Field Arrangement Research Articles

Water Overlapping Area for The Arrangement of Field’s Sprinkler Irrigation

The design and arrangement of sprinkler irrigation systems are presented and discussed in this paper. The design is based on a rotating sprinkler system to irrigate the field. Information is provided concerning the components of irrigation systems and the characteristics of the system that affect water application efficiency. The mathematical model is developed to account for water overlapping area throughout a fixed sprinkler system and to evaluate the number of sprinkler irrigation for the whole field using water projection profiles from the experimental data analysis. As a result, a set of recommendations for the design of sprinkler irrigation system management are obtained. Finally, this problem is alleviated using the Maplet interface. By simply typing information in the text boxes and using drop-down menus in Maplet windows, the characteristic of sprinkler irrigation systems can be studied with relative ease.

Scene statistics and noise determine the relative arrangement of receptive field mosaics

Many sensory systems utilize parallel ON and OFF pathways that signal stimulus increments and decrements, respectively. These pathways consist of ensembles or grids of ON and OFF detectors spanning sensory space. Yet, encoding by opponent pathways raises a question: How should grids of ON and OFF detectors be arranged to optimally encode natural stimuli? We investigated this question using a model of the retina guided by efficient coding theory. Specifically, we optimized spatial receptive fields and contrast response functions to encode natural images given noise and constrained firing rates. We find that the optimal arrangement of ON and OFF receptive fields exhibits a transition between aligned and antialigned grids. The preferred phase depends on detector noise and the statistical structure of the natural stimuli. These results reveal that noise and stimulus statistics produce qualitative shifts in neural coding strategies and provide theoretical predictions for the configuration of opponent pathways in the nervous system.

Analysis of the impact of flow field arrangement on the performance of PEMFC with zigzag-shaped channels

Flow field configuration of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is crucial to its performance enhancement because it determines the distribution of reactants and reaction products. This paper numerically investigates a zigzag flow field with a contrary anode/cathode arrangement (ZFFCA). First, a three-dimensional numerical model is developed and validated against the published experimental data of a PEMFC that operates under low-humidity conditions. Then, the behavior of the contrary arrangement design is analyzed and compared with the zigzag parallel flow field (ZPFF) and straight parallel flow field (SPFF) designs. The model predictions show that the ZFFCA and ZPFF flow field designs provide more uniform distributions of oxygen, water content, temperature, and current density compared to the SPFF design, while the ZFFCA configuration is found to exhibit the most uniform distributions. More importantly, besides the enhanced transport along the flow direction in-between the underneath-land and underneath-channel regions in zigzag-shaped channels, the ZFFCA configuration is found to further reduce the mass transport resistance of reactants and boost up the heat/mass transfer rates. Additionally, the findings show that the positive effects of the ZFFCA configuration can further increase under higher relative humidity and larger operating pressure conditions, indicating that the ZFFCA design might be a more advanced option for the PEMFC stacks.

The influence of landscape spatial configuration on nitrogen and phosphorus exports in agricultural catchments

ContextNitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) exports from rural landscapes can cause eutrophication of inland and coastal waters. Few studies have investigated the influence of the spatial configuration of nutrient sources—i.e. the spatial arrangement of agricultural fields in headwater catchments—on N and P exports.ObjectivesThis study aimed to (1) assess the influence of the spatial configuration of nutrient sources on nitrate (NO3−) and total phosphorus (TP) exports at the catchment scale, and (2) investigate how relationships between landscape composition (% agricultural land-use) and landscape configuration vary depending on catchment size.MethodsWe analysed NO3− and TP in 19 headwaters (1–14 km², Western France) every two weeks for 17 months. The headwater catchments had similar soil types, climate, and farming systems but differed in landscape composition and spatial configuration. We developed a landscape configuration index (LCI) describing the spatial organisation of nutrient sources as a function of their hydrological distance to streams and flow accumulation zones. We calibrated the LCI’s two parameters to maximise the rank correlation with median concentrations of TP and NO3−.ResultsWe found that landscape composition controlled NO3− exports, whereas landscape configuration controlled TP exports. For a given landscape composition, landscape spatial configuration was highly heterogeneous at small scales (< 10 km2) but became homogeneous at larger scales (> 50 km2).ConclusionsThe spatial configuration of nutrient sources influences TP but not NO3− exports. An ideal placement of mitigation measures to limit diffuse TP export should consider both the hydrological distance to streams and flow accumulation zones.

