Field Inspection Research Articles

ANALISIS KINERJA MUTU PEKERJAAN STUKTUR BETON BERTULANG PADA PROYEK PEMBANGUNAN HOTEL, MALL, DAN APARTMENT TENTREM KOTA SEMARANG

<p>In Indonesia, infrastructure development is carried out on a large scale. With a<br />large infrastructure development, it must be balanced with good quality structural<br />work performance. On the basis of this, it is necessary to analyze the quality<br />performance of reinforced concrete structures in the construction projects of Hotels,<br />Mall and Apartment Tentrem. The research objective was to analyze the quality<br />performance from the aspects of strength, density, and dimensions of reinforced<br />concrete structures work; analyzing the factors that cause construction defects in<br />reinforced concrete structures work; and find the right strategy in dealing with<br />construction defects in reinforced concrete structures work. The research method<br />used is the method of field inspection, interview and literature method. From this<br />research, the quality performance that does not match the requirements is the<br />density aspect. Construction defects in the density aspect are caused by<br />the formwork that is hollow and there are gaps between the formwork joints, the<br />addition of water to the fresh concrete mixture, the way to use the vibrator machine<br />does not meet the requirements. The strategy for dealing with construction defects is<br />to tighten the supervision of contractors by controlling and evaluating</p>

Environmental Odour Nuisance Assessment in Urbanized Area: Analysis and Comparison of Different and Integrated Approaches

Prolonged exposure to odour emissions causes annoyance which leads to nuisance and consequently to complaints. Different methodologies exist in the literature to evaluate odour impacts, but not all are suitable to assess environmental odour nuisance. Information about their applicability criteria and comparison, is scarce and referred to short time analysis. The research presents and discusses the application of different methods to characterize and assess odour nuisance around an industrial plant localized in a sensitive area. Experimental activities are carried out through a long-time analysis programme. Field inspections and predictive methods are investigated and compared. A modification of the traditional dispersion modelling approach is proposed in order to adapt its application for the prediction of the odour nuisance. The offensiveness and location factors are identified as key parameters in the quantification of the perceived nuisance. The integrated dispersion modelling multi-level approach is highlighted as the most suitable for defining the plant strategies. The paper provides useful information to characterize environmental odour problems and identify appropriate solutions for an effective management of odorous sources, with the aim of reducing complaints, restoring the proper relationship between odorous plants and the surrounding communities and increasing the overall quality of the environment.

Evaluation of classifiers for non-technical loss identification in electric power systems

Recent works have proposed different machine learning classifiers for non-technical loss identification. However, it is still not clear what is the level of suitability of different classifiers and there is a lack of comparison between the proposed approaches in bibliography. Another problem is there are only few works that presents real field inspections results, so, it is not possible to evaluate the reliability of classifiers. To fill up these gaps is a valuable contribution given by the present paper. In the study, 23 different classifiers were evaluated regarding its performance, runtime and reliability. The classifiers are derivate from the 10 most used algorithms in bibliography plus two ensemble algorithms that have yet not been used for non-technical loss identification. The F1-score was utilized as performance parameter and was obtained from a cross-validation process using a dataset of 261,489 consumers from a Brazilian power utility. The classifiers were also used to identify non-technical loss in new consumers and about 1,400 real field inspection were executed. Furthermore, different approaches were also evaluated. One of them consists in perform a preliminary data clustering before the classification process and another is a voting criterion, combing many classifiers’ results. From the obtained results it was possible to conclude that classifiers based on ensemble methods are the most suitable for non-technical loss identification. The Gradient Boosted Three presented a F1-score of 0.45 and the Rotation Forest presented a precision of 66.50% in real field inspections, deviating only 6.86% of the simulated result.

