Ficus Carica Research Articles

Influence of Shading and Anatomical Structure of the Stem Cutting on Rooting Performance of Fig (Ficus Sp.)

Fig (Ficus sp.) belongs to tropical and subtropical climates which have great potential for the commercial cultivation. Cutting is the most common and effective method of propagation for figs which is influenced by different exogenous and endogenous factors. In this light, a study was conducted to observe the responses of stem cutting of fig (Ficus sp.) of one exotic and two indigenous varieties (Teen- Ficus carica; wild fig- Ficus hispida and joggo fig- Ficus racemosa) in respect of duration of shade and anatomical status of stem. The study was laid in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with two factors (duration of shade and cultivars) and three replications of the treatments. The four different treatments of shade duration were as T1= open or control, T2=3 days of shading, T3= 6 days of shading and T4= 9 days of shading. Data were collected on root and sprout growth of the cuttings at weekly interval from two weeks of planting the cuttings in sand filled plastic cups. When the duration of shading increased, the teen (Ficus carica) showed the longest sprout (1.59 mm) and root (2 mm) as well as maximum number of root (5.67) and sprout (2.33). Better rooting performance was found in teen and it was very low in wild fig. A relationship between rooting performance and anatomical structure was clearly observed in this study. Long period of shading has positive effect on number and length of sprout in teen and wild fig. On the other hand, short period of shading minimized the days required for sprouting in teen Presence of thin cuticle, thin trichome and the absence of druses crystal in ground tissue and medulla also enhanced the performance of stem cutting of teen.

Crop cultivation in the Talayotic settlement of Son Fornés (Mallorca, Spain): agricultural practices on the western Mediterranean islands in the first millennium bce

The Balearic Islands were colonised around the transition from the Chalcolithic to the Bronze Age, not earlier than 2300 cal bce and certainly much later than any central or eastern Mediterranean islands. The number of archaeobotanical records is low and consists mainly of cereals and a few pulses. We present here new results of our long-term study of Son Fornés, an archaeological site on Mallorca which was occupied since the beginning of the Iron Age Talayotic period (~ 850 cal bce) and until Roman times (123 bce onwards), in the Balearic Islands. In the Talayotic period of Son Fornés Hordeum vulgare var. vulgare (hulled barley) and Triticum aestivum/durum/turgidum (free-threshing wheat) were the main cereals grown and Vicia faba (broad bean) was the main pulse, while Avena sp. (oats) is considered to have been a weed but was nonetheless consumed and was probably in an early phase of being domesticated. For the subsequent post-Talayotic (ca. 550 − 250 bce), Classic I and Classic II, the Republican Roman occupation period (from 123 bce onwards) the databases are weak, displaying hulled barley as the main crop and broad bean as the main pulse. The archaeobotanical records of Ficus carica (fig), Olea europaea (olive) and Vitis vinifera (grapevine) represent wild or cultivated and domesticated forms. Prunus dulcis (almond) and Pinus pinea (stone pine) were found on Eivissa (Ibiza), pointing to a Phoenician introduction to the islands, while Phoenix dactylifera (date palm) and Castanea sativa (chestnut), found on Menorca, might have been brought in by the Romans. The number of crops being used on the Balearic Islands was limited when compared to sites of similar periods on the European mainland or the central and eastern Mediterranean islands. According to carbon isotope results of Δ13C, hulled barley grew under damper conditions than free-threshing wheat. The high δ15N values indicated that both crops were well-manured with animal dung during the entire occupation period.

The Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Two Sun-Dried Fig Varieties (Ficus carica L.) Produced in Eastern Morocco and the Investigation of Pomological, Colorimetric, and Phytochemical Characteristics for Improved Valorization