Kinetic simulation of electron cyclotron resonance assisted gas breakdown in split-biased waveguides for ITER collective Thomson scattering diagnostic

For the measurement of the dynamics of fusion-born alpha particles Eα≤3.5 MeV in ITER using collective Thomson scattering (CTS), safe transmission of a gyrotron beam at mm-wavelength (1 MW, 60 GHz) passing the electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) in the in-vessel tokamak “port plug” vacuum is a prerequisite. Depending on neutral gas pressure and composition, ECR-assisted gas breakdown may occur at the location of the resonance, which must be mitigated for diagnostic performance and safety reasons. The concept of a split electrically biased waveguide (SBWG) has been previously demonstrated in C.P. Moeller, U.S. patent 4,687,616 (1987). The waveguide is longitudinally split and a kV bias voltage is applied between the two halves. Electrons are rapidly removed from the central region of high radio frequency electric field strength, mitigating breakdown. As a full scale experimental investigation of gas and electromagnetic field conditions inside the ITER equatorial port plugs is currently unattainable, a corresponding Monte Carlo simulation study is presented. Validity of the Monte Carlo electron model is demonstrated with a prediction of ECR breakdown and the mitigation pressure limits for the above-quoted reference case with 1H2 (and pollutant high Z elements). For the proposed ITER CTS design with a 88.9 mm inner diameter SBWG, ECR breakdown is predicted to occur down to a pure 1H2 pressure of 0.3 Pa, while mitigation is shown to be effective at least up to 10 Pa using a bias voltage of 1 kV. The analysis is complemented by results for relevant electric/magnetic field arrangements and limitations of the SBWG mitigation concept are addressed.

Stereotactic radiosurgery commissioning and QA test cases-A TG-119 approach for Stereotactic radiosurgery.

To develop a standardized set of representative clinical treatment cases that pose a range of optimization problems for evaluating the plan quality and dosimetric accuracy within the commissioning process for linac-based stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). Five test cases with increasing complexity were created to validate delivery accuracy in SRS commissioning similar to the approach used by AAPM TG-119 in developing a test suite for IMRT commissioning. Standardized structure sets, planning goals, and delivery requirements were specified for each case including a small sphere target, irregular target, irregular target placed off-axis, multi-target, and abutting organs-at-risk (OARs). Various VMAT field arrangements including a single arc, two coplanar arcs, full arc and vertex half arc, and four noncoplanar arcs were tested to generate clinically appropriate treatment plans. The small spherical target was 1.0cm in diameter. The irregular target was a clinical cavity (2.3×2.2×1.4cm³) and was shifted 4.5cm for the irregular target off-axis case. The multi-target case used the irregular target and four spherical targets representing metastases ranging 0.9 to 1.6cm in diameter, placed up to 7.5cm off-axis. The abutting OARs case included an acoustic neuroma and target placed near the optic nerve. All spherical targets received 24Gy and the cavity received 18Gy. The abutting OAR cases included a 3.74cc lesion adjacent to the brainstem receiving 13Gy and a 1.11cc lesion adjacent to the optic nerve receiving 12Gy. All plans used a single-isocenter placed at the target center or geometric center of multiple targets. Planning goals for all cases included constraints for the target and brain minus PTV, along with brainstem and optic nerve where applicable. Deliverability was assessed through ion chamber measurements, in addition to composite and per-field planar measurements on Gafchromic film and small-field diode array. A mean and SD for measured versus planned doses of 101.0%±2.9% was observed over the 14 ion chamber measurements. Mean and SD for gamma pass rates were 98.5%±2.2% and 97.1%±4.9% for film and diode array, respectively, for gamma criteria of 2% and 1mm. These cases could provide the preliminary groundwork for a novel benchmark for institutions to evaluate linac-based SRS commissioning and delivery accuracy prior to clinical implementation. The rapid widespread implementation of linac-based SRS, the complexity associated with dosimetry and delivery, and high-profile treatment deviations that have already resulted from its use, highlight the importance of such a benchmark test suite. Comprehensive dosimetric measurements from this standardized set of SRS optimization problems were used to fine-tune and understand the limitations of our SRS planning and delivery system and establish a set of baseline data for comparison with other delivery platforms.

