Ficus Deltoidea Research Articles

Short Communication: Aphrodisiac plants used by Dayak Ethnic in Central Kalimantan Province, Indonesia

Abstract. Fauzi, Widodo H. 2019. Short Communication: Aphrodisiac plants used by Dayak Ethnic in Central Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 1859-1865. Sexual dysfunction in men might render psychological disorders and household harmony. The prevalence increases with age and other risk factors such as systemic diseases and psychological factors. A community with no exception certain ethnic groups uses plants to fulfill various needs, including to treat sexual disorders in men. This paper aims to explore medicinal plants that are often used for aphrodisiacs by Dayak ethnic in Central Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. The method was carried out through reviewing literature, searching for various references and analyzing data of the exploration of ethnomedicine and community-based medicinal plants in Indonesia held in 2012 and 2015. Of the 9 Dayak ethnic groups surveyed, only four ethnic groups (Bawo, Taboyan, Tomum and Siang) posses an aphrodisiac formula. The plants used by ethnic Dayaks for aphrodisiacs are Eurycoma longifolia Jack., Luvunga sarmentosa (Bl.) Kurz., Rennellia elliptica Korth., Mimosa pudica L., Lepisanthes amoena (Hassk) Leenh., Fordia splendidissima (Miq.) Buijsen., Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch., Ficus deltoidea Jack., Koilodepas bantamense Hassk., Eusideroxylon zwageri Teijsm. & Binn., Gnetum sp., Caryota sp. and Calamus sp.

Ficus deltoidea: Effects of solvent polarity on antioxidant and anti-proliferative activities in breast and colon cancer cells

IntroductionFicus deltoiea (FD) is traditionally used to treat hyperlipidaemia, hypertension and diabetes. Limited studies are available on their anti-proliferative effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant activities of the hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol and water extracts of three varieties of FD and to evaluate their anti-proliferative effects on breast and colon cancer cells. MethodsThe plant extracts were analysed for polyphenolic and flavonoid content. Antioxidant activities were determined using DPPH, ABTS and O2·− radical scavenging assays, FRAP, Fe2+ chelating, and cellular antioxidant assays. The anti-proliferative activity and apoptotic effects of the extracts was analysed using breast (MCF-7, MDA-MB 231, HCC 1937) and colon cancer (HCT 116) cell lines. Gene expression analysis of selected extracts was investigated against HCT 116 cells. ResultsMethanol was the best solvent for extraction of antioxidants and had the highest polyphenolic content (70–100 mg GAE/g), FRAP (6.0–9.0 mmol Fe2+/g), ABTS (2.0–3.0 mmol TE/g) and DPPH (EC50:200-410 μg/mL) activities. The ethyl acetate extracts of FD variety A (FDA-EA) and B (FDB-EA) demonstrated anti-proliferative activities in MCF-7, MDA-MB 231, and HCT 116 (IC50<100 μg/mL) and moderate activities in HCC 1937 (IC50:150-200 μg/mL) cells. The extracts also increased caspase 3/7 activities in HCT 116 and HCC 1937 cells. HCT 116 cells treated with FDA-EA showed upregulation of Fas1, Bax, Cdk-1, TNF-α and Cdk-2 and downregulation of Bcl-2 and Tp53 genes, implying the induction of apoptosis. ConclusionFD especially FDA-EA is a promising source of antioxidants and anti-proliferative agents, especially against colon cancer.

Blood pressure lowering effect of Ficus deltoidea var kunstleri in spontaneously hypertensive rats: possible involvement of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, endothelial function and anti-oxidant system.

This study investigated the effects of a standardised ethanol and water extract of Ficus deltoidea var. Kunstleri (FDK) on blood pressure, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), endothelial function and antioxidant system in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Seven groups of male SHR were administered orally in volumes of 0.5mL of either FDK at doses of 500, 800, 1000 and 1300mgkg- 1, or captopril at 50mgkg- 1 or losartan at 10mgkg- 1 body weight once daily for 4weeks or 0.5mL distilled water. Body weight, systolic blood pressures (SBP) and heart rate (HR) were measured every week. 24-hour urine samples were collected at weeks 0 and 4 for electrolyte analysis. At week 4, sera from rats in the control and 1000mgkg- 1 of FDK treated groups were analyzed for electrolytes and components of RAAS, endothelial function and anti-oxidant capacity. SBP at week 4 was significantly lower in all treatment groups, including captopril and losartan, when compared to that of the controls. Compared to the controls, ACE activity and concentrations of angiotensin I, angiotensin II and aldosterone were lower whereas concentrations of angiotensinogen and angiotensin converting enzyme 2 were higher in FDK treated rats. Concentration of eNOS and total anti-oxidant capacity were higher in FDK treated rats. Urine calcium excretion was higher in FDK treated rats. In conclusion, it appears that ethanol and water extract of FDK decreases blood pressure in SHR, which might involve mechanisms that include RAAS, anti-oxidant and endothelial system.

