Fibrous Residue Research Articles

Cotton GinTrash Feeding Amid Feed Scarcity in Sheep and Factors Driving Inclusion in the Yarn Spinning Industrial Cluster of Tamil Nadu, India

Cotton gin trash (CGT) is composed of fibre residues, leaves, dust particles, soil, and other materials derived during the ginning and yarn-spinning process in processing industries. In the cotton-spinning industrial clusters, farmers are using CGT as one of the alternative roughage feeds for their sheep, mainly during forage shortages in the summer months. Baseline information on farmers using gin and the factors driving them to choose CGT as a roughage source needs to be identified for future planning regarding the usage of CGT in sheep feeding. Considering the above facts, the present study was undertaken to assess the socio-personal characteristics and managemental practices associated with farmers using cotton gin in the feeding of sheep; also, it was conducted to identify the factors driving the choice of the CGT as the primary source of roughage in the cotton-spinning industry cluster of Tamil Nadu, India. For this, a survey among 80 sheep farmers was carried out using a pre-tested interview schedule. The collected data were analysed using descriptive statistics and logit regression. The results indicated that the majority of male, aged, and large-land farmers were involved in practicing CGT feeding during the summer and also indicated the non-availability of green fodder during the same period of time. The coarse type of CGT is preferred over the fine type of CGT trash in that area due to quality perception and price. The replacement level of CGT as roughage ranged from 33 to 75% of the total roughage requirement per day. About 88% of farmers were highly satisfied with the results of using CGT and they also expressed that the presence of foreign particles and dust was the major problem with using CGT. The choice of CGT as primary roughage among sheep farmers was primarily influenced by selective farming contexts, namely, landholding, access to labour, and the feeding practices of other livestock with cotton gin. Furthermore, research needs to be focused on improving the quality of CGT in the future as it is being utilised largely by sheep farmers.

A Sustainable Approach for the Valorization of Underutilized Date Fruits.

Secondary varieties of date fruits are often discarded because they do not have commercial value. However, their phytochemicals are very similar to those of the primary ones and therefore, they can be valorized as a source of compounds of interest, mainly phenols and dietary fiber. Their chemical composition changes with ripening, so their characterization throughout this process is of great significance. Date fruit samples were harvested at Khalal, Rutab, and Tamer stages, and a mixture of fruits from ornamental date trees was also analyzed. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts were studied for their phenolic composition. In aqueous extracts, phenols decreased with ripening, while in the ethanolic ones having higher phenolic content. Chelidonic acid, a γ-pyrone, was the major compound found in all extracts, but in the ethanolic ones, flavonoids were also present in similar amounts. After purification by adsorption chromatography, all extracts were assayed for their antimicrobial activity. Those from the Tamer stage showed the highest activity, especially against Gram-positive bacteria. The fibrous residues after aqueous and ethanolic extractions were also characterized. Their chemical composition suggested that they can be considered as a good source of prebiotic arabinoxylans and antioxidant fiber, whose antiradical activity correlated with their phenolic content. Date fruits from secondary varieties are promising as a worthwhile starting point for obtaining new value-added products.

Designing Novel, Valuable, and Marketable Products from Waste Sedge Plant Fiber Residues

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine how discarded sedge plant fibers can be converted into new market-oriented products through product design and development. 
 
 Theoretical framework: The product design and development method, researchers work directly with the community as partners to experiment with materials using simple technology and design prototypes. The goods were then evaluated for market viability and SWOT to determine if they met market demands. These techniques target novel, collaborative, value-added, and waste goods.
 
 Design/Methodology/Approach: The mixed-methods case study followed Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR). Market assessments provided quantitative data. The community business served 140 Baby Boomers and Gen Z customers, ages 20–50, and sampled 103 consumers. The data collection instruments included site surveys, interviews, focus groups, experiments, recordkeeping, surveys, and SWOT analysis.
 
 Findings: This study identifies uniquely developed products that are ecologically conscious and reduce global impacts. The value of waste sedge plant fibers from the production of reed mats can be added, redesigned, and developed into marketable products. The two prototypes (the Bannock basket and the berry basket) met market demand in terms of material suitability, uniqueness and attractiveness, competitive price, commercial possibilities, exquisiteness, and utility. The SWOT analysis revealed potential marketing opportunities for the developed products. 
 
 Research, practical and social implications: The study reveals these significant implications. Practically, this study offers alternatives to traditional methods that can be used to overcome the current economic and environmental barriers to reducing waste and getting more value out of it. Conceptually and methodologically, it offers a technique to rebuild the framework of product design and development from waste sedge plant fiber remnants into new, value-added, and market-oriented products. Socially, this study yields the production process knowledge transfer to community levels nationwide. Economically, the developed products implicate viability of community-level OTOP establishments nationally.
 
