Physics-based electrochemical models play an important role in the model-based analysis, virtual engineering, estimation, control, and Battery Management Systems (BMS) of lithium-ion batteries.1 The diffusion process within the cell electrodes has typically been modeled using Fick's laws of diffusion.2 Recently, the intercalation of lithium ions in the electrode particle was posed as a phase change problem, where the area intercalated with lithium undergoes a phase change compared to the pristine material. Researchers have approached this phase change problem in terms of evolving core-shell problems3,4 and, more recently, using phase field models5,6 that may hold certain advantages over the traditional Fickian diffusion models. In this paper, we briefly discuss the relevance and rich physics of phase-field models and show how proper numerical analysis and schemes can help with implementing these models in BMS applications. Further, an investigation of phase-field model-based optimization framework predicts an impulse-like control profile and was designed to reduce capacity degradation. This work was partially inspired by the pulse-charging protocol proposed by Professor Landau in his 2006 work7. An open-source framework is developed and will be shared for predicting the (im)pulse protocol reported in this.
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