The Effect of Drought Stress on Growth and Total Flavonoid Content of Tabat Barito Plant (Ficus deltoidea Jack)

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh perlakuan cekaman kekeringan terhadap pertumbuhan dan kadar flavonoid total tumbuhan tabat barito. Penelitian dilakukan di rumah kaca Laboratorium Fisiologi Tumbuhan, Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam, Universitas Mulawarman, menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap yang terdiri dari 4 perlakuan kapasitas lapang air (KL) yaitu: KL 100%, KL 80%, KL 60% dan KL 40%. Setelah tanaman berumur 9 bulan dilakukan pengamatan terhadap peubah pertumbuhan (tinggi tanaman, jumlah daun, luas daun, jumlah cabang, diameter batang, biomassa). Perlakuan cekaman kekeringan berpengaruh nyata terhadap tinggi tanaman, jumlah cabang, diameter batang dan biomassa tanaman. Berdasarkan hasil uji fitokimia ekstrak daun tabat barito mengandung alkaloid, fenolik, flavonoid, steroid dan kumarin. Kadar total flavonoid ekstrak daun tertinggi dihasilkan pada perlakuan KL 40% sebesar 430.77 μg Catechin Equivalen (CE) mg-1 ekstrak daun dan berbeda nyata dengan perlakuan KL 100%, 80% dan 60%. Kadar flavonoid total terendah terdapat pada perlakuan KL 100% sebesar 282.05 μg CE mg-1 ekstrak. Secara umum, hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan cekaman kekeringan secara nyata menghambat pertumbuhan dan meningkatkan kadar total flavonoid ekstrak daun tabat barito.&#x0D; Kata kunci: budidaya, cekaman kekeringan, flavonoid, tabat barito (Ficus deltoidea)

Differentiation of Ficus deltoidea varieties and chemical marker determination by UHPLC-TOFMS metabolomics for establishing quality control criteria of this popular Malaysian medicinal herb.

Ficus deltoidea Jack (Moraceae) is a plant used in Malaysia for various diseases including as a supplement in diabetes management. Morphology distinction of the 7 main varieties (var. angustifolia, var. bilobata, var. deltoidea, var. intermedia, var. kunstleri, var. motleyana and var. trengganuensis) is challenging due to the extreme leaf heterophylly and unclear varietal boundaries, making it difficult for quality control of F. deltoidea products. We aimed to compare the phytochemical composition of 7 varieties growing in different conditions at various geographical locations. We also aimed to establish the quality control markers for the authentication of these varieties. We applied untargeted UHPLC-TOFMS metabolomics to discriminate 100 leaf samples of F. deltoidea collected from 6 locations in Malaysia. A genetic analysis on 21 leaf samples was also performed to validate the chemotaxonomy differentiation. The PCA and HCA analysis revealed the existence of 3 chemotypes based on the differentiation in the flavonoid content. The PLS-DA analysis identified 15 glycosylated flavone markers together with 1 furanocoumarin. These markers were always consistent for the respective varieties, regardless of the geographical locations and growing conditions. The chemotaxonomy differentiation was in agreement with the DNA sequencing. In particular, var. bilobata accession which showed divergent morphology was also differentiated by the chemical fingerprints and genotype. Chemotype differentiation based on the flavonoid fingerprints along with the proposed markers provide a powerful identification tool to complement morphology and genetic analyses for the quality control of raw materials and products from F. deltoidea.