Culvert Renewal with Cementitious-Geopolymer Spray–Applied Pipe Lining: Field Data Collection and Assessment

A structurally spray-applied pipe lining (SAPL) is a trenchless method to inhibit further deterioration and structurally renew deteriorated pipes, culverts, and drainage structures. The primary SAPL materials generally fall into two broad categories of cementitious and polymeric materials. SAPLs can be a key strategy in extending service life and managing the future issues expected from the aging network of gravity pipes and culverts. However, currently no standard design methodology exists for SAPL. Most lining vendors utilize the cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) design methodology as specified in a current standard, and others use various analytical structural design approaches. This paper assessed the existing conditions of 24 culverts renewed with SAPL in the states of Delaware, Florida, Minnesota, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, and Pennsylvania by considering various physical and operational factors. The inspections were focused on large-diameter corrugated metal pipes (CMPs) and reinforced concrete pipes (RCPs) renewed with cementitious and geopolymer SAPLs. This study is part of a broader research project to develop a standard design methodology for this renewal method. Identifying potential problems after installation can be considered during planning and design of SAPL. Therefore, the first objective of this paper is to conduct field data collections and in situ inspections of recent SAPL projects to identify renewal defects and installation issues. The second objective of this paper is to make suggestions for development of proper performance construction specifications to prevent SAPL potential problems. The data collected through the field inspection are used to assess the structural conditions of these projects. The results present a strong need for SAPL performance construction specifications, a standard design methodology, a robust quality control protocol, postinspection requirements, and recommendations for SAPL installation improvements.

Outcomes of a Citizen Science Methodology and Traditional Odour Impact Evaluation Techniques Applied in a Chilean Pilot Study

The EU Horizon 2020 call ‘’Science with & for Society’’ funded the D-NOSES project (Distributed Network for Odour Sensing, Empowerment and Sustainability), which aims to develop a methodology based on participatory strategies and collaboration among different stakeholders using an extreme citizen science approach. This paper presents the findings of this approach applied to a Chilean case study concerning a small community impacted by a municipal wastewater treatment plant. Results of odour observations gathered by citizens during a three-month period are compared with the traditional odour impact evaluation techniques such as field inspections. An adapted odour annoyance index showed a better accuracy for each assessment square compared to the odour impact characteristics. It also points out challenges of citizen participation and opportunities of combining both approaches.

Long-Term Numerical Analysis of Subsurface Delamination Detection in Concrete Slabs via Infrared Thermography

One of the concerns about the use of passive Infrared Thermography (IRT) for structural health monitoring (SHM) is the determination of a favorable period to conduct the inspections. This paper investigates the use of numerical simulations to find appropriate periods for IRT-based detection of subsurface damages in concrete bridge slabs under passive heating along a 1 year of time span. A model was built using the Finite Element Method (FEM) and calibrated using the results of a set of thermographic field inspections on a concrete slab sample. The results showed that the numerical simulation properly reproduced the experimental thermographic measurements of the concrete structure under passive heating, allowing the analysis to be extended for a longer testing period. The long-term FEM results demonstrated that the months of spring and summer are the most suitable for passive IRT inspections in this study, with around 17% more detections compared to the autumn and winter periods in Brazil. By enhancing the possibility of using FEM beyond the design stage, we demonstrate that this computation tool can provide support to long-term SHM.

Measurement and Evaluation of the Defect Size in Soft Magnetic Composites Using Magnetic Field Inspections

This article presents a method for detecting defects and assessing their size in soft magnetic composites (SMCs) based on magnetograms obtained from a magnetic field camera and a numerical analysis of the magnetic field around them. For the purpose of the experiment, toroidal samples of a metal–polymer composite were made, in which holes and gaps simulating defects were prepared. The magnetic camera allowed for registering the magnetic flux density image near the surface of the samples. As a result, magnetograms with information about the location and geometry of defects were obtained. A numerical analysis was used to investigate the influence of various factors, such as defect depth, its size and material permeability. Theoretical changes in magnetic field over defects stay in good agreement with measurements, which is a strong indication that surface field magnetograms can be useful in a quality assessment of the considered composites. The effectiveness and usefulness of the method in detecting surface and shallow subsurface defects in SMC materials was confirmed. The influence of a possible tangent component of the exciting field was demonstrated and discussed.

Full-Wave Leaky-Wave Analysis of 1-D Periodic Corrugated Metal Surface Antennas

A full-wave leaky-wave analysis of 1-D periodically corrugated metallic surfaces with wide gaps is presented. Such wide gaps, in the order of half-wavelength, are employed in the most cited designs for corrugated metallic antenna implementation due to the high attainable gain performance. A full-wave periodic unit cell method is described and implemented on a corrugated metal surface design for the first time. The results are compared with the known matrix pencil method. The complex dispersion characteristics verify that these structures operate as leaky-wave antennas. The calculated wavenumber of the leaky mode is then used for the analytical calculation of the radiation patterns of a finite-size antenna, based on a simple array factor approach and a near-field inspection of the electric fields of the simulated unit cell. The calculated patterns are compared to those obtained from a commercial simulation software (CST Microwave Studio), exhibiting a very good agreement.