 Originality/Value: This is the first time that the waste sedge plant fibers from the production of reed mats have been designed and developed into marketable products. This research is part of a paradigm shift in redesigned product design and development that is critical for the economic and environmental sustainability of communities.

Enzymatic Modification of Potato Residue Fiber Improves Cholesterol and Sugar Absorption

Enzymatic Modification of Potato Residue Fiber Improves Cholesterol and Sugar Absorption

Composting of Natural Fibre Wastes for Preparation of Organic Manures and Bio-enhancers

"Various agricultural and industrial activities produce natural fibre waste that can harm the environment if not disposed properly. These wastes contain valuable plant nutrients that need to be recycled to sustain soil quality and health, and reduce environmental pollution. Composting is an efficient, sustainable, and inexpensive way to treat solid wastes. This study focused on the preparation of composts from jute leaf waste, pineapple leaf wastes, banana pseudo stem waste along with retting liquors as bio-enhancers and to evaluate their quality. The quality of compost determines its ability to perform its projected function. The feedstocks are the main factor that affects the compost qualities, but the composting process also counts. The compost and retting liquors were tested in the laboratory for different parameters such as electrical conductivity, pH, organic carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and potassium, micronutrients, heavy metals and C/N ratio. The results showed that compost made from natural fibre and bio-enhancer i.e. retting liquor can be a good source of plant nutrition and microbial activity. Pineapple leaf waste had a higher C: N ratio than jute leaf waste which resulted faster decomposition of jute leaves. Retting liquor had more bacteria than fungi. No actinomycetes were seen in the liquor. Waste wool had the highest nitrogen content among other fibre residues, so it can be a sustainable alternative to nitrogen source for crop nutrition. The quality evaluation will give us an insight on influence of compost produced from natural fibre waste in crop production."

Properties of cement bricks containing sago fine waste (SFW) with different water-cement ratio

Cement is a key material in the construction industry. However, this widespread use adversely affects the environment. The replacement of cement with waste materials, mainly agricultural wastes, can reduce the impact of environmental pollution and result in sustainable construction. Sago fine waste (SFW) is a fibrous residue from waste from sago milling operations where physical treatment has been made. This study used SFW as a partial cement replacement material in cement brick and the effect of adding SFW to cement brick properties. Brick samples are designed with five different percentages of 2,4,6,8, and 10% of cement replacement, including control cement brick. The mortar mix is based on a ratio of 1:3, which follows Malaysian brick production standards. For compressive strength, density, and water absorption tests, all the specimens were cured for 7 and 28 days. The strength of cement bricks was investigated based on the difference of two water-cement ratios: 0.5 and 0.6. The brick properties investigated in this study are density, water absorption and compressive strength. The experimental results show that the brick’s density, compressive strength, and water absorption decreased as the replacement percentage increased. However, it still meets the requirements of the standard for load-bearing structures. Analysis of this study is according to extensive data collection, the ideal composition for SFW in cement brick was 2% and 0.6 water-cement ratios. This demonstrates SFW’s promise as a novel pozzolanic material for producing more sustainable bricks. As a result, SFW as a cement replacement material could improve bricks’ physical and mechanical properties as curing time increases.

P254 "GHOST" IN RIGHT VENTRICLE: AN ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC FINDING AFTER TRANSVENOUS LEAD EXTRACTION

Abstract Introduction Prolonged antibiotic therapy and complete hardware removal are recommended in definite cardiac device–related infective endocarditis (CDRIE), as well as in presumably isolated pocket infection, in class I. A tubular mobile mass, known as ghost, that previously surrounded the lead can be detected by ultrasounds, in 8–14% of patients undergoing transvenous lead extraction (TLE). Case presentation: A 72–year–old man with ischemic cardiomyopathy is referred to our center due to a persistent fever. His medical history shows a previous extraction of CRT–D for infection of the left infraclavicular pocket, with a new implantation of CRT–P on the right side of the chest, in consideration of the recovery of the ejection fraction. At the entrance to the ward he has fever and inflammation‘s signs of the pocket of the generator, with positive blood cultures for Staphylococcus Aureus Methicillin resistant. A transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) excludes vegetations of valve systems and electrocatheters. Therefore, the patient begins antibiotic therapy and undergoes full extraction of the device (generator and leads). A post–operative transthoracic echocardiography shows the presence of a linear image of 2.5 cm in the right ventricle, seen as remnants of scar tissue surrounding the lead. ECG monitoring detects phases of BAV 2:1. Considering the high risk of infectious disease, a pacemaker leadless implantation is indicated. The surgery is postposted at the end of the 4 weeks of antibiotic therapy, checking blood cultures before implantation to reduce the residual infectious risk. Discussion The persistence of fibrous residues after TLE has been variously described in recent years, but it is unclear whether these are predictors of increased mortality. The current guidelines on the therapeutic management of patients with infectious endocarditis and pacemaker dependency do not indicated the timing of reimplantation, in a potentially infectious ghost setting. Clinical co–morbidities play a crucial role in the prognosis of patients, especially when combined with systemic infections. Conclusion An echocardiographic follow–up is recommended to detect ghost disappearance in patients undergoing explant due to a related device infection. In fact, a rapid fibrin dissolution process usually takes place when the thrombogenic stimulus is removed.