Standardized ethanol-water extract of Ficus deltoidea Angustifolia reduces blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats

ABSTRACTFicus deltoidea is used in Malay traditional medicine for the treatment of a number of disorders, including hypertension. There is, however, no scientific evidence on its anti-hypertensive effects. This study, therefore, investigated the effects of a standardized ethanolic-water extract of Ficus deltoidea Angustifolia (FD-A) on blood pressure (BP) in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Male SHR with systolic BP of >150 were divided into 4 groups (n = 8) and given either FD-A (800 or 1000 mg kg−1 day−1) or losartan (10 mg kg−1 day−1) or 0.5 ml of distilled water (control) daily for 28 days. BP, body weight, food and water intake, serum and urinary electrolytes, endothelin-1 (ET-1), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and components of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system were measured. Data were analyzed using ANOVA with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. Following treatment, BP, heart rate, and heart weight in FD-A and losartan-treated rats were significantly lower than those in the controls. Serum TAC and urinary calcium excretion were significantly higher, whereas serum ET-1 concentration was significantly lower in FD-A treated rats when compared to those in controls. No significant differences were found in the components of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system between controls and FD-A treated rats. In conclusion, FD-A when given daily at doses of either 800 or 1000 mg kg−1 day−1 body weight reduces BP in SHR. This effect does not seem to involve the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system but might involve some other mechanisms.Abbreviations: FD-A: Ficus deltoidea Angustifolia; ACE: Angiotensin-converting enzyme; SHR: Spontaneously hypertensive rats; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; AUC: Area under curve; RAAS: Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System

A RAPID QUANTITATIVE DYE-BINDING METHOD OF SCREENING GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS PRESENCE IN MEDICINAL PLANTS

Objectives: The aims of this paper are to extract glycosaminoglycan (GAG) from four local medicinal plants and to characterize the crude extract with highest total sulfated GAG to reduce the dependency of using animals as major sources.Methods: Crude GAG was extracted from four plants (Gaultheria procumbens, Strobilanthes crispus, Orthosiphon stamineus, and Ficus deltoidea) using hot water extraction with some modifications. Ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometry was conducted for purity test. Total sulfated GAG was determined using Blyscan assay kit. By comparing results between the extract yields and total sulfated GAG, the plant consisting of high total sulfated GAG was chosen for further characterization. The selected plant sample was examined by microscopy and further analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy.Results: All four plants showed absorbance peaks between 214 and 232 nm in UV scan that represented negatively charged sugar. O. stamineus was found to contain the highest amount of sulfated GAG, 62.63±0.01 μg/mg by Blyscan assay. Microscopical examination confirmed the identity of O. stamineus sample by comparing to the reference. Both NMR and FTIR analysis of O. stamineus crude yield showed the presence of hydroxyl, sulfates, carboxylate, and amine groups, suggesting close resemblances to GAG structure.Conclusion: The results suggested that all four plants contained GAG compound. O. stamineus was found to exhibit the most abundant total sulfated GAG and has the potential to become a new plant-based source for GAG.

A RAPID QUANTITATIVE DYE-BINDING METHOD OF SCREENING GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS PRESENCE IN MEDICINAL PLANTS

Objectives: The aims of this paper are to extract glycosaminoglycan (GAG) from four local medicinal plants and to characterize the crude extract with highest total sulfated GAG to reduce the dependency of using animals as major sources.Methods: Crude GAG was extracted from four plants (Gaultheria procumbens, Strobilanthes crispus, Orthosiphon stamineus, and Ficus deltoidea) using hot water extraction with some modifications. Ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometry was conducted for purity test. Total sulfated GAG was determined using Blyscan assay kit. By comparing results between the extract yields and total sulfated GAG, the plant consisting of high total sulfated GAG was chosen for further characterization. The selected plant sample was examined by microscopy and further analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy.Results: All four plants showed absorbance peaks between 214 and 232 nm in UV scan that represented negatively charged sugar. O. stamineus was found to contain the highest amount of sulfated GAG, 62.63±0.01 μg/mg by Blyscan assay. Microscopical examination confirmed the identity of O. stamineus sample by comparing to the reference. Both NMR and FTIR analysis of O. stamineus crude yield showed the presence of hydroxyl, sulfates, carboxylate, and amine groups, suggesting close resemblances to GAG structure.Conclusion: The results suggested that all four plants contained GAG compound. O. stamineus was found to exhibit the most abundant total sulfated GAG and has the potential to become a new plant-based source for GAG.

