recently, intestinal organoids have been used as a research tool for the GIT, and they have also been applied to farm animals, including pigs. However, to our knowledge, no functional studies of the porcine intestine using intestinal organoids have been conducted to date. In the present study, we developed two porcine intestinal organoid models (basal-out and apical-out organoids) and compared their characteristics. We also confirmed the possibility of conducting research related to intestinal functions, such as nutrient uptake and gut barrier function. The present study suggests that porcine intestinal organoids can be used as potential models for future GIT mechanism studies, such as host–microbe interactions, harmful ingredient tests, and nutritional research.Pig models provide valuable research information on farm animals, veterinary, and biomedical sciences. Experimental pig gut models are used in studies on physiology, nutrition, and diseases. Intestinal organoids are powerful tools for investigating intestinal functions such as nutrient uptake and gut barrier function. However, organoids have a basal-out structure and need to grow in the extracellular matrix, which causes difficulties in research on the intestinal apical membrane. We established porcine intestinal organoids from jejunum tissues and developed basal-out and apical-out organoids using different sub-culture methods. Staining and quantitative real-time PCR showed the difference in axis change of the membrane and gene expression of epithelial cell marker genes. To consider the possibility of using apical-out organoids for intestinal function, studies involving fatty acid uptake and disruption of the epithelial barrier were undertaken. Fluorescence fatty acid was more readily absorbed in apical-out organoids than in basal-out organoids within the same time. To determine whether apical-out organoids form a functional barrier, a fluorescent dextran diffusion assay was performed. Hence, we successfully developed porcine intestinal organoid culture systems and showed that the porcine apical-out organoid model is ideal for the investigation of the intestinal environment. It can be used in future studies related to the intestine across various research fields.

Microbiology and Evolutionary Advances of Different Types of Pathogens in Human and Biological Conservation

Different factors involved in increasing the risk of infectious diseases caused by genetic and environmental changes. Due to high risk of infectious diseases such as chronic kidney disease, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, Alzheimer's disease, cataracts, advances have been made in the fields of molecular sciences and engineering technology for highly effective tools and high-throughput omics technologies. Ebola virus is the most contagious as compared to the other viruses colds, influenza, or measles. Pathogenic bacteria are involved in causing of infectious diseases. Hib disease is the serious public health concern disease caused by Haemophilus influenza. Norwalk virus also causes serious abnormalities in the digestive system that ultimately leads to muscle cramp. Antimicrobial resistance have been challenging in the fields of biomedical sciences. Sequencing of bacterial genomes helpful for track the different status of fates of mutations that rise and fall through indication of multiple replicates. Genetic engineering based biomedical therapies needed to understand the target microbial cell, protein factory that secreted the variety of products.

Specific labelling of phagosome-derived vesicles in macrophages with a membrane dye delivered with microfabricated microparticles

Phagocytosis performed by a macrophage involves complex membrane trafficking and reorganization among various membranous cellular structures including phagosomes and vesicles derived from the phagosomes known as phagosome-derived vesicles. The present work reports on development of a technique that allows to specifically label the phagosome-derived vesicles in macrophages with a membrane dye. The technique is based on the use of microfabricated microparticles that are made of a thermosensitive nonbiodegradable polymer poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) or its derivative and contain a membrane dye 1,1′-dialkyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindodicarbocyanine (DiI). The microparticles can be phagocytosed by RAW264.7 macrophages into their phagosomes, resulting in formation of intracellular DiI-positive vesicles derived from the phagosomes. The DiI-positive vesicles are motile and acidic; can be stained by fluorescently labelled dextran added in the culture medium; and can accumulate around new phagosomes, indicating that they possess properties of lysosomes. This technique is also applicable to another membrane dye 3,3′-dioctadecyloxacarbocyanine (DiO) and holds great potential to be useful for advancing our understanding of phagocytosis. Statement of significancePhagocytosis performed by macrophages is a cellular process of great importance to various applications of biomaterials such as drug delivery and medical implantation. This work reports on a technique for characterizing phagocytosis based on the use of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), which is a major biomaterial with numerous applications. This technique is the first of its kind and has generated an original finding about phagocytosis. In addition to drug delivery and medical implantation, phagocytosis plays critical roles in diseases, injuries and vaccination. This work could thus attract immediate and widespread interests in the field of biomaterials science and engineering.

An overview of biomedical applications of choline geranate (CAGE): a major breakthrough in drug delivery.

