Growth Of Field Research Articles

The Hospitalist Movement 25 Years Later.

Hospitalists are generalists who specialize in the care of hospitalized patients. In the 25 years since the term hospitalist was coined, the field of hospital medicine has grown exponentially and established a substantial footprint in the medical community. There are now more hospitalists than practicing physicians in any other internal medicine subspecialty. Several key forces catalyzed the growth in the field of hospital medicine, including the quality, safety, and value movements; residency duty hour restrictions; the emergence of electronic health records; and the COVID-19 pandemic. Looking ahead, we see new opportunities in the realms of technology and telemedicine, and challenges persist in regard to balancing financial considerations with increasing workload and burnout. Hospitalists must remain nimble and seize emerging opportunities to continue supporting the field's prominence and growth.

Environmental stability and genetic effect of soybeans differing in mutant allele combinations between rs and mips1 genes for soluble carbohydrate profiles

AbstractRaffinose and stachyose (raffinose family oligosaccharides [RFOs]) in soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] are anti‐nutritional carbohydrate components. Previous studies identified mutant alleles of raffinose synthase (rs) 2 and 3 and d‐myo‐inositol‐3‐phosphate synthase 1 (mips1) to increase sucrose and reduce RFOs content. Although earlier studies investigated the effects of rs2 and rs3 mutations, a mips1 mutation has not been tested yet. The objectives of this study were (1) to investigate the genetic effects and environmental stabilities of rs2, rs3, and mips1 mutations across 18 environments and (2) to evaluate germination rates of genotypes carrying these mutations. Sucrose was significantly affected by all environmental factors (year, location, and planting dates). However, raffinose was not affected by planting dates, and stachyose was only affected by location. The rs2 mutant allele (rs2W331‐) and mips1 showed the highest environmental stability for sucrose and raffinose, respectively. For stachyose, the wild‐type check showed the highest environmental stability. The lines with mips1 mutation showed significantly higher sucrose (11.1%) and lower raffinose (0.5%) and stachyose (0.6%) content than other genotypes across environments. The lines tested in field emergence tests showed no significant difference from the check. Lines with mips1 and rs2W331‐, respectively, showed significantly higher germination rates than the check in the accelerated aging test. In contrast, a line with mips1 showed a significantly higher germination rate than the check in the standard germination test. Desirable carbohydrate allele combinations will facilitate the development of new cultivars with modified carbohydrate profiles that are beneficial to human food and animal feed.

Radicle Emergence Test Standardization to Forecast Field Emergence and Seed Vigour in Hordeum vulgare L.

A study was conducted to discover the use of RE single counts in testing vigour and predicting seedling establishment in seed lots of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). We compared the RE counts at 20 °C at intervals of 16, 24 and 40 h and also at 15 °C for 24 h, with electrical conductivity (EC), germination percentage (GP), field emergence (FE), and mean germination time (MGT), using 8 seed lots of barley. Radicle emergence counts at 15 °C for 24 h and at 20 °C for 16, 24 and 40 h showed a high correlation with two parameters of seed vigour (MGT and FE), and their correlation coefficients were greater than 0.70 (p < 0.05). Usable correlation coefficients were realized after 24 h both at 15 °C and 20 °C. The results of the test showed that RE single counts are useful in testing vigour in barley seeds. The results also proved that single counts of radical emergence (RE), were useful in indicating the potential of emergence in barley seedlings.

Pengaruh Lama Perendaman Benih Pepaya (Carica papaya L.) Dalam Ekstrak Bawang Merah (Allium ascolanicum L.) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Bibit

Research in the form of a field experiment on "The Effect of Soaking Time of Papaya (Carica Papaya L.) Seeds in Shallot Extract (Allium ascolanicum L.) on Seedling Growth. It has been carried out in the form of a field experiment that has been carried out in the experimental field of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Muhammadiyah West Sumatra, Tanjung Gadang Koto Nan Ampek Village, West Payakumbuh District, Payakumbuh City, with Inceptisol soil type, and has an altitude of ± 514 meters above sea level, this experiment was carried out in starting from June 2023 to July 2023. This experiment used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 5 treatments and 4 replications, in each treatment there were 4 plants and 2 were sample plants. Treatment of papaya seeds soaked in water for 1 hour, papaya seeds soaked in shallot extract for 2 hours, papaya seeds soaked in shallot extract for 3 hours, papaya seeds soaked in shallot extract for 4 hours, papaya seeds soaked in shallot extract for 5 hours. Observational data on papaya seedlings were averaged and statistically analyzed using the F test. Parameters observed in this study were field emergence (days), seedling height (cm), number of leaves (strands), leaf length (cm), width leaves (cm), stem diameter (cm), growing percentage (%). From the results of this experiment it can be concluded that due to long soaking of papaya seeds in shallot extract it has not been able to have a significant effect on the growth of papaya seedlings aged 45 HST.