Effect of drying temperature and age of leaves on total phenolic content on Ficus deltoidea

The objective of this research is to investigate the relationship between drying temperature and age of leaves on the total phenolic content of Ficus deltoidea leaves. The leaves were dried at 4 different temperatures which are 30, 40, 60 and 80 °C. The age of leaves is determined by using chlorophyll meter to measure the chlorophyll content and categorized into three level of age leaves. The total phenolic content of the F. deltoidea dried leaves were determined using Standard Folin–Ciocalteu (FC) analytical methodology with methanolic extracts of the samples. The result showed that the total phenolic content is highest at 40°C drying temperature and at medium-aged of leaves. It is suggested to consider drying the F. deltoidea leaves at 40-80°C and harvest at the medium-aged of leaves maturity to obtain high total phenolic content.

Inhibitory effects of ficus deltoidea extracts on UDP-glucuronosyltransferase and glutathione s-transferase drug-metabolizing enzymes

Background: Mas cotek or Ficus deltoidea is conventionally used to treat various diseases and often consumed with other medication and this may give rise to herb–drug interaction. The potential of F. deltoidea for interactions with drug-metabolizing enzymes of UDP-gucuronosytranserase (UGT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) have not been investigated. Objective: We had evaluated the potential of methanol, ethanol, and aqueous extracts of F. deltoidea to cause UGT- and GST-mediated herb–drug interaction in vitro. Materials and Methods: The total phenolic content and total phenolic content were determined using modified colorimetric method. In the UGT study, para -nitrophenol (p -NP) was employed as a substrate to determine the UGT enzymes activity in rat liver microsomes (RLM) and human liver microsomes (HLM). For the GST study, 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene was employed as a substrate to determine GST activity in rat liver cytosolic fraction. Results: The total phenolic content in F. deltoidea extracts can be ranked as follows: Methanol extract > aqueous extract > ethanol extract, whereas the content of flavonoid compounds in F. deltoidea extracts can be ranked as: Methanol extract > ethanol extract > aqueous extract. Assessment using the UGT enzymes of RLM (IC50 [Half-maximal inhibitory concentration] = 881.40 ± 1.14 μg/mL) and HLM (IC50 =63.44 ± 1.20 μg/mL) showed that the methanol extract of F. deltoidea significantly inhibited p -NP glucuronidation compared with ethanol and aqueous extracts. For GST inhibition study, methanol extract strongly inhibited GST activity (IC50 =70.73 ± 1.07 μg/mL), whereas no IC50values were determined for ethanol and aqueous extracts. Conclusion: The methanol extract of F. deltoidea containing the highest flavonoid content highlights the possibility of herb–drug interaction through the modulation of p -NP UGT and GST activity.

Effects of Ficus Deltoidea Angustifolia on Blood Pressure, eNOS, ET-1 and Total Anti-Oxidant Capacity in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

Effects of Ficus Deltoidea Angustifolia on Blood Pressure, eNOS, ET-1 and Total Anti-Oxidant Capacity in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

Protective role of Ficus deltoidea against BPA-induced impairments of the follicular development, estrous cycle, gonadotropin and sex steroid hormones level of prepubertal rats

Ficus deltoidea is one of the well-known medicinal plants in Malaysia that is traditionally used by the Malay community to treat various ailments and for maintenance of female reproductive health. The objective of this study is to evaluate the potential protective roles of Ficus deltoidea against BPA-induced toxicity of the pituitary-ovarian axis in pre-pubertal female rats. In this study, four groups of pre-pubertal female Sprague Dawley rats were administered with the followings by oral gavage for a period of six weeks: NC (negative control- treated with vehicle), PC (positive control-treated with BPA at 10 mg/kg/BW), F (treated with Ficus deltoidea at 100 mg/kg/BW, then exposed to BPA at 10 mg/kg/BW) and FC (Ficus deltoidea control - treated with Ficus deltoidea at 100 mg/kg/BW). Daily vaginal smear, ovarian follicular development as well as gonadotropin and sexual-steroid hormone levels were determined. The findings showed that Ficus deltoidea demonstrated preventive role against BPA-induced toxicity on the ovaries. This was evident by the increased percentage of rats with normal estrous cycle, qualitatively reduced number of atretic follicles (as observed in histopathological examination) and normalization of the gonadotropins hormone (FSH) and sexual steroid hormone (progesterone) levels. In conclusion, Ficus deltoidea has the capability to prevent the effects of BPA toxicity in the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis of prepubertal female reproductive system, possibly due to its variety of phytochemical properties. Therefore, these findings strongly support the traditional belief that this medicinal plant is beneficial as daily dietary supplement for the maintenance of female reproductive health.