A number of studies are on the way to advancing the field of biomedical sciences using ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) in view of their unique properties and inherent tunability. These significant solvents tend to enhance the physical properties of the drug, increase their bioavailability and promote the delivery of recalcitrant drugs to the body. One such widely investigated tempting multipurpose IL/DES system is choline geranate (CAGE), which has gained significant interest due to its biocompatible and highly potent antiseptic behavior, which also facilitates its sanitizing ability to combat the coronavirus. This review focuses on total advancements in biomedical applications of CAGE. This biocompatible IL/DES has made facile the solubilization of hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs and delivery of intractable drugs through physiological barriers by stabilizing proteins and nucleic acids. Therefore, it has been used as a transdermal, subcutaneous, and oral delivery carrier and as an antimicrobial agent to treat infectious diseases and wounds as approved by laboratory and clinical translations. Moreover, current challenges and future outlooks are also highlighted to explore them more purposefully.

Ex-Vivo evaluation of Nano-MgO in the elimination of Endodontic pathogen- E. faecalis

Magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles due to their antimicrobial properties and ability to survive under harsh conditions have become an area of interest in the field of biomedical sciences. The aim of the study was to evaluate antimicrobial efficacy of Nano-MgO in the elimination of endodontic pathogen . Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Nano-MgO and sodium hypochlorite against was calculated using broth dilution method. The antibacterial efficacy of Nano-MgO in elimination of the pathogens was seen using an ex-vivo model of decoronated teeth which were experimentally infected. The antibiofilm activity of the tested antimicrobial agents on biofilms was determined quantitatively by counting the colonies on Mueller-Hinton agar plates and by evaluation under scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The data analysis was done using one way ANOVA and the intergroup comparison by student –t test. MIC concentration of Nano-MgO was observed at 10mg/ml for . Mean values of colony forming unit (CFU) count was maximum for normal saline, followed by Nano-MgO and sodium hypochlorite with a significant difference between all the three groups. The results of the study reveal that Nano-MgO has the potential to be used as an alternative irrigating solution in endodontic therapy.

Generation of entropy of turbulent EG-water-Al2O3 hybrid nanofluid flow through a channel of rectangular cross-section

In this work, the problem of the turbulent EG-water-Al2O3 hybrid nanofluids flow through a rectangular channel, kept under constant heat flux, has been solved numerically for different values of the Reynolds number , volume fraction of nanoparticles , effectiveness of nanofluids (EN), diameter of nanoparticle and pumping power . Using the SIMPLE algorithm and the turbulence k–ε model, the governing equations have been discretized, and the FVM has been employed to find the numerical results of the hydrothermal phenomena and the generation of entropy in terms of the average Nusselt numbers , absolute pressure drop , Bejan number (Be), generations of thermal (N thermal), frictional (N frictional) and total entropy (N total). The present study has important applications in the photovoltaic cell/collector used to convert solar radiation into the electrical and thermal energy, and also in the field of biomedical science for analysis of red cell dimensions where the cells are suspended in rectangular channel. It has also been found that with the increase in the value of the diameter of nanoparticle, the formation of thermal entropy increases, while that of the frictional entropy decreases.

Synthesis and characterization of biocompatible bimetallic-semi-aromatic polyester hybrid nanocomposite

Nanocomposites have been broadly used in bioelectronic, biosensing, photocatalytic, and bioimaging. Moreover, its use in bioengineering field is emerging continuously. The present study reports first-time the synthesis of a novel bimetallic-semi-aromatic polyester hybrid nanocomposite. The obtained MnFe2O4-poly(tBGE-alt-PA) hybrid nanocomposite was physicochemically characterized. FTIR analysis confirmed the synthesis of hybrid nanocomposite. XRD data showed the crystal nature of hybrid nanocomposite due to MnFe2O4 nanoparticles (NPs). TGA study presented the thermostable nature of hybrid nanocomposite and DSC analysis exhibited the absence of chemical interactions between the copolymer and MnFe2O4 NPs in hybrid nanocomposite. Further, the net negative charge was measured on the surface of this almost spherical hybrid nanocomposite. Later, we observed the biocompatible and hemocompatible nature of nanocomposite and in future, it may open many novel avenues in various fields of biomedical science.

Nanoprotein Interaction Atlas Reveals the Transport Pathway of Gold Nanoparticles across Epithelium and Its Association with Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling.