Open-Pit Mine Dewatering Based on Water Recirculation—Case Study with Numerical Modelling

The layout of the dewatering system in open-cast mining must be adapted to mining assumptions and to the size of expected inflows, which, in turn, depend on natural conditions and the operation of other mines and groundwater intakes, affecting the arrangement of the hydrodynamic field. This case study analyses possible dewatering solutions related to a change in the mining drainage system: decommissioning by flooding of a depleted deposit and dewatering of a new one located in the vicinity. As part of numerical modelling, a solution was sought to minimise the environmental impact of drainage. Forecast calculations for two drainage alternatives were made. One of the solutions follows the classic approach: independent dewatering of the new excavation. The second solution assumes the recirculation of waters from dewatering of the new mine through their discharge into a closed and flooded pit located in the vicinity. The results of the forecasts for both variants point to the modification of the hydrodynamic field resulting from expected volumes of inflows and different environmental effects. The use of numerical simulations assisted the selection of the optimal dewatering solution.

Correlation between gastric volume and organs at risk dose in adjuvant radiotherapy for left breast cancer.

BackgroundThe role of the gastric volume on the dose-effect relationship for these organs has not been investigated. The aim of the study was to evaluate the correlation between gastric volume and dose-volume histogram (DVH) parameters of the heart, left lung and stomach during left breast cancer radiotherapy (RT).Materials and methodsNinety-nine left breast cancer patients who got adjuvant radiotherapy were included. Study was classified into two groups based on treatment field arrangements: 1) breast tangential fields only (T) and 2) breast tangential and supraclavicular fields (TS). Organs DVHs were extracted. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, linear regression analyses, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses were performed.ResultsThere is a direct but not significant correlation between the gastric volume and doses to the stomach and left lung. For a 100-cc increase in the gastric volume, the stomach maximum dose and the V50 increased by 3 Gy and 4%, respectively. For the left lung, V4 and V5 increased by 1% for TS cases. Considering ROC analysis results, one can make a decision for about 74% of patients due to their left lung DVH parameters, using gastric volume as a known input data. The correlation between gastric volume and heart dose was not significant.ConclusionsThe gastric volume of about 170 cc or less can result in lower dose to the stomach and ipsilateral lung during left breast cancer radiotherapy, especially for TS cases. To reach this gastric volume threshold, patients should be fast for 2 hours before the procedure of CT simulation and treatment.

Analysis of Claw Pole Transverse Flux Inductor Motor by Means of Magnetic Equivalent Circuit.(Dept.E)

In a preliminary design stage of claw pole fransverse flux inductor motor with E-core, an accurate magnetic calculations are very complicated due to the field arrangement. A special heavy burden is the estimation of leakage flux in the non-useful paths. Extra iron will be needed to carry this flux if saturation is to be avoided in the useful paths. This paper presents a simple equivalent circuit method by which the performance of various magnetic paths are estimated analytically. The method is based on the assumption that the flux paths are made up of straight and circular segments. It can be simply and quickly applied to examine the effects of varying the major dimensions of the motor. Experimental measurements are carried out on a simple static model to verify the proposed method. The comparison between the analytical results obtained from an ideal motor and the experimental results shows that they are in better agreement.

Dosimetric comparison between different tangential field arrangements during left-sided breast cancer radiotherapy

This study aimed to evaluate variations in dose distribution within the target volume and dose received by the organs at risk (OARs) for different tangential field arrangements during three-dimensional (3D) conformal treatment planning for left-sided breast cancer. Computed tomography (CT) images of 25 breast cancer patients were included, and three different mono-isocentric half-block (MIHB) treatment plans-parallel central axis technique (PCAXT), posterior border parallel technique (PBPT), and parallel quadrant technique (PQUDT)-were considered for each patient. The dosimetric and geometric parameters related to each followed plan were then extracted for the planning target volume (PTV) and the OARs, and compared. The results showed no significant differences among the extracted dosimetric and geometric parameters of the OARs for the different plans, while the Dmax, V95%, homogeneity index (HI), and conformity index (CI) values related to the PTV were significantly different (P < 0.05). The lowest Dmax and V95% values inside the PTV were related to the PCAXT plan. The best HI was achieved with the PBPT plan, whereas the best CI was observed for the PCAXT plan. The best correlation between the geometric and dosimetric parameters of the OARs was between V5Gy-central lung distance for the ipsilateral lung and the V5Gy-maximum heart distance for the heart in all plans. These results demonstrate that variations in the tangential field arrangement at the posterior border for optimal coverage of the PTV may not considerably affect the dose received by the OARs.