Mapping of the Substrate for Production of Swallow and Cough Within the Rostral Nucleus of the Tractus Solitarius (NTS)/Paramedian Reticular Nucleus by Electrical Stimulation

Swallow and cough are airway protective behaviors which are regulated via overlapping networks in the brainstem. However, it is not known if there are locations in the caudal brainstem which are capable of centrally stimulating both behaviors. To this end, a craniotomy was performed in sodium-pentobarbital anesthetized freely-breathing animals (n = 8). Electromyograms were recorded from upper airway and respiratory muscles to confirm swallow, cough, breathing, and other airway protective behaviors. Using a concentric monopolar electrode, a series of stimulations were performed across the dorsal brainstem. The electrode was systematically placed at points ranging laterally from 0.6 to 3.4 mm, and rostrally from 0 to 2.6 mm away from obex with a depth ranging from 0.5 to 4.0 mm from the surface of the brainstem. We were able to elicit swallow at 63 loci. Visual inspection of the receptive field indicated 2 sub-populations, and a k-means clustering analysis of these points centered them at stereotaxic coordinates (Lateral, Rostral, Depth) of [2.72, 1.82, 1.82] and [1.07, 0.78, 2.46]. In contrast, cough was only elicited in 1 animal at 8 locations in and around the NTS/paramedian reticular nucleus, with a cluster centered around [0.85, 0.53, 2.63]; these locations also elicited swallowing. These results are consistent with and extend early work of Sherrington (1915) and Markwald (1886). The neural substrate responsible for the production of swallow in this region of the medulla appears to be more expansive than that for cough. Our limited success in inducing cough with electrical stimulation in these areas is consistent with: a) a more anatomically distributed cough network relative to that for swallow, and/or b) more complex local synaptic mechanisms for induction of coughing that are resistant to actuation by electrical stimulation. An example of such a mechanism is selective inhibition of some neuron populations that are required to bring cough to threshold. In this case, frank excitation of these populations by electrical stimulation would have a limited effect in eliciting coughing.

Oil Spill Response Planning For Amazon Region–A Crude Carrier Study Case

It is well-known that an adequate planning process is paramount for a response success in oil spill events. This is especially true for tankers leakages due to its dynamic nature and potential to cause severe environmental harms. Moreover, one of the most challenging planning dimensions for an adequate response is, certainly, the human and material mobilization logistics, which can be strongly limited in remote regions. In South America, one of the most worldwide preserved rainforest areas, the Amazon, which consists of more than 5 million square kilometers and contains a thousand rivers, is also one of the most remote area, with important logistics challenges for almost any human activity. Despite all these difficulties, however, since 1986 Brazil has been producing an average of 35.000 bpd of oil at Urucu Field, located close to the city of Coari, around 400 miles from the province capital, Manaus. Once produced, this oil is pumped through a pipeline until a terminal at Solimões river, where is loaded in tankers destined to Manaus. Although contingency facilities exist in these two cities, there is no support installation in any point over the 342 nautical miles of the journey. Therefore, this study aimed at identifying the major operational risks of this naval transport and at analyzing some specific contingency planning aspects. Initially, a total of 12 safety critical areas were identified during a field inspection trip along Solimões and Amazon rivers. For each point, a qualitative risk analysis was developed, using tropical environmental sensitivities indexes and an empirical oil slick forecast modelling, as well as an oil weathering modelling using the ADIOS2 computational package. Finally, a verification checklist with a scorecard system was developed and applied, in order to assess the oil spill response feasibility and rank the critical spots over the rivers courses. For all the points evaluated, around 30% of all accidental hypothesis were associated with a catastrophic risk, with most being identified as potentially causing a severe environmental impact. Besides, all the estimated response times calculated were insufficient to avoid oiling of the riverbanks. Finally, due also to strong currents and other limiting environmental conditions, all critical point displayed low scores for the response feasibility evaluation, with poor logistics being a key parameter. From these results, navigational safety recommendations and oil spill response planning guidelines were developed in order to minimize an accident occurrence probability and, hence, the risk associated with it.