Forensic entomology as an advanced tool in crime investigation

The use of research on insects and other arthropods in court proceedings is known as forensic entomology. When forensic insects are discovered on a human body or at the crime scenes, their biodiversity, biology, ecology, and behavior can reveal details about the period since death and occasionally even the reason of the death. The forensic insects have been utilized in criminal investigations from decades, they have only recently become a very well-known and separate field in forensic investigations. Knowledge of local insect assemblages and population dynamics is crucial in medico-legal entomology for a successful criminal investigation when monitoring and analyzing insects on a corpse. Forensic entomology comprises three subspecialties, namely urban, stored goods, and medico-legal. The insects that colonize corpses provide valuable insights into the decomposition process. In cases where traditional methods for determining the time since death are limited, Calliphoridae, a family of flies, provides crucial evidence. Two well-established approaches for estimating the post-mortem interval rely on the development of maggots and the succession patterns of insect species. Forensic entomology has gained significant popularity among criminal investigators and forensic entomologists, leading to the emergence of various related fields.

Effect of seed pelleting on yield and storage quality in Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill)

The current investigation on the effect of seed pelleting on germination, plant establishment and seed yield in fennel was carried out in two seasons during Rabi 2017 and 2018. The experiment consisted of 17 seed pelleting treatments along with the control. Field emergence (93.1 %), umbels per plant (26.61) and seed yield (1376 kg ha-1) were highest in seeds pelleted with Lignite +Azospirillum and higher number of seeds per plant (397) was obtained in Lignite+Gum Arabic, whereas, days to 50 % field emergence, plant height and test weight showed non-significant differences among the treatments. Lignite + gum Arabic pelleting recorded maximum seed germination (65 %) at the end of six months storage period. In general, seeds pelleted with Lignite and coated with Azospirillum showed better performance both in terms of yield and storability.

Genetic variability for early seed vigor traits for enhanced performance under sub-optimum temperatures in sweet corn (Zea mays Convar. saccharata L.)

High germination and seed vigor under sub-optimum temperature is desirable for successful stand establishment in Sweet Corn. Aninvestigation was undertaken to assess the performance of shrunken2 based Sweet Corn hybrids; CMVL Sweet Corn-1 and Pusa SuperSweet Corn-2 and their parental lines; SWT16, SWT17, VSL16 and VSL4 for early seed vigor parameters under sub-optimum (15⁰C, 20⁰C)and optimum (25⁰C) temperature conditions. Among the genotypes, hybrids (CMVL Sweet Corn-1 and Pusa Super Sweet Corn-2) weresuperior than their parental lines for the seed vigor traits like seedling emergence, germination index, mean germination time (MGT),vigor indices, root growth parameters and field emergence under sub-optimum temperature. The inbred lines; SWT16 and SWT17had better performance than VSL16 and VSL4 for seed vigor parameters under sub-optimum temperatures. Seedling root architectureaffected seedling performance and establishment under sub-optimum conditions. In the study, under sub-optimum temperaturesseedling root parameters i.e. the root length, surface area and root volume reduced whereas the root diameter increased in the sweetcorn lines. Vigor index-II (0.87 and 0.78) and MGT (-0.87and -0.54) showed significant correlation with the field emergence of sweet corn genotypes under 15 and 20oC respectively and thus could be the selection indices for identifying sweet corn genotypes with optimum performance under sub-optimum temperature regimes.