The eastern region of Morocco is renowned for the production of two varieties of figs, Ghoudane (GD) and Chetoui (CH), which are characterized by their high productivity and quality. To ensure a profitable selling price, producers often dry these figs, a process that not only increases their storage capability but also enhances their nutritional and health benefits. The aim of this study was to investigate the composition and potential health benefits of dried GD and CH figs. The findings of this study reveal that both varieties of dried figs have a rich composition of sugars, lipids, proteins, vegetable fibers, vitamins, minerals, polyphenols, and other nutrients. Moreover, both GD and CH figs that have been sun-dried meet the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe’s standard in terms of dry matter and diameter. However, their marketability and commercial quality as dried figs are only classified as Category I or lower-caliber figs. In terms of color, CH figs are lighter and brighter than their GD counterparts, making them more appealing to consumers. Furthermore, this study investigated the extraction of polyphenols and flavonoids from both dried fig varieties using different solvents. Distilled water was found to be the best extraction solvent for polyphenols in both varieties, with GD figs showing a higher content (483.6 mg GAE/100 g) than CH figs (408.3 mg GAE/100 g). Meanwhile, ethanol was found to be the best extraction solvent for flavonoids, with GD figs (180.2 mg of QE/100 g) showing a higher content than CH figs (122.9 mg of QE/100 g). In addition, the majority of the extracts, particularly the ethanol extracts, showed high efficiency against the tested bacteria and yeast. Notably, dried GD figs had higher amounts of total phenolics, total flavonoids, and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities compared to dried CH figs. The study also revealed high correlations between phytochemical content and both antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. In conclusion, this study highlights the nutritional and health benefits of dried figs, particularly the GD variety, and their potential as a natural source of antimicrobial compounds. The findings suggest that dried figs could be an alternative source of natural antimicrobial agents for various applications in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries.

Phenolic profiles, antioxidant capacities and flavour volatiles in fig (Ficus carica L.) juices from five cultivars fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus acidophilus

SummaryThe purpose of this study was to investigate the fermentation characteristics of five varieties of fig juices (Ficus carica cv. Siluhongyu, Siluhuangjin, Silufeicui, Jinaofen and Fengchanhuang) by two select strains (Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus acidophilus), based on the changes of physicochemical parameters, bioactive components, antioxidant activities and flavour volatiles. Viable counts were above 9.5 log CFU mL−1 throughout the fermentation process, indicating that fig juices were suitable substrates for strain proliferation. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were significantly enhanced during fermentation, particularly with Siluhuangjin by L. plantarum and Silufeicui by L. acidophilus, exhibiting the highest total phenolic (465 mg GAE L−1) and total flavonoid contents (152 mg RE L−1), respectively. Accordingly, antioxidant activities based on SOD, DPPH, ABTS and FRAP methods were significantly improved after fermentation (P < 0.05). SOD and ABTS were positively correlated with contents of protocatechuic acid and caffeic acid, respectively (P < 0.05). Furthermore, alcohols, ketones and terpenoids contents were increased, while aldehydes content was decreased significantly after fermentation (P < 0.05), suggesting the improved flavour characteristics of fermented fig juices.

Ficus carica Latex Modulates Immunity-Linked Gene Expression in Human Papillomavirus Positive Cervical Cancer Cell Lines: Evidence from RNA Seq Transcriptome Analysis.

Cervical carcinogenesis is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women, and the role of high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) as a possible risk factor in the development of this cancer is well recognized. Despite the availability of multi-therapeutic approaches, there is still major concern regarding the prevention of metastatic dissemination and excessive tissue injuries. Therefore, it is imperative to develop a safer and more efficient treatment modality. Ficus carica, a natural plant, has shown potential therapeutic properties through its fruit latex when applied to HPV-positive cervical cancer cell lines. However, the mechanisms of action of Ficus carica (fig) latex are not well understood. This study aims to provide a deeper insight into the biological activities of fig latex on human cervical cancer cell lines expressing high-risk HPV types 16 and 18. The data obtained from this study reveal that fig latex influences the expression of genes involved in "Class I MHC-mediated antigen presentation" as well as "Antigen processing: Ubiquitination and Proteasome degradation". These genes play a crucial role in host immune surveillance and the resolution of infection. Notably, Western blot analysis corroborated these findings, demonstrating an increase in the expression of MHC class I in HeLa cells after fig latex treatment. Findings from this study suggest that fig latex may enhance T cell responses against oncogenic HPV, which could be beneficial for the clearance of early-stage cancer.

A surface multiple imprinting layers membrane with well-oriented recognition sites for selective separation of chlorogenic acid from Ficus carica L.

Chlorogenic acid (CGA), known as an important natural antioxidative compound in Ficus carica L, has valuable application prospects on health food, functional food, nutrition and dietary formulations. In this study, a surface multiple imprinting layers membrane (SMILM) was developed and applied to separate CGA from F. carica. Two different imprinting layers were integrated onto the membrane surface in sequence. The first imprinting layer was formed by dopamine polymerization and the second imprinting layer was fabricated by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and boronate affinity. The prepared SMILM with well-oriented multiple recognition sites exhibited high adsorption capacity (52.08 mg·g−1 in 60 min) for CGA and specific selectivity with imprinting factor (IF) of 3.06. Furthermore, the recognition mechanism of SMILM was clarified by molecular simulation and NMR. The SMILM was successfully applied to separate CGA from the fruits, peels and leaves of F. carica with recoveries of 90.22, 83.31 and 84.95 %, respectively.

