Field Of Advanced Manufacturing Research Articles

Redefining Economic Growth: the Review of Industry 4.0 and Industry 5.0 Progress

The current definition of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is based on industrial sectors and technological advancement correlated with Industry 1.0, Industry 2.0, and Industry 3.0. Considering that the economics sectors have shifted towards Industry 4.0 and Industry 5.0 there is a necessity to redefine a key economic development indicator to match the current imperative of the economy. The research question is: How can the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) definition be improved to address the current imperative of economy to be consistent with the technological advancement of Industry 4.0 and Industry 5.0? The summary, evaluation, and analysis of the existing literature in the emerging field of advanced manufacturing was used to address this research question. The updated definition of GDP was developed because of this review: the Sustainable GDP is the standard measure of the value added created through the production of goods and services determining the proportional value of goods and services produced employing renewables, the proportional value of goods and services produced applying digitisation, and the proportional value of goods and services produced using inputs into production from recycling and remanufacturing in a country during a certain period.

Most Sought-After Professional Competencies in Leading Research Teams of the Ural Federal District

At the current stage of socio-economic development, one of the key tasks is to ensure that education quality matches labour market expectations, and the industry of science and technology is no exception. Nowadays, there is no systemic evaluation and due regard of research staffing needs and competencies required in this field. Hence, the gap between the current level of human capital development and its necessary level is ever increasing. This study focuses on leading research teams working in the area of advanced manufacturing technologies. The main research methods are the following: publication activity analysis for organizations in the Ural Federal District (henceforth UFD) in the field of advanced manufacturing, bibliometric mapping for identifying research teams, a series of in-depth interviews with research team leaders, job postings analysis using HeadHunter website database. Key findings: 1) we developed a methodology to identify leading research teams in the UFD that possess unique research and technology competencies in the field of advances manufacturing technologies; such teams and their leaders were identified; 2) in-depth interviews with research team leaders allowed to determine the most sought-after competencies for young researchers; 3) we compared the results of qualitative analysis (the in-depth interviews) with the final list of required competencies obtained in the process of analyzing job postings in the area of advanced technology in the UFD using the HeadHunter website. Thus, we identified the pools of the most sought-after competencies for the research and manufacturing sectors in the field of advanced manufacturing technologies. Identifying the most sought-after and in-demand competencies in the UFD leading research teams can inform decision-making on updating university study programmes to ensure that student training matches the needs of the industry of science and technology in the UFD.

Research on point cloud hole filling and 3D reconstruction in reflective area

3D reconstruction is the process of obtaining the three-dimensional shape or surface structure of an object, which is widely used in advanced manufacturing fields such as automotive, aerospace, industrial inspection, and reverse engineering. However, due to the structural characteristics of the component itself, the reflective properties of the coating material, and other factors, there may be specular reflection during image acquisition, making it difficult to achieve complete 3D reconstruction of the component. This paper proposes a method to address the problem of incomplete 3D reconstruction of strongly reflective objects by recognizing outlier points and filling point cloud holes. The proposed View-Transform-PointNet outlier point recognition network improves the alignment of the initial point cloud plane and implements secondary alignment of the point cloud based on the perpendicularity between the outlier plane in mixed reflection and the point cloud plane. The point cloud hole-filling method is based on the principle of outlier formation and approximates a local Gaussian distribution to linear variation. The distance between the end of each outlier plane and the real surface is calculated to repair the depth information of outlier points. The proposed method achieves a 39.4% increase in the number of point cloud filling, a 45.2% increase in the number of triangular mesh faces, a 46.9% increase in surface area, and a chamfer distance (CD) of 0.4471009, which is better than existing geometric repair methods in terms of standard deviation and smoothness. The method improves the alignment of initial point cloud planes and enhances the accuracy of outlier point recognition, which are the main innovative points of this study. The 3D reconstruction of the repaired point cloud model is achieved through Poisson equation and parameter adjustment. The proposed method reduces the error caused by large curvature in the boundary region and improves the smoothness and accuracy of the reconstructed model.

Study on the status of international cooperation in the field of advanced manufacturing technology—based on the Inspec database

AbstractBased on the data of indexed papers from Inspec database, scientometrics and statistics‐related analysis methods are used to study the overall development trend of international cooperation in advanced manufacturing, the characteristics and evolution of major countries in four dimensions of cooperation scale, cooperation intensity, cooperation dominance rate, cooperation impact, and cooperation network from 2011 to 2020, and this article focuses on the changing trend of China and the differences existing with other countries. The study shows that cooperation in advanced manufacturing has an upward trend, with China and the US having a clear lead in cooperation scale and intensity. China leads the most in the aspect of international cooperation in the field of advanced manufacturing, while the US. is at the heart of a network of cooperation across the field.