A tremendous number of proteins participate in the delivery and transport process of nanomedicines. Nanoprotein interactions not only mediate drug delivery but also determine drug safety. In the field of biomedical sciences, the epithelial barrier is a huge challenge for gastrointestinal, intratracheal, intranasal, vaginal, and intrauterine delivery of nanomedicines. However, the molecular mechanisms by which nanomedicines cross tissue or cell barriers are not well understood. Here, we explored the nanoprotein interactions during the transcytosis of nanoparticles across the epithelial barrier by focusing on the transport pathway and mechanisms. Due to the limitations of traditional methods in resolving nanoprotein interactions, we developed a backward analysis strategy. By simultaneously analyzing the protein corona on the particle surface and the cellular response after transcytosis, we integrated the information on both directly and indirectly interacting proteins, establishing a holistic nanoprotein interaction atlas. It revealed the dominant role of the EV/ER/Golgi/SV pathway in the transcytosis of nanoparticles. More importantly, based on the established atlas, we discovered the association of Wnt/β-catenin signaling with nanoparticle transportation. The endocytosis for entering cells and exocytosis/transcytosis for leaving cells were differently regulated by the Wnt pathway. Notably, this regulatory effect was dependent on the particle size. Bigger nanoparticles departed from cells through the exocytosis pathway faster because of the specific bridging effect on the Wnt-Frizzled interaction and the feedback loop construction based on the exosomes. This mechanism gives an interpretation at the molecular level to the transcytosis dilemma of larger nanoparticles. Moreover, the size-dependent Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway provides a promising regulatory and screening platform for the transportation of different nanomedicines through the epithelial barrier.

Clinical Spectroscopy: Lost in Translation?

This Focal Point Review paper discusses the developments of biomedical Raman and infrared spectroscopy, and the recent strive towards these technologies being regarded as reliable clinical tools. The promise of vibrational spectroscopy in the field of biomedical science, alongside the development of computational methods for spectral analysis, has driven a plethora of proof-of-concept studies which convey the potential of various spectroscopic approaches. Here we report a brief review of the literature published over the past few decades, with a focus on the current technical, clinical, and economic barriers to translation, namely the limitations of many of the early studies, and the lack of understanding of clinical pathways, health technology assessments, regulatory approval, clinical feasibility, and funding applications. The field of biomedical vibrational spectroscopy must acknowledge and overcome these hurdles in order to achieve clinical efficacy. Current prospects have been overviewed with comment on the advised future direction of spectroscopic technologies, with the aspiration that many of these innovative approaches can ultimately reach the frontier of medical diagnostics and many clinical applications.

Hybrid Deep Learning Based on a Heterogeneous Network Profile for Functional Annotations of Plasmodium falciparum Genes.

Functional annotation of unknown function genes reveals unidentified functions that can enhance our understanding of complex genome communications. A common approach for inferring gene function involves the ortholog-based method. However, genetic data alone are often not enough to provide information for function annotation. Thus, integrating other sources of data can potentially increase the possibility of retrieving annotations. Network-based methods are efficient techniques for exploring interactions among genes and can be used for functional inference. In this study, we present an analysis framework for inferring the functions of Plasmodium falciparum genes based on connection profiles in a heterogeneous network between human and Plasmodium falciparum proteins. These profiles were fed into a hybrid deep learning algorithm to predict the orthologs of unknown function genes. The results show high performance of the model’s predictions, with an AUC of 0.89. One hundred and twenty-one predicted pairs with high prediction scores were selected for inferring the functions using statistical enrichment analysis. Using this method, PF3D7_1248700 and PF3D7_0401800 were found to be involved with muscle contraction and striated muscle tissue development, while PF3D7_1303800 and PF3D7_1201000 were found to be related to protein dephosphorylation. In conclusion, combining a heterogeneous network and a hybrid deep learning technique can allow us to identify unknown gene functions of malaria parasites. This approach is generalized and can be applied to other diseases that enhance the field of biomedical science.

Synthesis and upconversion luminescence of α-Ba2ScAlO5 hosted compounds

α-Ba2ScAlO5 is considered the high-temperature counterpart of the room temperature β-Ba2ScAlO5 phase, which undergoes a phase transition at around 1700 ​°C. This study demonstrates that α-Ba2ScAlO5 can be synthesized using a traditional high-temperature solid-state approach that is highly stable at room temperature. The single-phase α-Ba2ScAlO5 was successfully obtained by adding excessive BaO and varying the ratio of Sc/Al in barium scandium aluminate. Furthermore, the up-conversion luminescence properties of the rare earth metals doped α-Ba2ScAlO5 was also investigated. The co-doped α-Ba2ScAlO5 with Yb3+ and Er3+ maintained a single-phase structure. The material exhibits good up-conversion fluorescence properties and emits a strong red light at 667 ​nm when excited by a 980 ​nm laser, which indicates a broad application prospect in the field of biomedical science.