Development and validation of RP-HPLC method for the determination of stigmasterol in the botanical extract of Ficus deltoidea

A simple, rapid, accurate and precise RP-HPLC method was developed for the determination of stigmasterol in botanical extract of Ficus deltoidea. Separation was achieved with acetonitrile and acetic acid in water (75:25% v/v) in isocratic mode at 210 nm. Single sharp peak of standard stigmasterol was detected at retention time 3.17 min which overlay with the peak of plant extract at 3.14 min. The calibration curve was found to be linear in a concentration range of 2–10 μg/ml with correlation coefficient of 0.998. The LOD and LOQ were found to be 1.50 μg/ml and 4.55 μg/ml respectively. Accuracy and precision was determined with overall recovery of 99.6–100.1% for stigmasterol and RSD values in both intra-day and inter-day repeatability assay lesser than 0.340%, respectively. The robustness study also indicated that there is no influence of minor changes in detecting wavelength and flow rate of mobile phase on the response.

Chemicals and Bioactivity Discrimination of Syconia of Seven Varieties of Ficus deltoidea Jack via ATR-IR Spectroscopic-Based Metabolomics

Introduction: Ficus deltoidea is one of the common Malaysian medicinal plants and currently commercialized as raw ingredients in some local food products. However, those products do not discriminate the varieties of Ficus deltoidea used. Methods: FTIR-based metabolomics coupled with chemometric technique was applied to discriminate chemical components in ethanolic extracts of syconia of seven varieties of Ficus deltoidea namely; var. deltoidea, var. trengganuensis, var. kunstleri, var. angustifolia, var. bilobata, var. intermedia and var. motleyana. Unsupervised multivariate data analysis (MVDA) including principal component analysis (PCA) was used as to evaluate chemical variability among the seven varieties. For discrimination, orthogonal partial least square discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) was applied, while partial least square (PLS) was used to evaluate the relationship between the alpha-glucosidase inhibition, antioxidant activity and Ficus deltoidea varieties. Results: As a result, OPLS-DA successfully discriminated the seven varieties. The FTIR fingerprints which were responsible for the discrimination includes 1729, 1705, 1448, 1095, 453, 443 cm-1. In addition, PPLS model demonstrated the correlation between var. kunstleri, var. deltoidea and var. intermedia respective chemicals fingerprints and their bioactivity (DPPH, FRAP and α-glucosidase inhibition). Conclusion: The findings revealed that FTIR spectroscopy, in combination with MVDA, can be used for structural functional discrimination in relation to the sample bioactivity.

Kapasitas Reproduksi Mencit Betina (Mus musculus L.) Setelah Pemberian Infus Batang Tabat Barito (Ficus deltoidea Jack.)

Tabat barito (Ficus deltoidea Jack.) is vastly used to induce sexual aroused (aphrodisiacs) and effect on female reproductive organ. The aim of this research was performed to examine the effects of bark tabat barito infuse on reproductive capacities female mice. Fifteen of female mice were devided randomly into 5 groups, respectively. The treatment dosages were control, placebo, 50%, 75% and 100%. Infuse and aquades administrated orally 0.5 ml/hari for 5 estrouse cycles. Female mice were mated (1:3). At the eighteen days of gestation, female mice were sacrificed and observed, covered the weight of mice, uterus, liver; the total number of fetus, their weight and length body. The statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA and DMRT test. The result of this study indicated that infuse of bark tabat barito (Ficus deltoidea Jack) increasing the reproductive capacities but no significant. The weight of mice, uterus, liver between control and treatment no different (P&gt; 0.05) but for total number of fetus in control 8.00 + 1.00, whereas dosages 50%, 75% and 100% were 8.67 + 0.58, 11.67 + 1.16 and 10.00 + 1.00, respectively. In total number of fetus different in 70% dosage to others, and total number of fetus in 100% dosage are significant different with control and 70% dosage.Key words: Tabat barito, aphrodisiacs, progesterone, reproductive capacities.Â

The antioxidant activities, cytotoxic properties, and identification of water-soluble compounds of Ficus deltoidea leaves

Leaves from three varieties of Ficus deltoidea, colloquially termed small- (FDS), medium- (FDM), and big-type leaf (FDB), were subjected to water extraction. The crude extracts were fractionated using water (WF) and ethyl acetate (EAF). The phenolic and flavonoid content, antioxidant activity, and cytotoxicity of the fractions were investigated. The EAF had the highest phenolic and flavonoid content compared to the other FDS fractions. Conversely, the FDM crude extract had the highest phenolic and flavonoid content compared to the other FDM samples. Antioxidant activity was highest in the FDB crude extract. Ultra-high–performance liquid chromatography showed that two compounds, vitexin and coumaric acid, were present in the FDB crude extract. Additionally, the F. deltoidea leaves caused no signs of toxicity in a normal liver cell line. Our findings show that F. deltoidea varieties have excellent antioxidant activity with no cytotoxic effects on normal liver cells.