Recent Advances in Physical Sensors Based on Electrospinning Technology

In the past decades, the rapid development of the Internet of Things (IoT) technology and artificial intelligence (AI) has driven the research boom of physical sensors. Material selection, structure design, and performance research for physical sensors have attracted extensive attention from worldwide researchers in the field of advanced manufacturing. Significant technological progress has been made in the area of physical sensors for applications in various fields such as electronic skin, biomedicine, and tissue engineering. There are many methods (e.g., electrospinning, screen printing, or rotary coating) to prepare physical sensors. Among them, nanofibers or nanofiber membranes prepared by electrospinning have the advantages of a nanosize effect, high specific surface area, and high porosity over other reported materials used for physical sensors. In this review, the working principles of various physical sensors including pressure sensors, strain sensors, temperature sensors, and humidity sensors are first introduced; recent research progress of electrospun nanofiber-based physical sensors is then summarized. Finally, future research trends and associated challenges of large-scale adoption of electrospun physical sensors are proposed.

In-motion 3D reconstruction of high dynamic range surfaces.

Efficient and refined three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of industrial parts has become an urgent need in the field of advanced manufacturing, and it's a great challenge when facing in-motion and online inspection requirements of high dynamic range (HDR) surfaces that have large reflectivity variations. This paper proposes a method using RGB line-scan cameras to realize in-motion multiple-shot 3D shape measurements with RGB channel fusion to increase the measurement dynamic range. First, multi-channel one-dimensional background-normalized Fourier transform profilometry (MC-1DBNFTP) is proposed as an effective in-motion HDR method. Second, for HDR surfaces with strongly overexposed areas, we propose a solution that obtains 6 results of different dynamic ranges for fusion with only 5 projected patterns, which further extends the measurement dynamic range while ensuring the small projection period. Third, we develop a fusion method based on reliability evaluation, which is more reliable than the existing methods in fringe projection systems. In addition, colored textures can be mapped to the reconstructed surfaces. Experimental results prove that the proposed method realizes accurate and reliable in-motion 3D reconstruction of HDR surfaces.

High strength and ductility of titanium matrix composites by nanoscale design in selective laser melting

• SLM parameters play a major role in densification and microstructure. • Nanosized secondary particle additions promote densification. • Nanosized BN additions produce fine, high aspect ratio TiB reinforcement. • TiB morphological evolution during SLM and heat treatment impacts properties. • High tensile strength and ductility through high aspect ratio TiB nanowhiskers. The use of selective laser melting (SLM) to produce titanium matrix composites (TMCs) with high strength while retaining sufficient tensile ductility suitable for structural applications is emerging as an attractive opportunity in the field of advanced manufacturing. However, the presence of coarse ceramic reinforcements as well as difficulties in optimizing the SLM process is a barrier to the application of TMCs. In this study, we demonstrated the production of TMCs reinforced with in situ high aspect ratio TiB nanowhiskers by selective laser melting using nanosized BN powder additions. Pure Ti with 2.5 vol.% nanosized BN powder showed promise for producing high performance TMCs with retained ductility. BN acted to produce TiB nanowhiskers with diameter < 50 nm. Further, by controlling post process furnace annealing TiB retained a low diameter but exhibited a high aspect ratio, up to 400. In addition to TiB refinement, nanosized BN addition promoted grain refinement during SLM, both acting as a solute to induce nucleation events and, as TiB is formed, providing nucleation sites leading to an ultrafine grain structure in as printed samples and after annealing. The produced TMCs exhibit high tensile yield strength, up to 1392 MPa, while retaining tensile ductility up to 10%. This study has shown how nanoscale design in powder bed fusion additive manufacturing techniques can be used to produce high performance TMCs through a combination of refined grain structure and high aspect ratio TiB leading to TMCs with significant improvement in strength, isotropic properties and retained tensile ductility.

Research on the application of 22Na radiolocation detection technology in advanced manufacturing process control

Abstract This article mainly studies the positioning function of radioactive detection technology in process control for processing devices. The accuracy of 22Na detection is not limited by the spatial area by comparing different illumination scenarios; the accuracy of inspection is independent of the accuracy of machining equipment; the accuracy of the detection is not affected by the conditions of the processed body. This study is of great significance for the future radioactive detection technology to make up for the lack of precision caused by the existing sensor technology on the spatial positioning of the processing device, the illumination environment and the material characteristics of the processed body, and for the process control research in the field of advanced manufacturing.