Place-cell capacity and volatility with grid-like inputs.

What factors constrain the arrangement of the multiple fields of a place cell? By modeling place cells as perceptrons that act on multiscale periodic grid-cell inputs, we analytically enumerate a place cell's repertoire - how many field arrangements it can realize without external cues while its grid inputs are unique - and derive its capacity - the spatial range over which it can achieve any field arrangement. We show that the repertoire is very large and relatively noise-robust. However, the repertoire is a vanishing fraction of all arrangements, while capacity scales only as the sum of the grid periods so field arrangements are constrained over larger distances. Thus, grid-driven place field arrangements define a large response scaffold that is strongly constrained by its structured inputs. Finally, we show that altering grid-place weights to generate an arbitrary new place field strongly affects existing arrangements, which could explain the volatility of the place code.

A historical literature review on the role of posterior axillary boost field in the axillary lymph node coverage and development of lymphedema following regional nodal irradiation in breast cancer.

To elucidate whether (1) a posterior axillary boost (PAB) field is an optimal method to target axillary lymph nodes (LNs); and (2) the addition of a PAB increases the incidence of lymphedema, a systematic review was undertaken. A literature search was performed in the PubMed database. A total of 16 studies were evaluated. There were no randomized studies. Seven articles have investigated dosimetric aspects of a PAB. The remaining 9 articles have determined the effect of a PAB field on the risk of lymphedema. Only 2 of 9 articles have prospectively reported the impact of a PAB on the risk of lymphedema development. There are conflicting reports on the necessity of a PAB. The PAB field provides a good coverage of level I/II axillary LNs because these nodes are usually at a greater depth. The main concern regarding a PAB is that it produces a hot spot in the anterior region of the axilla. Planning studies optimized a traditional PAB field. Prospective studies and the vast majority of retrospective studies have reported the use of a PAB field does not result in increasing the risk of lymphedema development over supraclavicular-only field. The controversies in the incidence of lymphedema suggest that field design may be more important than field arrangement. A key factor regarding the use of a PAB is the depth of axillary LNs. The PAB field should not be used unless there is an absolute indication for its application. Clinicians should weigh lymphedema risk in individual patients against the limited benefit of a PAB, in particular after axillary dissection. The testing of the inclusion of upper arm lymphatics in the regional LN irradiation target volume, and universal methodology measuring lymphedema are all areas for possible future studies.

Геолого-геофизический анализ морфологических структур центрального типа на территории Восточно-Европейской платформы и их связь с месторождениями углеводородов

Correlative interrelation of hydrocarbon field arrangement and morphological structures of the central type is revealed. Possible natural mechanisms of morphological structures formation of the central type are considered. By results of geological and geophysical interpretation of magnetic prospecting, gravity prospecting, heat floor data the deep structure of these morphological structures is shown.

Sulfur-Containing Analogues of the Reactive [CuOH]2+ Core.

With the aim of drawing comparisons to the highly reactive complex LCuOH (L = bis(2,6-diisopropylphenylcarboxamido)pyridine), the complexes [Bu4N][LCuSR] (R = H or Ph) were prepared, characterized by spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography, and oxidized at low temperature to generate the species assigned as LCuSR on the basis of spectroscopy and theory. Consistent with the smaller electronegativity of S versus O, redox potentials for the LCuSR-/0 couples were ∼50 mV lower than for LCuOH-/0, and the rates of the proton-coupled electron transfer reactions of LCuSR with anhydrous 1-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidine at -80 °C were significantly slower (by more than 100 times) than the same reaction of LCuOH. Density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT calculations on LCuZ (Z = OH, SH, SPh) revealed subtle differences in structural and UV-visible parameters. Further comparison to complexes with Z = F, Cl, and Br using complete active space (CAS) self-consistent field and localized orbital CAS configuration interaction calculations along with a valence-bond-like interpretation of the wave functions showed differences with previously reported results ( J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2020, 142, 8514), and argue for a consistent electronic structure across the entire series of complexes, rather than a change in the nature of the ligand field arrangement for Z = F.

