Field-collected Specimens Research Articles

THE MORPHOLOGY AND LIFE HISTORY OF ACROCHAETIUM DASYAE COLLINS (RHODOPHYTA, NEMALIALES)

SUMMARY The morphology of Acrochaetium dasyae Collins is described in detail from material collected along the Dutch coast. This material consists of predominantly unisexual gametophytes with a prominent persistent basal spore and a multicellular filamentous prostrate system, which may be more or less endophytic in Dasya pedicellata (C. Ag.) C. Ag.. Some additional remarks are made on field-collected specimens of A. dasyae from Swedish and Eastern-Canadian coasts. The life-history was completed in culture and turned out to be a diplobiontic cycle consisting of slightly heteromorphic generations. Gametophyte and tetrasporophyte differ in persistence or non-persistence of the basal spore, and to a lesser degree in morphology of the basal system and arrangement of the monosporangia. Material presumably representing the tetrasporophyte was found in two Dutch and several Canadian samples and provisionally identified as Audouinella saviana (Menegh.) Woelkerling; it occurs as an epiphyte on several macroalgae and on Zostera sp.. No decision could yet be made concerning the possible conspecificity of A. dasyae with several other species, described either as gametophytes or tetrasporophytes.

Field and laboratory studies on the adults of Ascotis selenaria reciprocaria (Wik.) (Lep., Geometridae), a pest of arabica coffee in Kenya

In arabica coffee estates at Kahuguni and Magogoni, Kenya, female giant looper moths, Ascotis selenaria reciprocaria (Wlk.), rested on coffee tree stems at 60·7 ± 9·8 cm above ground and males at 65·7 ± 6·6 cm; most eggs were laid less than 122 cm above ground. In the laboratory, females laid on average 693 eggs in 5·3 batches; peak oviposition and fertility were 2–3 days after emergence. Life span was 8·3 days for females and 10·4 days for males; at death females contained 1·4 spermatophores each (1·1 in field-collected specimens). It is concluded that hand-picking of moths will have little control value unless done the day after emergence, but that tree-banding with residual insecticide 122–130 cm above ground would kill 90% of the emerging larvae.

Development of four arboviruses in mice and application to rapid test procedures.

Mice were inoculated with St. Louis encephalitis (SLE), Flanders (FLAN), California (CE), or Tensaw (TEN) viruses. At fixed intervals after inoculation, brains from these mice were collected and assayed for infective virus and complement-fixing, hemagglutinating, and precipitating antigens. Detectability of these antigens was correlated with the appearance of signs of illness in the mice. Infective virus appeared 64, 48, 48, and 40 hr before signs of illness and 90, 86, 64, and 56 hr before death in mice inoculated with SLE, FLAN, CE, and TEN viruses, respectively. Diagnostic antigens were also detected well before signs of illness appeared. These findings were applied to the isolation of viruses from field-collected specimens. It was shown that by harvesting tissues at appropriate intervals these viruses could be detected and identified more rapidly than by conventional techniques with mice.

Development of Four Arboviruses in Mice and Application to Rapid Test Procedures

Mice were inoculated with St. Louis encephalitis (SLE), Flanders (FLAN), California (CE), or Tensaw (TEN) viruses. At fixed intervals after inoculation, brains from these mice were collected and assayed for infective virus and complement-fixing, hemagglutinating, and precipitating antigens. Detectability of these antigens was correlated with the appearance of signs of illness in the mice. Infective virus appeared 64, 48, 48, and 40 hr before signs of illness and 90, 86, 64, and 56 hr before death in mice inoculated with SLE, FLAN, CE, and TEN viruses, respectively. Diagnostic antigens were also detected well before signs of illness appeared. These findings were applied to the isolation of viruses from field-collected specimens. It was shown that by harvesting tissues at appropriate intervals these viruses could be detected and identified more rapidly than by conventional techniques with mice.

Redescription of Hyalomma (H.) erythraeum Tonelli-Rondelli (resurrected), description of the female and immature stages, and hosts and distribution in Ethiopia and Somali Republic.

Both sexes and the nymph and larva of Hyalomma (H.) erythraeum Tonelli-Rondelli, 1932, are redescribed from 771 wild and laboratory-reared adults and about 1355 laboratory-reared immature specimens from Somali Republic and French Somaliland. A “lost taxon” for more than 30 years, H. erythraeum was originally briefly described from a single male from Eritrea (Ethiopia). Adults are common parasites of camels; a few were taken also from sheep, goats, and cattle in the semiarid Horn of Africa. Field-collected specimens of H. erythraeum, males of which were initially identified as H. impeltatum Schulze & Schlottke and females as H. dromedarii Koch, were distinguished as representing a valid taxon by criteria that were easily recognized from laboratory-reared adults. Specimens reared on rabbits in the laboratory underwent a 3-host type of life cycle.

An Artificial Diet for the Gypsy Moth, Porthetria dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)

A diet developed originally for rearing bollworms was modified by adding linolenic acid, and increasing the quantity of wheat germ meal. Individuals reared on this diet exceeded field-collected specimens in size, weight, and egg production. Surface disinfection of eggs with sodium hypochlorite greatly reduced mortality from disease, especially nuclear polyhedrosis. Methods of handling eggs and larvae are described.

Biology of Megalotomus quinquespinosus (Hemiptera: Alydidae)

In southern Wisconsin, Megalotomus quinquespinosus (Say) overwinters in the egg and has 2 complete generations a year. These overlap from late June through August. Field-collected specimens were reared in 1-pint ice cream cartons covered with petri dish lids, and were fed red clover and soybean seeds. The preoviposition period was 6–14 days ($\bar x$ = 8.8), and females deposited 39–615 eggs ($\bar x$ = 237) ; the mean oviposition period was 59 days, with average production of 4 eggs per day. Males lived 38–187 days ($\bar x$ = 95) ; females, 32–134 days ($\bar x$ = 70). Frequent mating occurred, and eggs were released singly by the females. The “immediate” incubation period required 7–18 days ($\bar x$ = 13) ' the “delayed” (diapause) incubation period, 54–94 days ($\bar x$ = 81). Egg characters were recorded, and head capsules of exuviae of the 5 instars were measured; no overlapping between stages was noted. An average of 5 days was spent in each of the first 3 instars, 7 days in the fourth, and 10 clays in the fifth instar.

GERMINATION AND SEEDLING DEVELOPMENT IN FIVE SPECIES OF CYPRIPEDIUM L.

American Journal of BotanyVolume 30, Issue 3 p. 199-206 Article GERMINATION AND SEEDLING DEVELOPMENT IN FIVE SPECIES OF CYPRIPEDIUM L. John T. Curtis, John T. Curtis Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WisconsinSearch for more papers by this author John T. Curtis, John T. Curtis Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WisconsinSearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 March 1943 https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1943.tb14748.xCitations: 30AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume30, Issue3March 1943Pages 199-206 RelatedInformation