Dubai Groundwater well survey and soil salinity field data collection using ModeflowMap

In Dubai, groundwater and soil are threatened by over-irrigation, over-extraction, and contamination. Furthermore, the installation of packaged desalination equipment by many farm owners to overcome the challenges of deteriorating water quality caused a significant increase in salinity levels in the soil and surface level contaminants percolating to the groundwater aquifers. Thus, well-planned and executed programs should be considered to save Dubai's aquifers. As we learn more about groundwater issues in Dubai Emirate, it becomes very clear that these issues require collective and integrated responses in order to better manage the groundwater resources in the long-term future. Therefore, surveys capturing the groundwater parameters for 47,000 groundwater wells in Dubai were successfully conducted using durable smartphones where Dubai municipality teams recorded the location, type and depth of each well, and measured the flow rate, salinity and hydro-chemical profile of groundwater at each well head. This comprehensive effort is necessary to fully understand the state of Dubai's groundwater and soil resources and support the development of effective policies to efficiently manage these resources. This article describes the methods and the results of the field survey conducted using ModeflowMap Mobile application, an innovative field inspection solution developed to monitor and conduct different types of inspections of groundwater wells. In conclusion, ModeflowMap comprised an important support tool for decision makers to ensure that wells are not being over-pumped, the groundwater in the wells is of optimum quality and there’s no long-term risk to the groundwater wells through automation of work assignments, agronomic data capturing and groundwater samples collection from each well, it also integrates with other enterprise GIS systems, and generates reports and maps for monitoring inspections real-time.

노인장기요양보험에서 지방자치단체의 규제 역할: 진입심사와 현지조사를 중심으로

지방자치단체는 장기요양기관의 시장 진입 심사와 기관 운영에 대한 현지조사와 지도 감독 등 강력한 규제 권한을 가지고 있다. 그러나 지금까지 지자체의 규제자 역할에 대한 연구는 미흡했다. 본 연구의 목적은 지자체가 규제자로서 노인장기요양기관의 시장 진입 과정과 진입 이후에 어떻게 역할을 수행하는 지를 질적으로 이해하고 분석하는데 있다. 이를 위해 지자체 공무원과 국민건강보험공단 담당자와 반구조화된 소규모 대면인터뷰를 실시했다. 연구결과에 따르면, 일부 지자체는 장기요양기관이 시장에 신규 진입할 때에 현지확인 조사를 하지 않고 서류로만 확인하는 등 형식적으로 심사를 했다. 또, 규제권한을 가진 지자체보다는 오히려 국민건강보험공단이 재정의 부정수급 여부를 중심으로 현지조사를 실시하기도 했다. 지자체와 공단이 수시 현지조사를 즉각적으로 수행하는데 원활한 협조가 부족한 경우도 있었다. 따라서, 지자체는 공공의 규제자로서 역할 수행에 미흡한 것으로 분석됐다.

노인장기요양보험에서 지방자치단체의 규제 역할: 진입심사와 현지조사를 중심으로

지방자치단체는 장기요양기관의 시장 진입 심사와 기관 운영에 대한 현지조사와 지도 감독 등 강력한 규제 권한을 가지고 있다. 그러나 지금까지 지자체의 규제자 역할에 대한 연구는 미흡했다. 본 연구의 목적은 지자체가 규제자로서 노인장기요양기관의 시장 진입 과정과 진입 이후에 어떻게 역할을 수행하는 지를 질적으로 이해하고 분석하는데 있다. 이를 위해 지자체 공무원과 국민건강보험공단 담당자와 반구조화된 소규모 대면인터뷰를 실시했다. 연구결과에 따르면, 일부 지자체는 장기요양기관이 시장에 신규 진입할 때에 현지확인 조사를 하지 않고 서류로만 확인하는 등 형식적으로 심사를 했다. 또, 규제권한을 가진 지자체보다는 오히려 국민건강보험공단이 재정의 부정수급 여부를 중심으로 현지조사를 실시하기도 했다. 지자체와 공단이 수시 현지조사를 즉각적으로 수행하는데 원활한 협조가 부족한 경우도 있었다. 따라서, 지자체는 공공의 규제자로서 역할 수행에 미흡한 것으로 분석됐다.