Reconstituting electrical conduction in soft tissue: the path to replace the ablationist.

Cardiac arrhythmias are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the developed world. A common mechanism underlying many of these arrhythmias is re-entry, which may occur when native conduction pathways are disrupted, often by myocardial infarction. Presently, re-entrant arrhythmias are most commonly treated with antiarrhythmic drugs and myocardial ablation, although both treatment methods are associated with adverse side effects and limited efficacy. In recent years, significant advancements in the field of biomaterials science have spurred increased interest in the development of novel therapies that enable restoration of native conduction in damaged or diseased myocardium. In this review, we assess the current landscape of materials-based approaches to eliminating re-entrant arrhythmias. These approaches potentially pave the way for the eventual replacement of myocardial ablation as a preferred therapy for such pathologies.

A review: Development of magnetic nano vectors for biomedical applications

The study of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) is an emergent field of science in this era due to their widespread utilization in the various fields of biomedical science. Developing concerns of magnetic nanoparticles in the researcher’s field led to design a huge number of MNPs including individual or binary metallic particles, oxides, (ferrites), biopolymer coated composites, metallic carbides and graphene mediated nanoparticles. Numerous synthetic routes are defined in literature to attain the desired size, crystal structure, morphology and magnetic properties. To build up biocompatibility, MNPs subjected to surface treatments by coating with some suitable organic or inorganic biomaterials which not only improves its physical characteristics but also elevate its chemical stability. These biomaterials coat either isolatly or in a combined state to enhance the colloidal stability, magnetic properties as well as prevent it cytotoxicity and surface corrosion in the biological media. These properties are essential for the particles and empowering their effectiveness in various biomedical science i.e., drug delivery Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), hyperthermia, biosensors and gene therapy etc. Current review recapitulates the verdicts of previous research on the subject of magnetic nanoparticles. It will also explain the recent advancements of biomaterials that execute a dynamic role in various medical treatments. Our main focus is to report the particle types, design and properties as well as discussing various synthetic routes including sol gel, co-precipitation, microemulsion, green synthesis, sonochemical method and polyol synthesis etc. These methods produced particles of excellent yield with unique magnetic properties, coercivity and crystallinity and enhanced biocompatibility as compared to traditional methods used to develop MNPs.

Writing for Publication in Informatics and Data Science in Clinical Research

Clinical data management and its contemporary analogs, clinical research informatics and clinical data science constitute a small but rapidly growing specialty within the broader field of biomedical science. As such, the literature base is just evolving, drawing heavily from the larger and more established disciplines of biomedical informatics, biostatistics, clinical operations, and regulatory affairs. The purpose of this paper is to offer suggestions to individuals interested in submitting their research to the Journal of the Society for Clinical Data Management: Informatics and Data Science in Clinical Research.  

Skin wound healing promoted by novel curcumin-loaded micelle hydrogel.

BackgroundThe development of biomaterials with the ability to promote skin wound healing is an important topic in the field of biomedical science. In this study, a topical curcumin (Cur) gel [Cur/hyaluronic acid (HA)] was prepared by combining curcumin-loaded PCL-b-PEG-b-PCL (PECE) nanomicelles (PCEC/Cur) and HA to effectively promote skin wound healing. Continuous drug release from PCEC/Cur can provide long-term protection and treatment of skin wounds.MethodsThe study was completed in two stages. The first stage (in vitro): PCEC/Cur were prepared by thin film hydration method. The second stage (in vivo): 36 anesthetized rats were used to prepare a round full-thickness skin defect wound with a diameter of 23 mm on the dorsal side of the spine, and the rats were randomly divided into 4 groups with 9 rats in each group.ResultsThe results showed that wounds in the Cur/HA group were restored to normal after 14 days after operation, representing 96%±3% wound healing. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining showed that hair follicles in the Cur/HA group were visible and that the re-epithelialization time was earlier. Masson staining showed that Cur/HA promoted the formation of collagen fibers. Immunohistochemical observation showed that angiogenesis and subsequent healing of the wound surface was enhanced in the Cur/HA group.ConclusionsThe injectable hyaluronic acid gel complex Cur/HA is a promising candidate material for a wound dressing to promote healing.

Nanomaterials-assisted thermally induced neuromodulation.