Geographic Information Database of Herbs against COVID-19 in Thailand: The Medicinal Plants those Folk Healers Commonly Used for Treatment and Boosting People's Immunity

The rapid outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has demonstrated the need for the development of new vaccine candidates and therapeutic drugs to fight against the underlying virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Currently, no antiviral treatment is available to treat COVID-19, as treatment is mostly directed at relieving the symptoms, and retrospectively, herbal medicinal plants have been used for thousands of years as a medicinal alternative, including for the treatment of various viral illnesses. The aim of this study is to conduct a survey in terms of identifying the area where the population commonly uses the medicinal plant in comparison to the cumulative number of COVID-19 reports in each area, including the classification of medicinal plants by type and a stepwise approach shown in the form of geographic information maps in those areas. An observational study on the cultivation of medicinal plants those folk healers commonly used for healing. beneficial for treatment and strengthening the immunity of the people in 9 provinces of Thailand. According to the situation of the spread of COVID-19, there are people infected in Thailand. In each area where medicinal plants were used, there was a significant positive result when compared to the cumulative COVID-19 incidence; the majority was with the lowest cumulative COVID-19 incidence and the most commonly used medicinal plants, such as Artemisia annua, Harrisonia perforate (Blanco) Merr, Capparis micracantha, Tacca leontopetaloides, Andrographis paniculata, Phyllanthus emblica, Ficus carica, Tiliacora triandra, Terminalia bilaria, and Cannabis indica. This study exercise may lend enough credence to the potential value of Thai medicinal plants (herbs) as possible leads in anti-COVID-19 drug discovery through research and development.

English

Edible wild fruits have recently attracted increased attention due to their nutritional compositions, phytochemicals, and biological properties that benefit to human health. In this study, eleven wild fruits were investigated after the drying process using tray drying. Carbohydrates are the major component of dried wild fruits ranging from 37.17% to 75.96%. The highest protein content was found in Polyalthia debilis (15.28%) whereas Ficus carica L. was high in fiber (33.26%). The highest total phenolic compounds were found in Irvingia malayana Oliv. (121.57 mg GAE/g), with highest TFC found in Terminalia chebula Retz. Phyllanthus emblica L., showed highest DPPH, ABTS and FRAP values. The most potent anticancer properties against MCF-7 and HepG2 cancer cells were shown by Terminalia chebula and Diospyros mollis, respectively. Highest - amylase and -glucosidase inhibitions were observed in the Canarium subulatum. Results suggested that dried edible wild fruits are a feasible source of nutrients, phytochemicals, with strong antioxidant and biological activities. These findings can be promoted and increased the utilization of wild fruits as a sustainable food source or food ingredient with applications in food formulations.

Effect of Bio-Based Protein Coating on the Quality and Shelf Life of Fig Fruit (Ficus Carica L.)

Effect of Bio-Based Protein Coating on the Quality and Shelf Life of Fig Fruit (Ficus Carica L.)

Can unexploited biomass of Ficus carica L. be valorized as a bio‐based material for the development of functional food formulations?

AbstractFigs are a valuable source of nutrients including polyphenols, dietary fiber, and minerals. Cultivation and consumption of figs generates a considerable amount of by‐products and waste which are also nutrient‐rich. Fig unexploited mass can efficiently be valorized in the frame of circular bioeconomy for the development of functional foods, food supplements, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. Herein, we provide a thorough assessment of the chemical composition of figs toward the potential utilization of unexploited fig biomass for the generation of bio‐based materials. Conventional and novel processes such as drying and extraction leading to the isolation of targeted ingredients are critically discussed.

Digestion under saliva, simulated gastric and small intestinal conditions and fermentation in vitro by human gut microbiota of polysaccharides from Ficus carica Linn.

Previous studies have shown that Ficus carica polysaccharide (FCPS) extracted from common fig fruit exhibits antioxidant and immune-enhancing properties. Nevertheless, it remains uncertain whether FCPS can modulate the metabolism of gut microbiota. This study aims to assess whether the polysaccharides from two different types of figs can be broken down by the upper digestive system, including saliva, simulated stomach, and small intestinal conditions, and whether the gut microbiota can utilize them (Mw = 4.59 × 104 (LFCP, Low molecular weight), Mw = 6.08 × 104(HFCP, High molecular weight)). The results revealed that FCPS retained its molecular weight and reducing sugar content even after passing through the upper digestive system, indicating its safe arrival in the gut without undergoing decomposition. In vitro FCPS fermentation of gut microbiota lowered the pH and produced more gas in the order of LFCP<HFCP, LFCP>HFCP, respectively, indicating that it can be broken down and utilized by the microbiota. Additionally, the amount of short-chain fatty acids increased notably (LFCP < HFCP), indicating the higher the molecular weight, the stronger the acid production capacity. FCPS demonstrated the ability to significantly decrease the Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio, potentially inhibiting obesity and inflammation. Therefore, FCPS is a promising functional food with potential to enhance health and prevent disease by promoting gut health.