Potential of Zinc Glycinate and Calcium Chloride on Morphological and Yield Characters of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L)

The present study entitled “Potential of Zinc glycinate and Calcium chloride on morphological and yield characters of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L)” was carried out to assess the effectof seed treatments during 2022-2023 to find the suitable seed treatment for wheat. Thirteen treatments along with control consists of Calcium chloride, Zinc glycinate and Calcium chloride & Zinc Glycinate in different concentrations, individually and combination as well. A Randomized Block Design (RBD) was used for statistical analysis. The main objectives of this experiment was to evaluate the influence of different concentrations of Zinc glycinate and Calcium chloride on morphological and yield parameters of Wheat and to determine the effective treatment for wheat. The results indicated that all treatments recorded significant variation for pre-harvest and post-harvest parameters that were studied. The treatment T12 (Calcium chloride + Zinc glycinate-7%+7%) significantly recorded the higher values in Field emergence(95.55%), Plant height(93.13 cm), Number of tillers per plant(5.73), Spike length(15.18 cm), Seed yield per plant(16.37g) and Harvest Index(40.09%), in comparision with other treatments and lowest recorded in T0(control). This study helps to find the best suitable seed treatment for wheat.

Effect of Microbial Inoculants on Crop Growth, Yield, Biochemical and Phyiological Parameters of Blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper

A field experiment was carried out in randomized block design with 10 treatments and 3 replications at the Department of Seed Science and Technology, S.V. Agricultural College, Tirupati during 2022. The blackgram variety TBG-104 differed for field, biochemical, and physiological parameters in response to different treatments of microbial inoculants. The influence of the treatments in the field was significant with respect to crop growth, phenological and yield parameters, seed quality attributes, biochemical and physiological parameters. In case of crop growth parameters which include field emergence (%), plant height (cm) highest performance was seen in T9(91.67%,27.47cm) over control and other treatments. While all the treatments recorded values that are at par with the highest performed treatment. In case of phenological parameters which include days to first flowering, 50% flowering and maturity, The treatment T9 and T8 were the best performed over the other treatments and control. Similar trend was observed with respect to yield and yield parameters where T9(929.63 kg/ha) treatment showed the highest performance. Our results revealed that that the co-inoculation of 4 or 5 microbial inoculants showed better results over individual treatments during the period of storage.

Seed Priming for Enhancement of Seed Quality in Quality Protein Maize (QPM) (Zea mays L.)

An investigation was carried out with HQPM-5 maize hybrid and its parental lines HKI-163 and HKI-161 seeds during rabi 2022-23 to evaluate the effect of liquid biofertilizers (Azospirillum, Phosphorus solubilizing bacteria and Potassium solubilizing bacteria) on seed quality attributes in Quality Protein Maize (QPM) genotypes. The seeds were subjected to different concentration and duration of hydropriming and biopriming (Concentration: 10,15 and 20%; Duration: 6,12,18 and 24h). The non primed seeds were used as control. HQPM-5 seeds bioprimed with combination of Azospirillum @ 20 % + Phosphorous solubilizing bacteria @ 20 % + Potassium solubilizing bacteria @ 20 % at 12h (T9) recorded higher seed quality i.e., germination, field emergence, root length, shoot length, seedling length, seedling fresh weight, root dry weight, shoot dry weight, seedling dry weight, seed vigour index I & II, nitrogen and protein content and lower EC of seed leachates than the parental lines, HKI-163 and HKI-161. The overall performance of female parent was found to be better compared to the male parent.

Seed Treatment Effects on Seed Quality and Longevity of Soybean Seed Collected from Different Locations in Telangana State, India

The soybean seed (JS 335) was collected from 8 different seed production locations in Telangana state and were treated with different seed treatment chemicals. The seed quality parameters of soybean seed kept at ambient conditions in gunny bag were recorded at monthly intervals during storage. The results revealed that, among the various seed treatments chemicals, the seeds treated with Xelora (Thiophanate Methyl 45% + Pyraclostrobin 5% FS) @ 2 g kg-1 recorded significantly high seed quality parameters viz., seed germination per cent, seedling vigour index-II, field emergence, moisture per cent, seed infection per cent and low electrical conductivity compared to all other treatments. Among the seeds collected from different seed production locations the seed collected from Nirmal location had shown better seed quality parameters.

Assessment of Influence of Seed Invigoration Treatments on Seed Germination, Seed Quality and Seedling Vigour in Fodder Maize (Zea mays L.)