Neuromodulation, as a fast-growing technique in neuroscience, has been a great tool in investigation of the neural pathways and treatments for various neurological disorders. However, the limitations such as constricted penetration depth, low temporal resolution and low spatial resolution hindered the development and clinical application of this technique. Nanotechnology, which refers to the technology that deals with dimension under 100nm, has greatly influenced the direction of scientific researches within recent years. With the recent advancements in nanotechnology, much attention is being given at applying nanomaterials to address the limitations of the current available techniques in the field of biomedical science including neuromodulation. This mini-review aims to introduce the current state-of-the-art stimuli-responsive nanomaterials used for assisting thermally induced neuromodulation.

A dibenzothiophene core-based small-molecule AIE probe for wash-free and selective staining of lipid droplets in live mammalian and fungal cells

Lipid droplets (LDs) are spherical dynamic subcellular organelles, and play crucial roles in a number of cellular functions, such as lipid metabolism, protein degradation, membrane formation, energy storage, and signal transduction. It is widely recognized that the dysfunction of LDs can lead to many diseases, and hence it is important to monitor the size, distribution, and movement of LDs in living cells. Herein, we report a dibenzothiopene core-based fluorescent probe named triphenylamine dibenzothiophene-S,S-dioxide (TPA-DBTD), which can exhibit aggregation-induced emission (AIE) characteristic and realize selective and wash-free imaging of LDs in live cells. Most importantly, this probe can efficaciously track the dynamic changes of LDs including lipophagy (an autophagic process that is responsible for the degradation of lipids) in live mammalian cells and stain LDs in fungi. Hence, we believe that TPA-DBTD with high photostability, good biocompatibility, AIE characteristic, and LD staining ability in diverse biological systems (mammalian cells and microorganisms) can find practical applications in the fields of biomedical science, cell biology, and diagnosis of LDs-associated diseases.

ALLOPLASTIC PUTTY BONE GRAFT- A SHORT REVIEW

The shift in therapeutic concepts from resection to regeneration has influenced the advancement in grafting materials. The enormous progress in the field of biomaterial science, the risk of infectious diseases transmission and finally, efforts to reduce morbidity and cost has led research into the development of a variety of synthetic graft materials as alternatives. Synthetic bone grafts have been shown to produce greater clinical bone defect fill as a bone graft substitute. KEYWORDS: Alloplastic Bone graft, Guided bone regeneration

How to Study the Sex and Gender Effect in Biomedical Research?

Men and women are different, but this difference has not been well reflected in clinical trials and preclinical studies of biomedical science. Gender medicine, which systematically analyzes research results according to sex and gender, has been emphasized to overcome this problem. On the other hand, researchers still have difficulty in applying gender medicine to their research. To perform rigorous gender medicine, using correct terms, a thorough literature review during research planning, appropriate statistical analysis and reporting, and cautious interpretation of the results are necessary. Applying gender medicine will increase the reproducibility of studies, promote discoveries, expand the study relevance, and ultimately improve patient care in both men and women. Here, this study reviewed the practical issues on applying gender medicine to both preclinical and clinical studies in the field of biomedical science.

Pharmacology and Toxicology Teaching Patterns for Undergraduate Students in Pharmacy and Medical College at Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabi: A Survey

Background: Pharmacology and toxicology is the field of biomedical sciences that cares with the study ofmedication and the drug action, where a drug can be defined as any chemical substance, that, when taken bya living organism, produces a therapeutic effect and promote well-being.Objective : The Aim of this study was to assess the students’ attitudes toward, perceptions of and feedbacksurrounding pharmacology and toxicology teaching methods.Method : This was a cross-sectional study involved a survey given to 3rd years and 4th years pharmacy(Pharm D + B Pharm) students and medical students with a total number of (108) participants. The studywas administered through a pre-validated questionnaire containing questions based on the internationallyaccepted “Likert Scale”.Results : The study showed that students favored many changes in pharmacology and toxicology, includingthe trend of teaching them to third year and fourth year students (48%), instruction on how to choose drugsrationally in future practice (48%), distribution of handouts before lectures (43%), clinical pharmacology(49%), teaching certain topics during pre-final or final year (35%), and a combination of multiple choicequestions (MCQs) and written and oral rating evaluation methods for examination (40%). Students were infavour of that pharmacology should be integrated horizontally with other paraclinical subjects and emphasison problem solving exercises rather than on didactic (teaching) lectures.Conclusion : It is evident that there is an imperative need to implement radical changes in the teaching ofpharmacology and toxicology, changes that would allow the pharmacist and/or doctor of tomorrow to renderbetter health services.