KEANEKARAGAMAN JENIS DAN POLA PENYEBARAN POHON DI HUTAN LINDUNG GUNUNG EGON DUSUN BLIDIT KECAMATAN WAIGETE KABUPATEN SIKKA

This study aims to determine the diversity of species and distribution patterns of trees in the protected forest of Mount Egon, Blidit Hamlet, Waigete District, Sikka Regency and is expected to be useful for the development of science and technology, especially in the field of forestry and plantations. This research was carried out for one month from February 13 to 13. March 2023. The research used was scientific research using survey and transect methods with an observation plot size of 10 x 10. The results obtained from the study found twelve tree species, namely, Hibiscus tiliaceus, Schleichera oleosa, Santalum Album, Dimocarpus longan, Ficus carica, terminalia catappa toona sinensis, averrhoa bilimbi, canarium indicum, shorea spp, dendrocalamus asper, ficus benjamina, with a diversity index of 2,340 with criteria 1&lt;H'&lt;3, the diversity of tree species in the protected forest of Mount Egon is classified as moderate and the distribution pattern with IM&lt; 1 then the distribution pattern is uniform.

The Phenolic Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Figs (Ficus carica L.) Grown in the Black Sea Region.

This study compared the phenolic composition and antioxidant properties of three varieties of fig fruits (Ficus carica L) from the Eastern Black Sea region of Türkiye. Total polyphenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and phenolic compositions were analyzed in green, purple, and dark purple species. The mean TPC value was 42.10 ± 5.71mg GAE/100g FW, ranging from 35.98 to 47.30mg GAE/100g FW, and was highest in the dark purple species. The mean TFC value was 1.27 ± 0.93mg QUE/100 FW g, ranging between 0.35 and 2.21mg QUE/100 FW g, and was highest in the purple species. The samples' total antioxidant capacity was measured based on ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP), the values ranging from 151.98 to 372.97μmol FeSO4.7H2O/100g FW, with an average value of 239.64μmol FeSO4.7H2O/100g FW, being highest in the dark purple species. The 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity of the fruits was expressed as SC50 (mg/mL), and the values ranged from 10.04 to 42.42mg/mL, being highest in the purple species. The phenolic composition was analyzed using HPLC-PDA according to the method in which 25 phenolic standards were used. Chlorogenic acid and t-cinnamic acid were the most common phenolic compounds, with rutin, chrysin, apigenin, and luteolin being detected at different amounts. In conclusion, the purple species contained the highest flavonoid content, was rich in apigenin, luteolin, and chrysin, and possessed the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity.

Khasiat Buah Tin (Fiscus carica L.) dalam Perspektif Al-Qur’an dan Sains

The fig fruit plant (Ficus carica L.) is a type of plant that belongs to the Moraceae family which has a specialty in the Qur'an and is rich in benefits and grows a lot in the West Asia region and of course Indonesia. In Indonesia, the existence of figs has begun to be developed to be varied into products that can compete in the market. Figs are specifically enshrined in the Qur'an which is in the letter at-Tiin, this means that Allah hints at the efficacy or benefits of figs. The content of bioactive compounds in figs can be used as medicine and is useful for treating various diseases. In addition to bioactive compounds, the largest chemical content is in figs, namely polyphenols and flavonoids. The purpose of writing this journal is to provide information regarding the properties and benefits of figs. The properties contained in figs are also used for traditional medicine, including being used for the treatment of ulcers, indigestion and diarrhea, while in the scientific scope and pharmacological activity including as an antibacterial, antioxidant, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory agent.