School organizational factors as predictors of student achievement: Principals’ perspective

This study aimed to deepen our understanding of how school organization factors can be used to predict students’ academic performance. In particular, factors examined were leadership skills, nature of students, parental involvement and the school environment. Using stratified and simple random sampling, a total of 152 principals were selected for the study. A survey questionnaire was used to collect data whose variance and regression was analyzed using ANOVA. The findings consolidate the importance of leadership skills, nature of students, learning environment and parents in predicting students learning success. All the four aspects of school organization contributed differently to predicting students’ academic performance with the Principals' Leadership Skills having the highest impact while parental involvement made the least contribution. Findings of this study are important to educational administrators to ensure a supportive learning environment for the students. In addition education authorities both at national and local levels should enhance field inspections to rate the learning atmosphere. The study also serves to contribute to the body of knowledge on school organizational factors in addition to triggering the need for more research in this domain.

Integration of practical supplemental measurements into bridge condition visual inspection grading

The reliability of condition assessment of bridges obtained from analysis of visual inspection data is always a big concern among structural engineers. It has been known that the condition grading of a bridge is very subjective and can convey limited information to the end user. To finalize and verify the reported condition grading, inspectors and bridge owners have mainly been relying on images. It has been known that the image observation may not be sufficient to address all kinds of problems associated with visual condition grading. The integration of practical supplemental measurements into condition grading as proposed in this paper will contribute to minimize the errors in visual inspection. Measurement of vehicle induced vibrations through wireless accelerometers can be used to determine the natural frequencies of the bridge that can be reported at each inspection. The change in frequencies can be an indication of deterioration in stiffness of bridge over the years. Taking concrete samples by chipping at the inspection site and analyzing them under scanning electron microscope (SEM) at the laboratory can be used to identify the current problems with concrete degradation. In this scope, the regular bridge inspection procedure with the proposed enhancements has been performed on field inspection of highway bridges in Turkey to determine the practicality of the quick supplemental measurements and to analyze the difference in grading of the three different inspectors with different level of experiences.

Evaluación de los riesgos químicos por inhalación de las sustancias utilizadas en una industria gráfica

En el proceso productivo de una industria gráfica, se utilizan insumos y materias primas para la impresión de documentos. Un insumo son los productos químicos que podrían generar un riesgo químico, si no se controlan de forma adecuada mediante protocolos de uso, almacenamiento y disposición de desechos. Algunas sustancias químicas utilizadas son: tintas, disolventes, diluyentes, pegamentos, gomas protectoras, reveladores de plancha, entre otros. El riesgo químico por inhalación (RQI) es generado en los lugares de trabajo por el uso de sustancias con cantidades de compuestos orgánicos volátiles (VOCs), que podrían afectar negativamente la salud de los trabajadores, una evaluación de RQI podría contribuir a identificar y evaluar las sustancias químicas y generar medidas para la disminución en el impacto a la salud. Estas evaluaciones involucran medir factores como: la cantidad utilizada de una sustancia química, la exposición que tiene una persona con el contaminante en el medio y la toxicidad del producto químico. En el presente proyecto de investigación se realizó una identificación, valorización y priorización del nivel de riesgo químico por inhalación (NRQI) generados en una industria litográfica tipo “offset” en Costa Rica. La identificación de los riesgos y peligros se efectuó utilizando herramientas como: revisión bibliográfica, lista de chequeo, entrevistas e inspecciones de campo. La valorización y priorización de los NRQI se llevó a cabo mediante la metodología francés del Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Seguridad (INRS). Del total de los 15 productos químicos utilizados por la industria, se obtuvo que el 53,3 % presentan un RQI muy elevado. Los productos que presentan el mayor valor de NRQI son: el thinner y el limpiador de rodillos, los cuales se utilizan para la limpieza de las máquinas con residuos de tinta, con una frecuencia de uso continua en cantidades entre los 0,7 L/mes y los 20,0 L/mes. Por el contrario, se identificaron cinco productos con valores bajos de NRQI, tales como: la tinta en cartucho, el refrigerante, el limpiador 4, el isopropanol y la goma protectora de planchas.