Total phenolic and flavonoid content of leaves and stems extract of Tabat Barito ( Ficus deltoidea Jack.) under different plant ages

Total phenolic and flavonoid content of leaves and stems extract of Tabat Barito ( Ficus deltoidea Jack.) under different plant ages

C1 Metabolism and Photorespiration of &lt;i&gt;Ficus deltoidea&lt;/i&gt; based on Peptide Mass Fingerprinting Approach

C1 Metabolism and Photorespiration of &lt;i&gt;Ficus deltoidea&lt;/i&gt; based on Peptide Mass Fingerprinting Approach

DEVELOPMENT OF QUALITATIVE PHARMACOGNOSTIC AND HIGH-PERFORMANCE THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHIC FINGERPRINTING OF MORPHOLOGICAL SIMILAR SPECIES OF GENUS FICUS

Objective: Ficus deltoidea (FD) and Ficus benjamina (FB), popularly known as “jack tree/mas cotek” and “pimpri/java fig,” respectively, in India and are used in folk medicine to treat the wound, ulcers, diabetes, microbial infections, and inflammatory disorders. Such therapeutic claims have also been justified in the literature by their rich chemical diversity. Both the plant species are morphologically similar and used unauthentically as the traditional medicinal product. Although these plants are sold in the local market by a traditional medicinal healer, we did not find any authenticated data on its quality.Methods: In the present study, quality standards of both the plant drugs have been developed and compared by performing morphological, microscopical, physicochemical, phytochemical, and high-performance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) analysis. using CAMAG Linomat 5 instrument (Kindly delete the bold matter).Results: It was revealed that both the plant species have similar pharmacognostic features with some differences in type of stomata, presence of marked midrib, arrangement of the cell, cell structures, and meristele. HPTLC data revealed that the primary component in FD leaves (FDL) and FB leaves (FBL) extracts was found at Rf 0.67 and 0.37 with the respective peak area of 35.61% and 34.71%. The peaks at Rf 0.17 and 0.27 can be appeared as the chemical marker to highlight the quality of FDL, whereas peaks at Rf 0.87 and 0.95 can be considered to identify and chemically standardize the FBL.Conclusion: This study highlighted essential characters which contribute to the standardization, identification, and authentication of plant drugs.

Comparative study on the diversity of endophytic actinobacteria communities from Ficus deltoidea using metagenomic and culture-dependent approaches

Janatiningrum I, Solihin DD, Meryandini A, Lestari Y. 2018. Comparative study on the diversity of endophytic actinobacteria communities from Ficus deltoidea using metagenomic and culture-dependent approaches. Biodiversitas 19: 1514-1520. Actinobacteria endophytes of medicinal plants may play an essential role in producing a variety of critical bioactive compounds. However, the possible contribution of such actinobacteria to the pharmacological properties of traditional herbal remedies remains mostly unknown. For example, the diversity and attributes of actinobacteria endophytes in Ficus deltoidea, a small tree species that has long been used to treat diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular illnesses, have not been explored. Here, the actinobacteria endophyte community structure in F. deltoidea was investigated using both culture-dependent and metagenomics approaches. Based on morphological characteristics and 16S rRNA gene analysis, the dominant culturable actinobacteria isolates exhibited a close relationship with Streptomyces. The metagenomic technique using PCR-DGGE analysis of the 16S rRNA gene showed the presence of 11 OTUs in F. deltoidea tissue. Whereas the dominant culturable actinobacteria endophytes in F. deltoidea was Streptomyces, the metagenomic approach showed non-Streptomyces, particularly Rhodococccus and Verrucosispora, to be also important. Thus, results from both culture-dependent and metagenomic approaches provided useful indicators on the diversity and community structure of actinobacteria endophytes in F. deltoidea.