Poor germination in fodder crops is one of the major reasons responsible for lower than potential green forage yield of cereals. Invigoration treatments aids to promote and accelerate germination, increase the vigour of seedlings, and improve stand establishment in field, vegetable, and horticultural crops. Therefore, a study was carried out to evaluate the effect of different seed invigoration treatments on seed quality parameters viz., germination, field emergence, speed of germination, seedling length, dry weight and seedling vigour in fodder maize (Zea mays L.). The experiment was laid out in factorial completely randomized design with two factors i.e., months and treatments having 5 different seed priming treatment combinations i.e., - Priming with water for 12 hrs., - Priming with NaCl @ 4 g / litre of water for 8 hours., - Priming with Poly Ethylene Glycol solution @ 10g / litre of water for 8 hours., – Priming with GA3 @ 0.2 g / litre of water for 8 hours and - Control (unprimed seeds) and the treatments were replicated four times during Rabi, 2022-23 at the Department of Seed Science and Technology, Seed Research and Technology Centre, College of Agriculture, PJTSAU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telangana. The results obtained from this study indicate that hormonal priming with GA3 can be successfully employed to improve germination, field emergence, seedling length, dry weight, and seedling vigour in fodder maize (Zea mays L.). At the end of the study, it was observed that hormonal priming with GA3 had a significantly positive influence on mean germination per cent (90%), field emergence (87%), speed of germination (20.221%), seedling length (34.17 cm), dry weight (0.792 g), seedling vigour index-I (3082.05) and seedling vigour index-II (71.42) over the control.

Optimizing Establishment Methods and Weed Management Practices on Growth, Yield and Economics of Maize under Irrigated Condition

To study the performance of different crop establishment techniques and weed management practices on growth, yield attributes, yield and economics of maize hybrid, field experiment was conducted during Summer 2023 season.The treatment comprised of different sowing methods viz., pneumatic precision planter, manual rotary dibbler and manual dibbling and these treatments were compared with varied weed management practices such as pre-emergence (PE) application with atrazine 50 % WP @ 0.75 kg ha-1 at 3 DAS + power weeding at 20 and 40 DAS, pre-emergence (PE) application with atrazine 50 % WP @ 0.75 kgha-1 at 3 DAS + hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAS and pre-emergence (PE) application with atrazine 50 % WP @ 0.75 kg ha-1 at 3 DAS + early post-emergence (EPoE) application with topramezone 33.6 % SC @ 25.2 g ha-1 at 20 DAS. The results revealed that manual dibbling under conventional levelled ridges and furrows and pre-emergence application of atrazine 50 % WP @ 0.75 kg ha-1 at 3 DAS through drone followed by power weeding at 20 and 40 DAS recorded the highest vigour index, root length, volume and biomass. Early field emergence was noticed with manual dibbling under ridges and furrows which wasfollowed by pneumatic precision planter. However, higher LAI was recorded under manual rotary dibbler followed by pneumatic precision planter. Pre-emergence application of atrazine 50 % WP @ 0.75 kgha-1 at 3 DAS + hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAS had significantly less weed density and dry weight and the next best treatment was pre-emergence application with atrazine 50 % WP @ 0.75 kg ha-1 at 3 DAS + power weeding at 20 and 40 DAS. Significantly higher grain and stover yieldwas obtained under manual rotary dibbler treatment which was at par with pneumatic precision planter. Highest net returns and benefit cost ratio were observed with manual rotary dibbler followed by atrazine 50 % WP @ 0.75 kg ha-1 at 3 DAS + power weeding at 20 and 40 DAS.

Musculoskeletal Interventional Oncology: A Contemporary Review.

Musculoskeletal interventional oncology is an emerging field that addresses the limitations of conventional therapies for bone and soft-tissue tumors. The field's growth has been driven by evolving treatment paradigms, expanding society guidelines, mounting supportive literature, technologic advances, and cross-specialty collaboration with medical, surgical, and radiation oncology. Safe, effective, and durable pain palliation, local control, and stabilization of musculoskeletal tumors are increasingly achieved through an expanding array of contemporary minimally invasive percutaneous image-guided treatments, including ablation, osteoplasty, vertebral augmentation (with or without mechanical reinforcement via implants), osseous consolidation via percutaneous screw fixation (with or without osteoplasty), tumor embolization, and neurolysis. These interventions may be used for curative or palliative indications and can be readily combined with systemic therapies. Therapeutic approaches include the combination of different interventional oncology techniques as well as the sequential application of such techniques with other local treatments, including surgery or radiation. This article reviews the current practice of interventional oncology treatments for the management of patients with bone and soft-tissue tumors with a focus on emerging technologies and techniques.