Revealing geomorphic changes after the occurrence of a seismic event on the south coast of Puerto Rico (2020)

A coastal geomorphological study was conducted to assess the impact of seismic events on the southern coast of Puerto Rico (PR). The goal of this study was to provide new information related to the state of the coast and its geomorphic changes associated with the seismic sequence of 28 December 2019 and the 6.4-magnitude earthquake of 7 January 2020. Coastal geomorphic changes and damage to infrastructure were documented using a combination of a geographic information system (GIS), remote sensing techniques (e.g. unmanned aircraft system [UAS] images), ground-penetrating radar (GPR), high-resolution aerial photos, and field inspection techniques. A geospatial analysis was performed to evaluate the effect of the earthquake events and understand its associated effect on coastal communities’ exposure to this hazard. The findings indicate that the 6.4-magnitude earthquake caused remarkable geomorphic changes, generating a new shape for the southern coast of PR. Coastal changes were characterized by localized coastal subsidence, coastal landslides (e.g. rockslides and rockfalls), the collapse of natural arch-forming sea stacks, changes in cliff profiles, lateral spreading, the destruction of coastal infrastructure, inland shoreline migration, and coastal flooding. This information will be useful for designing new management tools and recontextualizing existing coastal planning instruments in post-earthquake scenarios. These findings clarify the importance of seismic events and their influence on coasts within active tectonic settings.

Suffusion response of well graded gravels in roadbed of non-ballasted high speed railway

The suffusion mechanism of well graded gravels in the application of high speed railway roadbed is still not fully understood. Field inspections of high speed railway show that suffusion of well graded gravels can result in mud pumping and affect the normal operation of high speed trains. This paper reports a total of 12 laboratory suffusion tests on well graded gravels typically used in Chinese high speed railway roadbed under three different degrees of compaction (93%, 95% and 97%). The influence of degree of compaction and initial fines content on the critical hydraulic gradient of roadbed materials and the characteristics of suffusion is systematically investigated. The results show that well graded gravels suggested by the design code can experience suffusion once the hydraulic gradient reaches a critical value. The critical hydraulic gradient generally increases with the degree of compaction and the initial fines content. An empirical equation is proposed to predict the eroded mass of fine particles, which can reasonably reproduce the experimental measurements for well graded gravels under different failure hydraulic gradient.

Stochastic assessment of burst pressure for corroded pipelines

Pipeline wall loss is a major concern of the oil and gas industry. The computational simulation through the finite element method is one of the most efficient and reliable tools to quantify the remaining strength of corroded pipes. This work presents a new procedure and tool for structural integrity assessment of corroded pipelines subject to internal pressure, in which the complex corrosion profile is obtained from field inspections. A system and a methodology which generates automatically finite element models will be presented. These models undergo a nonlinear analysis, and failure pressures are obtained. In the second part of this work, the statistical properties of a set of defect profiles are computed and used to generate thousands of synthetic corrosion defects with realistic properties, and these are used to create finite element models that are submitted to a computational cluster, where the open-source package Calculix is used to do nonlinear analyses of these models in parallel. The results of the analyses are automatically collected, and Monte Carlo simulation is used to calculate some statistics of burst pressure (mean and standard deviation). The main purpose of this work is to present the new methodology, to describe the tool developed to automate the whole process of modelling and analysis of the pipelines with real corrosion profiles and to relate the burst pressure with the average and minimum remaining thickness. To demonstrate the efficiency and flexibility of the methodology we present a case study based on real data.

Human-machine collaboration framework for structural health monitoring and resiliency

Post-earthquake damage assessment can be significantly expedited when machine learning (ML) algorithms supported by sensing technologies are used. ML has some limitations when it comes to seismic damage assessment. ML tools require data from each class while training but in the case of seismic structural health monitoring, vibration data are usually available from the undamaged structures. In this paper, a framework called the human-machine collaboration (H-MC) is proposed. The H-MC framework combines the ML tools and human (domain) expertise for damage assessment of real instrumented buildings with only data from undamaged cases. It uses novelty detection as the ML tool and structure-specific analytical model to enable rapid damage detection. Subsequently, the framework is applied to detect damage in real instrumented buildings. The results showed that the H-MC algorithm correctly detected the damaged cases. It also labeled all the undamaged events accurately eliminating false positive detection. Furthermore, it is revealed that the resiliency of a building can be improved when the H-MC method is implemented over traditional field inspection. The proposed framework can be a viable tool for rapid post-earthquake damage assessment which is essential for improving community resiliency.