Sustainability approaches for agrowaste solution: Biodegradable packaging and microbial polysaccharides bio-production

Global growth impacts on the increased use and demand for natural resources, requiring solutions for the high volume of industrial waste and by-products generated from the most diverse commercial areas, mainly the food sector. Among the main residues with a large volume generated, those from fruit processing, grain cleaning in processing units, vegetables, and discards from the animal production industry stood out. Approximately 1.3 billion all food produced worldwide is lost or wasted per year being fruits, vegetables, roots, and tubers responsible for about half of the total amount. Many of these by-products have interesting nutrients in their composition such as fibers, proteins, and bioactive compounds. An interesting example is the sugarcane bagasse. Fibrous residue, derived from sugarcane extraction, the bagasse represents about 30–34 % of the total sugarcane mass. This is one of the most abundant cellulosic residues and contains approximately 39 % of cellulose, 28 % of hemicellulose, and 18 % of lignin. Therefore, as well as the bagasse, several residues from agroindustrial can be considered promising alternative substrates, being valuable sources for the development of high-value-added products, such as biopolymers, bioenergy, and chemical products. In addition, the reuse of agroindustrial wastes may be considered an attractive option for reducing the environmental impact caused by their generation. In the case of biopolymers, the energy savings of bio-based polymers is around 20–50 GJ/t of polymer. In this review, we have selected two commercially promising approaches to the application and use of agroindustrial residues, aiming their use for biodegradable packaging and microbial polysaccharides bio-production, improving overall sustainability and economic aspects of the scientific research, technology and modern industry.

Glucose adsorption and α-amylase activity inhibition mechanism of insoluble dietary fiber: Comparison of structural and microrheological properties of three different modified coconut residue fibers

Glucose adsorption and α-amylase activity inhibition mechanism of insoluble dietary fiber: Comparison of structural and microrheological properties of three different modified coconut residue fibers

Bioactive Extracts from Salicornia ramosissima J. Woods Biorefinery as a Source of Ingredients for High-Value Industries.

Salt-tolerant plants, also known as halophytes, could provide a novel source of feedstock for biorefineries. After harvesting fresh shoots for food, the lignified fraction of Salicornia ramosissima J. Woods could be used to produce bioactive botanical extracts for high-value industries such as nutraceuticals, cosmetics, and biopharmaceuticals. The residual fraction after extraction can be further used for bioenergy or lignocellulose-derived platform chemicals. This work analysed S. ramosissima from different sources and growth stages. After pre-processing and extractions, the obtained fractions were analysed for their contents of fatty acids, pigments, and total phenolics. Extracts were also evaluated for their in vitro antioxidant properties and inhibitory effect towards enzymes related to diabetes, hyperpigmentation, obesity, and neurogenerative diseases. The ethanol extract from the fibre residue and the water extract from completely lignified plants showed the highest concentration of phenolic compounds along with the highest antioxidant potential and enzyme-inhibitory properties. Hence, they should be further explored in the context of biorefinery.