Phase and structural changes during heat treatment of additive manufactured CrFeCoNi high-entropy alloy

Additive manufacturing (AM) of high-entropy alloys (HEAs) is a new challenge in the Material Science and Advanced Manufacturing fields. In the AM processing procedure, heat treatments after fabrication are often beneficial to stabilize microstructure and properties, while limited reports are available for AM HEAs. In the current study, the effect of a post-printing heat treatment at 400–1000 ℃ for 24 h and for 21 days on the changes in structures and phase compositions of an AM CrFeCoNi alloy prepared by the laser powder bed fusion AM technique is presented to better understand a heat treatment-microstructure-property relationship of the AM HEA. Heating up to 600 ℃ demonstrated the polygonization process in the alloy. Grain growth was observed in the alloy upon heating over 700 ℃, while a preferred texture is observed along the build direction after annealing at 900 ℃ for 24 h. The formation of the secondary phase was revealed, and it is associated with the impurities of the initial CrFeCoNi powder. The AM CrFeCoNi system demonstrates excellent phase stability inthe solid solution for all annealing temperatures.

Synthesis and Characterization of Directional Array TiN-Reinforced AlCoCrCuNiTi High-Entropy Alloy Coating by Magnetic-Field-Assisted Laser Cladding

The directional array TiN-reinforced AlCoCrCuNiTi high-entropy alloy (HEA) coating was designed and the correlative coating was successfully synthesized by magnetic-field-assisted laser cladding on Ti-6Al-4V (TC4) alloy. The effect of the directional array TiN on the phase structure, microstructure, microhardness and wear resistance of HEA coating were investigated methodically. As a result, the HEA coatings are mainly composed of body-centered-cubic solid solution phase, (Ni, Co)Ti2 inter metallic compound and TiN ceramic phase. With 1 T magnetic induction intensity assisted laser cladding, the microstructure of in-situ TiN displays a "cross" shape of the directional array. And the coating shows excellent wear resistance with an average microhardness of 760 HV. The worn surface morphologies of HEA coatings show that the wear mechanism is adhesive wear regardless of whether a magnetic field is added. This work can provide a novel and effective method to synthesize directional array microstructures to improve the performance of HEA coating, which will promote the further application of directional array microstructures in advanced manufacturing fields.

Bacterially derived medical devices: How commercialization of bacterial nanocellulose and other biofabricated products requires challenging of standard industrial practices.

The objectives of innovation are often diametrically opposed to industrially standardized practices. The burgeoning field of Biofabrication represents one type of challenge that falls outside the norms of not only standardized industrial practices, but also those of Health Authorities. Biofabrication produces complex "biological products from raw materials such as living cells, molecules, extracellular matrices, and biomaterials" Mironov V, et al. Biofabrication, 2009, 1, 1-16. One such material is Bacterial Nanocellulose, a biologically derived cellulose structure with tissue like qualities, which does not fit within standardized manufacturing methods nor the well-established parameters of medical device quality system regulations found within 21 CFR 820. Materials like this are necessary to address the hidden risks associated with their contending products, animal derived tissues, to move to a more sustainable manufacturing, and an animal cruelty free approach to medical device production. The goal of this manuscript, therefore, is to provide an example roadmap for navigating established quality system parameters while highlighting the need for Health Authorities to provide guidance to both industry and themselves as the field of advanced manufacturing continues to rapidly progress.

Microstructure and properties of MgMoNbFeTi2Yx high entropy alloy coatings by laser cladding

High-entropy alloys (HEAs) are promising as a new type of engineering material with extensive research value. Rare-earth elements are widely studied and used to prepare HEAs because of their unique properties. In this work, the MgMoNbFeTi2Yx (x = 0, 0.4%, 0.8% 1.2%) HEA coatings were manufactured by laser cladding technology. The effect of Y on the phase structure, microstructure, wear resistance, microhardness and corrosion resistance of the laser cladding coatings were investigated methodically. As a result, the coating samples exhibit brilliant bonding abilities between substrates and claddings layer with Y additives. When Y content is low, the phase composition consists of a face centered cubic (FCC; Mg, Ti-rich (Nb, Ti) C carbide) and biphasic body centered cubic (BCC) solid solution. With an increment in Y content (Y = 0.8%/1.2%), the phase composition is composed by one BCC phase along with FCC. In the simulated saturated saline cement solution, corrosion resistance of the HEA coating is enhanced by Y addition. In addition, the MgMoNbFeTi2Y0.8% HEA coating show an excellent corrosion resistance. The MgMoNbFeTi2Y1.2% HEA coating displays the highest average microhardness of about 1046 HV0.3, which is 2.7 times stronger than that of the coating without Y content (Y = 0) and more than 5 times higher than that of the average microhardness of the base material. More interesting, such HEA coating shows an excellent wear resistance. This work can provide a novel and effective approach to significantly improve the surface quality of the characteristics of HEAs, which will promote them further applications as a promising candidate material in advanced manufacturing fields.