Retaining overall quality of fresh figs by postharvest hexanal vapor treatment during cold storage

Figs (Ficus carica L.) are rich in nutrients, but their rapid metabolic changes due to the climacteric respiratory behavior during ripening make them a highly perishable commodity, which leads to quick deterioration in quality and a shortening storage period. In this study, the influence of hexanal vapor (0.01% or 0.02% introduced as HEX-I and HEX-II, respectively) treatments were evaluated on ‘Abbas’ figs during storage at 4 ± 1 °C, 90% RH for 18 d. Both concentrations of hexanal treatments delay senescence while retaining quality, as indicated by a greener fruit peel (lower a* value), higher pulp firmness, membrane stability index (MSI), titratable acidity (TA), and lower total soluble solids (TSS), weight loss, and TSS/acid ratio than the untreated fruit. Total content of phenol (TPC), flavonoid (TFC), and vitamin C, as well as free radical scavenging capacity (FRSC) were higher in hexanal-treated fruit as compared to untreated fruit. All hexanal-treated fruit had lower hydrolytic enzyme and polyphenoloxidase (PPO) activity but higher catalase (CAT) and peroxidase activity (POD) than the control. Decay incidence (DI) and microbial counts (MC) (mold and yeast) increased during storage but were suppressed in all treated fruit. Though both concentrations of hexanal were effective in retaining quality and delaying senescence, the higher concentration was more effective than the lower one. Therefore, hexanal vapor at 0.02% can be used to preserve quality and prolong the storage period of ‘Abbas’ figs under low-temperature storage conditions.

Performance and mechanism of Ficus carica branch waste based biochar in removing Cd2+ from aqueous solution

Performance and mechanism of Ficus carica branch waste based biochar in removing Cd2+ from aqueous solution

Response of young fig (Ficus carica cv. Sarılop) trees to different irrigation levels in a semi-arid mediterranean environment

Response of young fig (Ficus carica cv. Sarılop) trees to different irrigation levels in a semi-arid mediterranean environment

Experimental analysis of tribological performance of base ficus carica vegetable oil with different polymers as additives using four ball tribometer

The need to use vegetable lubricants has been driven by the widespread concern for environmental issues, especially in industries that overuse petroleum lubricants. This research examined the tribological characteristics of vegetable-based lubricants by adding additives such as ethylene–vinyl acetate (EVA) and Eichhornia crassipes carboxymethyl cellulose (EC-CMC) polymers to study the viscometric response of the lubricants. The test was conducted using four ball-tester, and analyzed in terms of coefficient of friction (COF), wear scar diameter (WSD), and wear scar rate, respectively. The results showed that with the addition of each additive enhanced the tribological properties significantly but yielded poor results with 0.5% additives for both samples. The characterization investigation showed that ficus carica (Fig) oil responded effectively to the addition of various additives when conducted thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Under 100 kg load and speed of 1200 rpm, base Fig lubricant yielded a higher COF of 0.193, while blended EVA and EC-CMC gave lower COF of 0.161 and 0.171, while the lowest wear scar diameter was with 1.5 wt% EVA (0.39 mm) and 1 wt% EVA (0.41 mm), respectively. Comparing all the lubricants under 1500 rpm, the base Fig lubricant yielded 0.317, while 1.5 wt% EVA, 1.5 wt% EC-CMC, SEA 5W 30 gives COF of 0.287, 0.263, and 0.239, respectively. The study revealed that the reduction in the COF and wear scar diameter was due to the formation of the film by the included additive.

Exploration of Endophytic Bacteria in FIGS (Ficus carica L.) with Antibacterial Agent Potential

Exploration of Endophytic Bacteria in FIGS (Ficus carica L.) with Antibacterial Agent Potential

In Vitro and In Vivo Anti-Psoriasis Activity of Ficus carica Fruit Extracts via JAK-STAT Modulation.

Psoriasis, a chronic and autoimmune inflammatory disorder of the skin, has been often underdiagnosed and underestimated despite its prevalence and considerable negative effects on the quality of life. In this study, the anti-inflammatory activity of Ficus carica fruit extract (FFE) was investigated against LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. The in vitro results showed that FFE reduced the production of nitric oxide (NO) and iNOS expression. Moreover, FFE reduced the level of β-hexosaminidase released with histamine in allergic reactions. However, the MAPK and NFκB signaling molecules associated with the inflammatory response were not significantly regulated by FFE. In contrast, the phosphorylation of JAK1 and STAT3 in the JAK-STAT signaling pathway was dramatically reduced by FFE treatment. Psoriasis-like skin lesions were induced in BALB/c mice using imiquimod (IMQ) to test the feasibility of FFE as a treatment for psoriasis. The efficacy of FFE was evaluated based on phenotypic and histological features. FFE was effective in relieving the symptoms of psoriasis-like skin lesions, such as erythema, dryness, scales, and thick epidermis. Notably, STAT3 modulation was also contributable to the in vivo ameliorative activity of FFE. Taken together, FFE with anti-psoriasis activity in vitro and in vivo through the JAK-STAT modulation could be developed as a therapeutic agent against psoriasis.