Hybrid Nanostructures Based on Polyethylene and Polyester Fiber Residue from Platforms Offshore: Effect of Nanoclay as Co-Compatibilizer Agent in Immiscible Blends

Hybrid Nanostructures Based on Polyethylene and Polyester Fiber Residue from Platforms Offshore: Effect of Nanoclay as Co-Compatibilizer Agent in Immiscible Blends

Cost Assessment of Utilizing Bagasse to Grow Sugarcane Based on Nutrient Availability

This new 7-page publication of the UF/IFAS Food and Resource Economics Department explores the potential of using bagasse, a dry and fibrous residue of sugarcane left after the sugar juice extraction, as a nutrient source to potentially reduce inorganic fertilizer inputs in the sugarcane production system. Information provided in this article will be useful to commercial sugarcane growers, crop consultants, and fertilizer manufacturers in helping them explore alternative fertilizer options. This paper provides important and timely information for the target audiences, considering the recent, rapid rise in fertilizer prices. Written by Jehangir H. Bhadha, Nan Xu, Naba R. Amgain, Abul Rabbany, Trent D. Blare, Fredy H. Ballen, and Stewart Swanson.https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fe1121

Cultivation and characterisation of Salicornia europaea, Tripolium pannonicum and Crithmum maritimum biomass for green biorefinery applications

Salt-tolerant halophytes have shown potential for biorefinery and agricultural use in salt-affected soils, increasing the value of marginal lands. They could provide a bio-based source for compounds obtained from the petrochemical industry or an alternative for biomass currently imported overseas. Salicornia europaea, Tripolium pannonicum and Crithmum maritimum were cultivated in hydroponic systems under various salinity conditions, harvested green but not food-grade, and fractionated to green juice and fibre residue. Obtained fractions were characterised for contents of carbohydrates, Klason lignin, crude protein, organic acids, lipids, and minerals to evaluate the biomass’ suitability for biorefinery. Significant differences were observed in the biomass yield and the composition of the biomass fractions from different cultivation salinities. High concentrations of crude protein were found. Thus, these species could have the potential for green protein production. Fractions rich in carbohydrates could be used for lignocellulose processing and processes utilising micro-organisms.

Evaluación del uso del pseudotallo de plátano con almidón de maíz termoplástico para la elaboración de platos biodegradables

This project evaluated the use of fiber residues from the banana pseudostem (Musa Paradisiaca L.) with thermoplastic corn starch (Zea Mays) in the production of biodegradable dishes for food use. The homogenized mixture was gelatinized at 60 °C and thermopressed at 150 °C for 20 min. The amounts of thermoplastic starch and polyvinyl alcohol were varied.  The raw material and the final product were characterized by physical-chemical, mechanical, and thermal analyses. The lignocellulosic fibers improved the tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, hardness, and viscoelasticity in the dish, also presented hydrophilic character. Degradation increased with the increase of thermoplastic starch. The unit cost per dozen plates was $ 1.63. It is concluded that the residues of fibers from the pseudostem of banana and thermoplastic starch turned out to be an alternative in the elaboration of biodegradable dishes.

Modification of coconut residue fiber and its bile salt adsorption mechanism: Action mode of insoluble dietary fibers probed by microrheology

The effect of dietary fiber on lowering blood cholesterol level depends on its ability to separate bile salt (BS) and prevent its recycling. The effects of composition and microstructure of coconut residue fiber (CRF) by modifying on BS retention and adsorption process were studied, and the adsorption mechanism of BS by insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) was investigated. We proved for the first time that adding 0.38 wt% of chitosan to assist in CRF self-assembly could improve effectively IDF's ability to retain multiple BS molecules. The adsorption of CRF to BS was a combination of two modes: rapid adsorption at the initial stage and slow adsorption after the initial stage. The fast adsorption mode plays a dominant role during the early stage of adsorption and is correlated with the viscosity and soluble diary fiber (SDF) content in dietary fiber (DF). In contrast, the slow adsorption mode occurs during the whole adsorption process while plays a dominant role during the middle and late adsorption stages. This mode is also correlated with the non-covalent transient network formed by DF in the system. The formation of a non-covalent transient network is a dynamic process in which the formation and collapse of the system occurs alternately; and this formation relies on the content of free H-bonds in IDF. This study can be helpful for the understanding of the BS-adsorption mechanism of ordinary diary fiber.

111 Organic Matter Disappearance and Production of Short- and Branched-Chain Fatty Acids from Whole Soybeans and Selected Fiber Sources Used in pet Foods by a Canine in Vitro Fermentation Model