Oil price volatility driving M&amp;A activity in oil and gas industry in recent year

It highlights different needs of modern machining technology and finishing methods in the field of advanced manufacturing. It includes the chronological development of machining starting from the prehistoric age up to the present days. The chapter also covers the usefulness of advanced machining technology considering major motives. This motivates the manufacturing engineers as well as scientists to adopt all the modern machining and super finishing processes.

Analytical Investigation of the Micro Groove Surface Topography by Micro-Milling.

Micro-milling is an emerging processing technology for machining micro- and high-precision three dimensional parts that require the use of various materials (with sizes ranging from tens of micrometers to a few millimeters) in the field of advanced manufacturing. Therefore, it can be applied to manufacture the micro parts, but new challenges are raised about parts with high surface quality. Herein, both surface formation and micro machined surface roughness models are studied, with the aim of solving complicated problems regarding the quality of surface finish when micro-milling metallic materials. From a theoretical point of view, the first model for surface formation processes considering the strain gradient plasticity theory was built in the area around the cutting edge, and the minimum uncut chip thickness equation was derived. The model accounts for the properties of the work material in tertiary and quaternary zones on the minimum chip thickness. A second model for micro machined surface roughness based on the relationship of kinematics between cutting process and cutter edge was also developed, which takes the influences of tool run out into account. Both proposed models were introduced to analyze the tendency of surface roughness for micro grooves. Both models were also used to justify experimental results. The results show that the developed surface roughness model could be useful in predicting both roughness parameters and trends as a function of cutting parameters.

Rapid on-site recalibration for binocular vision galvanometric laser scanning system.

The binocular vision galvanometric laser scanning (BGLS) system, which consists of a traditional galvanometric laser scanning (GLS) system and a stereo vision system, is widely applied in various advanced manufacturing fields such as 3-dimensional (3D) laser cutting and 3D laser projection positioning. The BGLS system usually needs to be recalibrated before it is put to a certain use, since the camera parameters, as well as the relative pose between the camera and the GLS, may be changed with different applications. However, a full calibration of the BGLS system requires elaborate modeling and mass calibration data, which considerably affect the efficiency of the BGLS system. A rapid on-site recalibration method is proposed, which can substantially improve the efficiency and flexibility of the BGLS system. With the method, the BGLS system needs to be carefully off-site calibrated for only one time. The on-site precise recalibration can be quickly realized by taking only two images of the laser spots projected by the GLS on a planar board. Moreover, an ingenious linear solving method is proposed to make the whole computation process more stable and timesaving. On-site recalibration and target shooting experiments are respectively conducted to verify the proposed method.

Research on global measurement method based on multi-cameras

The 3D reconstruction based on multi-cameras has been widely used and studied in the field of advanced manufacturing. Many 3D reconstruction methods have been proposed, but the limitation of high-accuracy, large-scale measurement always exists. The construction and calibration of multi-cameras system are the fundamental task as well as the key for the accurate measurement. In this paper, a high-precision camera calibration method for existing multi-cameras system is put forward. The transparent glass checkerboard and the principle of least time is applied in the method. The application of the transparent glass checkerboard leads to refraction phenomenon, which will generate calibration error. The refractive projection model is proposed to eliminate the error. Then the Scale-invariant feature transform (SIFT) algorithm is used to extract the feature point and epipolar geometry constraint is used to match the feature points. Finally, the 3D points can be obtained based on the principle of the triangle. The experimental results show the ability and robustness of the proposed approach.