Block-box structures load-bearing capacity under special loads

Block-box structures today are widely used in construction. Their main features are mobility, lightness and the possibility of assembling block-boxes for any technological purpose. Block-boxes are used in the arrangement of oil and gas fields, settlements and cities where it is necessary to carry out construction in a short period of time or where there is no industrial infrastructure. When designing, it is often necessary to take into account special loads (earthquake or explosive), which significantly affect the applied structural solutions. In this paper, the load-bearing steel structures of block-boxes of various configurations and sizes under the influence of special types of loads are considered. Numerical research, analysis and improvement of structural solutions are carried out.

A narrative review: The electromagnetic field arrangement and the “braking” effect of electromagnetic brake (EMBr) technique in slab continuous casting

Electromagnetic brake (EMBr) technique is adopted to reduce the turbulence of molten alloy in the slab mould in the continuous casting process, especially under high casting speed. We introduce a state-of-the-art EMBr technique by reviewing the published literature. The main objective of this paper is to give a clear view of the EMBr technique in terms of the magnet arrangement, along with their “Braking” effect to help decision-making. The EMBr system can be divided into three types, in terms of the magnet arrangement: the Local type, the Ruler type and the Multi-mode type, respectively. Both advantages and disadvantages of each type have been discussed. Further challenges are also raised.

Challenges in lung and heart avoidance for postmastectomy breast cancer radiotherapy: Is automated planning the answer?

Postmastectomy radiotherapy (PMRT) has been shown to improve the overall survival for invasive breast cancer patients. However, it represents a challenging treatment geometry and individualized planning strategies with complex field arrangements are usually adopted to decrease radiotoxicity to heart and lungs. Automated treatment planning has the potential to improve plan quality consistency and planning efficiency. Herein, we describe the application of the Pinnacle3 Autoplanning engine as a valuable technological resource able to allow the treatment of challenging patients theoretically unfit for radiotherapy for major cardiac and pulmonary comorbidities. Treatment was planned for three left-sided chest wall and regional lymph-nodes postmastectomy breast cancer patients. A deep inspiration breath-hold (DIBH) technique was used aiming to reduce the OARs irradiation. Three manually generated plans (hybrid-IMRT (HMRT), hybrid-VMAT (HVMAT) and full VMAT (MP-VMAT) and a fully automated plan created by the Autoplanning engine (AP-VMAT) were optimized in order to ensure a safe radiation therapy to the patients. The plans were evaluated based on planning target volumes (PTVs) coverage, dose homogeneity index (HI), conformity index (CN), dose to organs at risk (OARs) and normal tissue complication probabilities (NTCPs) of pericarditis, long term mortality and pneumonitis. Despite the use of deep moderated breath-hold, all human-driven plans failed to reach the stringent dose objectives for OARs. All plans provided an optimal coverage for chest wall and lymph-nodal area. AP-VMAT delivered the lowest mean dose to the heart (3.4 to 4.9 Gy) and ipsilateral lung (7.5 to 12.5 Gy) reporting the lowest NTCP for pneumonitis (<1%), confirming the only chance to comply the dose objectives. Moreover, AP-VMAT reported a decrease of the integral dose, which was lower by about 4-8% with respect to manual plans. AP-VMAT plan resulted in up to 58% increase of MUs with respect to manual plans, suggesting a more pronounced fluence modulation and plan complexity. A major difference was found for the planning time which was reduced to less than 30 minutes by using the Auto-Planning module. With improved planning quality and efficiency, Auto-planning is an effective tool to enable high-quality plans in challenging postmastectomy breast cancer radiotherapy.

Patient-Specific Heart Constraint: A Tool for Optimization and Evaluation of Mean Heart Dose in Breast Cancer Patients