Pre sowing dressing with plant growth substances for management of bakanae in aromatic rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties

In this study, we evaluated the potential of seed priming with plant growth substances on morpho-physiological and yield attributes of bakanae infected seedlings of aromatic rice varieties Pusa Basmati 1121 and Pusa Basmati 1509. The study involved laboratory and field examination of seed priming for 6 h in SA at 5 mg L−1 &10 mg L−1 concentration, MeSA at 50 mg L−1 and 100 mg L−1 concentration, Prohexadione-Ca at 100 mg L−1 and 200 mg L−1 concentration, BABA at 5 mg L−1 and 10 mg L−1 concentration, followed by inoculation with the fourteen-day-old pure culture of Fusarium fujikuroi. The positive (inoculated hydroprimed seeds) and negative controls (un-inoculated untreated seeds) were maintained for both varieties simultaneously and the growth and physiological observations were made at 7, 14 and 21 DAG. The seed priming treatments recorded enhancement in germination, fresh and dry weight, vigour index, total chlorophyll and carotenoid content over the positive control. The optimum dose of each plant growth substance from laboratory evaluation was selected for the field studies. The procedure for priming and inoculation was same for field trial and observations were recorded at tillering, booting and anthesis stage. The seed priming treatments resulted in reduction in percent disease incidence and visible symptomology of bakanae concomitant with an enhancement in field emergence, biochemical attributes under field conditions. The study can be further used to decipher the biochemical and molecular mechanism underlying cross talk of plant growth substances during bakanae infestation in rice in order to design a disease management strategy.

Recommended water immersion duration for the field treatment of exertional heat stroke when rectal temperature is unavailable.

The recommended treatment for exertional heat stroke is immediate, whole-body immersion in < 10 °C water until rectal temperature (Tre) reaches ≤ 38.6°C. However, real-time Tre assessment is not always feasible or available in field settings or emergency situations. We defined and validated immersion durations for water temperatures of 2-26°C for treating exertional heat stroke. We compiled data for 54 men and 18 women from 7 previous laboratory studies and derived immersion durations for reaching 38.6°C Tre. The resulting immersion durations were validated against the durations of cold-water immersion used to treat 162 (98 men; 64 women) exertional heat stroke cases at the Falmouth Road Race between 1984 and 2011. Age, height, weight, body surface area, body fat, fat mass, lean body mass, and peak oxygen uptake were weakly associated with the cooling time to a safe Tre of 38.6°C during immersions to 2-26°C water (R2 range: 0.00-0.16). Using a specificity criterion of 0.9, receiver operating characteristics curve analysis showed that exertional heat stroke patients must be immersed for 11-12min when water temperature is ≤ 9°C, and for 18-19min when water temperature is 10-26°C (Cohen's Kappa: 0.32-0.75, p < 0.001; diagnostic odds ratio: 8.63-103.27). The reported immersion durations are effective for > 90% of exertional heat stroke patients with pre-immersion Tre of 39.5-42.8°C. When available, real-time Tre monitoring is the standard of care to accurately diagnose and treat exertional heat stroke, avoiding adverse health outcomes associated with under- or over-cooling, and for implementing cool-first transport second exertional heat stroke policies.

Effects of sowing date on bolting and frost damage to autumn-sown sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) in temperate regions

Sugar beet is mostly cultivated in relatively cool regions of the temperate zones by sowing in spring, but in some Mediterranean areas with mild winters, the crop is sown in autumn. Due to global warming, autumn cultivation of sugar beet is gradually extending towards new areas that are still characterized by relatively cold winters. Seedling loss and bolting are two factors limiting the adoption of autumn sugar beet cultivation in new areas. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of sowing date on (i) duration and rate of field emergence, (ii) phenological stages of sugar beet during early growth, (iii) quantitative traits of seedlings and (iv) bolting occurrence as well as frost killing of autumn-sown sugar beet. Field experiments were conducted in a randomized complete block design to determine the appropriate sowing date for autumn-sown sugar beet in 2017/18 and 2018/19 in the Karaj and Mashhad regions of Iran, which are both characterized by relatively cold winters. The experiment was conducted with a bolting-resistant cultivar and six sowing date treatments. The results showed that to reach plant growth stages of cotyledon, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 leaves, 163, 200, 321, 418, 500, 600, 639, 700 and 757 growing degree days (GDD), respectively, were required. The average duration and speed of seedling emergence increased and decreased, respectively, with delay in sowing. The results suggest adjusting the sowing date of winter sugar beet so that when temperatures effective for bolting (6-8 °C) occur, the plant has already received about 300 to 400 GDD. At this time, the growth stage and the largest root diameter of sugar beet are approximately 4-6 leaves and 0.11-0.27 cm, respectively. After 14- to 16-leaf stage (≥700-750 GDD), the percentage of killed plants due to low temperatures were negligible. Although, the risk for frost losses is higher at 4- to 6-leaf stage (300-400 GDD), accepting higher losses is justified by a lower probability of bolting.