Application of cellular automata and Lattice Boltzmann methods for modelling of additive layer manufacturing

PurposeThe holistic numerical model based on cellular automata (CA) and lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) are being developed as part of an integrated modelling approach applied to study the interaction of different physical mechanisms in laser-assisted additive layer manufacturing (ALM) of orthopaedic implants. Several physical events occurring in sequence or simultaneously are considered in the holistic model. They include a powder bed deposition, laser energy absorption and heating of the powder bed by the moving laser beam, leading to powder melting or sintering, fluid flow in the melted pool and flow through partly or not melted material, and solidification. The purpose of this study is to develop a structure of the holistic numerical model based on CA and LBM applicable for studying the interaction of the different physical mechanisms in ALM of orthopaedic implants. The model supposed to be compatible with the earlier developed CA-based model for the generation of the powder bed.Design/methodology/approachThe mentioned physical events are accompanied by heat transfer in solid and liquid phases including interface heat transfer at the boundaries. The sintering/melting model is being developed using LBM as an independent numerical method for hydrodynamic simulations originated from lattice gas cellular automata. It is going to be coupled with the CA-based model of powder bed generation.FindingsThe entire laser-assisted ALM process has been analysed and divided on several stages considering the relevant physical phenomena. The entire holistic model consisting of four interrelated submodels has currently been developed to a different extent. The submodels include the CA-based model of powder bed generation, the LBM-CA-based model of heat exchange and transfer, the thermal solid-liquid interface model and the mechanical solid-liquid interface model for continuous liquid flow.Practical implicationsThe results obtained can be used to explain the interaction of the different physical mechanisms in ALM, which is an intensively developing field of advanced manufacturing of metal, non-metal and composite structural parts, for instance, in bio-engineering. The proposed holistic model is considered to be a part of the integrated modelling approach being developed as a numerical tool for investigation of the co-operative relationships between multiphysical phenomena occurring in sequence or simultaneously during heating of the powder bed by the moving high energy heat source, leading to selective powder sintering or melting, fluid flow in the melted pool and through partly (or not) melted material, as well as solidification. The model is compatible with the earlier developed CA-based model for the generation of the powder bed, allowing for decrease in the numerical noise.Originality/valueThe present results are original and new for the study of the complex relationships between multiphysical phenomena occurring during ALM process based on selective laser sintering or melting, including fluid flow and heat transfer, identified as crucial for obtaining the desirable properties.

Aeronautics Advanced Manufacturing Center, the Bet to Surpass the Valley of Death between University and Company

The present times are changing and need new formulas that satisfy the need for effective transfer between universities and companies. In the Basque Country, attending to this demand the Aeronautics Advanced Manufacturing Center (CFAA) has been founded. This center belongs to the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) and has several companies related to this strategic sector as partners. The CFAA, equipped with the latest machinery and technology, born to be a catalyst for research activity in the field of advanced manufacturing for aeronautical sector, focusing its activity on the called Pillar 2 of the MRL scale (Manufacturing Readiness Level) as the proximity to the final application. Belonging to the UPV/EHU, this center allows stays of doctoral students, students for performing their master and bachelor’s degree projects. This implies a high quality training, and closer to reality, in manufacturing technologies.

Recent advances in 3D printing of biomaterials.

3D Printing promises to produce complex biomedical devices according to computer design using patient-specific anatomical data. Since its initial use as pre-surgical visualization models and tooling molds, 3D Printing has slowly evolved to create one-of-a-kind devices, implants, scaffolds for tissue engineering, diagnostic platforms, and drug delivery systems. Fueled by the recent explosion in public interest and access to affordable printers, there is renewed interest to combine stem cells with custom 3D scaffolds for personalized regenerative medicine. Before 3D Printing can be used routinely for the regeneration of complex tissues (e.g. bone, cartilage, muscles, vessels, nerves in the craniomaxillofacial complex), and complex organs with intricate 3D microarchitecture (e.g. liver, lymphoid organs), several technological limitations must be addressed. In this review, the major materials and technology advances within the last five years for each of the common 3D Printing technologies (Three Dimensional Printing, Fused Deposition Modeling, Selective Laser Sintering, Stereolithography, and 3D Plotting/Direct-Write/Bioprinting) are described. Examples are highlighted to illustrate progress of each technology in tissue engineering, and key limitations are identified to motivate future research and advance this fascinating field of advanced manufacturing.

An Open STEP-NC Controller via LabVIEW Platform

In future technology in the field of advanced manufacturing, an open architecture controller in CNC system is studied. In this paper, the LabVIEW software platform is chosen and software realization methodology for the CNC system is determined for this application. This research project aims to meet the requirement of open architecture to create a CNC system based on new ISO standards of ISO 14649 and ISO 10303. As a result, open 3-Axis Mill CNC system based on component software reuse technology successfully developed. Two case studies of ISO 14649 (example 1 and example 2) were carried out through this developed system.