PurposeOur institution introduced a patient-specific heart constraint (PSHC) and a mean heart dose (MHD) constraint of 4 Gy for all patients receiving breast radiation therapy (RT) with a simultaneous boost (SIB). This was introduced as a method to calculate the predicted MHD before optimizing IMRT fields. We sought to determine whether the introduction of a PSHC reduced MHD, while maintaining optimally dosed treatment plans. Material/MethodsPatients were retrospectively divided into 2 groups, pre- and postintroduction of the PSHC. The breast and SIB Planning Target Volumes (PTVs) were prescribed to 50 Gy and 57 Gy, respectively, in 25 fractions. Plans were generated using a hybrid IMRT technique, 30 Gy using an open tangential field arrangement, and 27 Gy using IMRT fields. The PSHC was calculated using MHD of open tangential field × 2. A paired t test compared PTV coverage and heart doses between cohorts (P < .05 significant). ResultsA total of 264 patients were included (138 pre-PSHC and 126 post-PSHC) with 137 right-sided and 127 left-sided treatments. MHD was significantly reduced across both right-sided (–0.4 Gy, P < .0001) and left-sided (–1.2 Gy, P < .0001) treatments overall. Left-sided treatments were further examined between free breathing and deep inspiration breath-hold (DIBH). DIBH showed reduction in MHD, although it was not significant (–0.46 Gy, P = .34). Heart V5 Gy showed reduction in right-sided (–1%, P = .002) and left-sided (–9.2%, P < .0001) treatments overall. Left-sided free breathing showed significant reduction (–8.8%, P < .0001), and DIBH also showed significant reduction (–5.1%, P = .0034). Tumor bed doses remained above the 54.15 Gy (95% of 57 Gy) threshold for all plans. ConclusionIntroduction of a PSHC can reduce MHD and V5 Gy for patients receiving whole breast RT with SIB while maintaining optimally dosed plans, with the greatest benefit shown for left-sided, free-breathing treatments.

Wuhan MST radar: technical features and validation of wind observations

Abstract. The Wuhan mesosphere–stratosphere–troposphere (MST) radar is a 53.8 MHz monostatic Doppler radar, located in Chongyang, Hubei Province, China, and has the capability to observe the dynamics of the mesosphere–stratosphere–troposphere region in the subtropical latitudes. The radar system has an antenna array of 576 Yagi antennas, and the maximum peak power is 172 kW. The Wuhan MST radar is efficient and cost-effective and employs more simplified and more flexible architecture. It includes 24 big transmitter–receiver (TR) modules, and the row or column data port of each big TR module connects 24 small TR modules via the corresponding row or column feeding network. Each antenna is driven by a small TR module with peak output power of 300 W. The arrangement of the antenna field, the functions of the timing signals, the structure of the TR modules, and the clutter suppression procedure are described in detail in this paper. We compared the MST radar observation results with other instruments and related models in the whole MST region for validation. Firstly, we made a comparison of the horizontal winds in the troposphere and low stratosphere observed by the Wuhan MST radar with the radiosonde on 22 May 2016, as well as with the ERA-Interim data sets (2016 and 2017) in the long term. Then, we made a comparison of the observed horizontal winds in the mesosphere with the meteor radar and the Horizontal Wind Model 14 (HWM-14) model in the same way. In general, good agreements can be obtained, and this indicates that the Wuhan MST is an effective tool to measure the three-dimensional wind fields of the MST region.

UKRAINE AND KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA: ESTABLISHING BILATERAL ONES ECONOMIC RELATIONS

The importance of the Persian Gulf region for Ukraine is due to the significant potential for mutually beneficial trade and economic cooperation. Despite the fact that Ukraine is one of the energy-deficient countries, the possibilities of import or transit of energy from the Gulf states are quite limited. The priorities of Ukraine's policy in the region are the development of balanced, equal and mutually beneficial relations, strengthening Ukraine's economic position in the region's markets, maintaining security at the southern borders of our state, strengthening regional security and stability. Ukraine considers important cooperation in the field of exploration, development, arrangement and modernization of oil and gas fields, design and construction of oil and gas infrastructure, joint production of hydrocarbons in the two countries and attracting investment in the modernization of Ukraine's gas transportation system. The automobile industry can become a promising area of Saudi-Ukrainian cooperation. An important area is cooperation in space, in particular, in the joint production of artificial satellite systems. launch of Saudi satellites. The aim of the article is to analyze the size and relation of commercial and investment between Ukraine and KSA, through finding the figures of the main product or services that changed or procured by the two countries, with raining the main impact factors that effecting the trade on the country level, also witnessed cooperation in various fields, as in 2016 the Kingdom and Ukraine signed agreements, including the double taxation agreement, the investment protection agreement, and the economic and commercial framework agreement for commercial, economic, scientific and technical cooperation. The main exported commodities were plastics and their articles, machinery and machine tools and their parts, fertilizers, and various chemical products, in addition to ready-made clothes. While the main imported commodities in the same year were: cereals, iron and steel (steel), fats and animal or vegetable oils, made of iron or casting (steel), and meat, offal and edible parts.