Evaluation and improvement of the health status of farmer-saved okra (&lt;i&gt;Abelmoschus esculentus&lt;/i&gt; (L.) Moench) seeds in the Ashanti Region of Ghana

Farmer-saved seeds are major plant pathogen carriers, which serve as the primary source of inocula of many diseases leading to massive crop losses. In view of this, laboratory experiments to evaluate seed quality and prevalence of seed-borne fungi of farmer-saved okra seeds in 10 major okra growing communities in the Ashanti region were conducted. Two local okra varieties (Asontem and Asante Aba) were collected from farmers for the laboratory studies. Although the collected seeds were observed to be of high purity, their moisture contents were high. The germination percentage, percentage of normal roots, field emergence and establishment of seedlings derived from okra seeds were also low. The study moreover showed high total seed-borne fungi infection. Health testing of the okra seeds revealed the presence of eight seed-borne fungi namely Fusarium sp., Colletotrichum sp., Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, Rhizopus sp., Mucor sp., Penicillium sp. and Curvularia sp. Seeds of Asante Aba variety showed good quality characteristics over seeds of Asontem. Seeds of the two varieties placed in airtight plastic containers stored better than seeds placed in insecticide-treated mosquito nets. Treatment of okra seeds with Dresscare and Senna siamea wood ash resulted in a lower incidence of seed-borne fungi and better seed quality characteristics. Treating okra seeds with Dresscare and Senna siamea wood ash and storing in airtight plastic containers is therefore recommended.

Effect of Stimulating Maize Seeds with Potassium Nitrate and Licorice Extract on the Seed Viability and Vigor

Germination and field emergence are delayed and their duration is prolonged due to the declining soil temperature during the spring season, which is reflected in the subsequent stages of crop growth, therefore, this study aimed to improve germination. Under a wide range of environmental conditions, a laboratory factorial experiment was carried out to study the effect of seed stimulation with potassium nitrate (distilled water only (0), 2, 4, and 6 mg L-1) and with an aqueous extract of licorice roots (distilled water only (0), 3, 6, and 9 g L-1) on the seed viability and vigor. The laboratory experiment was carried out according to the Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four repetitions. The results showed the superiority of the interaction treatment between the two concentrations 6 gm L-1 and 6 mg L-1 for each of licorice root extract and potassium nitrate by giving the highest average of the final germination 99%, the seedling vigor index reached 3846, the germination percentage at accelerating age test of 75%, and the germination percentage at the cold test of 76%. We can conclude that there was a response to soaking the seeds in licorice root extract at specific concentrations, with a clear response to potassium nitrate, and the response could be better when soaking in potassium nitrate at concentrations higher than 6 mg L-1. We also recommend that the soaking duration in any of the two factors is 18 hours to improve germination under a wide range of environmental conditions.

Correlation of Germination, Seedling Vigour Indices and Enzyme Activities in Response to Liquid Organic Kunapajala to Predict Field Emergence in Late Sown Wheat

A laboratory experiment was conducted to correlate the germination test with seed vigour parameters and enzyme activities to predict seedling vigour and planting value on late sown wheat variety UP-2526. The experiment was conducted at GBPUA and T, Pantnagar during rabi season of 2020-2. The experiment consisted of five treatments viz; no priming (control), hydropriming, 10%, 25% and 50% kunapajala priming for 16 hrs. Results revealed that germination percentage was positively and significantly correlated with speed of germination (0.914*), seedling vigour index-II (0.890*), α-amylase activity at 12 and 16 hrs of priming (0.942* and 0.947*, respectively), seed reserve mobilization efficiency on 4th day (0.954*) after incubation and imbibition rate after 16 and 24 hrs of soaking duration (0.933* and 0.894*, respectively). Heat stress both low and high temperature are major reason of declining yield in wheat when sown delayed. Prediction of seedling vigour and field emergence of seed before sowing is prime important for assured yield in late sown condition.