Abstract Soluble fiber can be fermented by microflora in the colon resulting in short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production. SCFA can be used as an energy source for the host, enterocytes, colonocytes, and immune cells, supporting cell differentiation and gut health. An in vitro model has been used to predict the colonic fermentability of fibers. Whole soybean (WSB) contains oligosaccharides and non-starch polysaccharides that may behave as beneficial fermentable substrates. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of WSB oligosaccharides on in vitro fermentation using dog feces as inoculum. Treatments included total dietary fiber residues from WSB, soy hull (SH), pea fiber (PF), beet pulp (BP), soybean oligosaccharides (WSBOS), and raffinose, stachyose, and verbascose (WSBRSV). The fecal samples were collected from three Beagle dogs and maintained in anaerobic conditions until dilution and substrate inoculation. Test tubes containing enzymatic pretreated fiber sources and inoculum were incubated for 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 hours at 39°C. Organic matter disappearance (OMD), pH, and SCFA were determined for each fiber source and time point. The data were subjected to ANOVA using the general linear model procedure (SAS, v 9.4). Least square mean differences were assessed using Tukey’s post hoc test. WSBOS and WSBRSV had greater OMD and butyrate than BP (P < 0.05; 43.59 and 60.18% vs 40.96% OMD; 293.33 and 266.67 vs 130umol/g, respectively). BP and WSBRSV had the lowest pH (6.66 and 6.74, respectively) at 12 h (P < 0.05). WSB had similar butyrate compared with BP (average 118umol/g). PF and SH were poorly fermented with the least OMD (18.59% and 20.45%, respectively) and butyrate (46.67umol/g and 66.67umol/g, respectively) compared with other fiber sources. In conclusion, soybean oligosaccharides were highly fermentable and produced the greatest amount of butyrate, and WSB was moderately fermentable compared to the BP.

Saving CO2 Emissions by Reusing Organic Growing Media from Hydroponic Tomato Production as a Source of Nutrients to Produce Ethiopian Kale (Brassica carinata)

Large quantities of growing media residues that are rich in nutrients are disposed of after their use in hydroponics. The objective of this study was to investigate the benefits of different organic growing media (wood fibers, hemp fibers, sphagnum moss) residues from hydroponic tomato production as a nutrient source to produce Ethiopian kale. The amount of nutrients that can be reused as fertilizer and the associated CO2 savings have been calculated. Kale was cultivated in sand-residue mixtures, either with 25 or 50 vol% of the mentioned growing media residues. Control treatments with sand with or without nutrient addition were cultivated too. The incorporation of all growing media residues to sand increased the field capacity and growth. Plants that were supplemented with hemp fiber residues showed the strongest growth and highest yields. However, the hemp fiber residues that are used are not suitable for use in the open field due to its excessive content of certain nutrients, which restrict the output quantity. Regarding the fertilization effect of growing media residues, it was calculated that 11–300 kg nutrients ha−1 (N, P, K, Mg, Ca, S), with an average primary energy demand of 90–3435 MJ and 6–317 kg CO2 eq, could potentially be saved when different crops were considered.

Functional Characterization of Alkaline Digested Date-Pits: Residue and Supernatant Fibers

Functional Characterization of Alkaline Digested Date-Pits: Residue and Supernatant Fibers

Formulation of substrates with agricultural and forestry wastes for Camellia oleifera Abel seedling cultivation.

Five Camellia oleifera Abel seedling substrates were prepared using the conventional formula, but with the peat substituted by the composts of Camellia oleifera shell, pine chips, palm fiber residues, chicken manure, and sheep manure. The physical and chemical properties of the prepared substrates before and after seedling cultivation were determined and their effects on the growth of Camellia oleifera seedling were analyzed. It was found that the survival rates of the one-year-old seedlings produced from stem cuttings on all substrates at 6 months were greater than 97.5%. As compared with the conventional substrate, the substrates formulated with the composts were able to promote the seedling growth based upon height, ground diameter, root length and root volume measurement. The substrate prepared with the compost of Camellia oleifera shell+ palm fiber residue+ chicken manure (A3), vermiculite and perlite (6:3:1) was the most optimal, which gave 100% seedling survival rate, the greatest seedling height, and the largest ground diameter. In particular, the ground diameters and 26.67% of the seedling heights reached the grade 1 standard for two-year-old seedlings.

PERFORMANCE OF YANKASA RAMS FED CORN COB BASAL DIET SUPPLEMENTED WITH MIXTURE OF SUN-DRIED BROILER LITTER AND DIFFERENT ENERGY SUPPLEMENTS

A total of sixteen (16) Yankasa rams of about 10-12 months of age and having an average weight of 24 kg were used in an 84-day trial to investigate the nutrient utilization and digestibility of Yankasa rams fed grounded corn cob as basal diet supplemented with sun-dried broiler litter (SDPL) and different energy concentrate mixture. The rams were randomly assigned into four (4) treatments with four (4) replicates per treatment in a completely randomized design (CRD). Four experimental diets were formulated and designated as: T1 (Corn cob + 150g SDPL + 150g MB), T2 (Corn cob + 150g SDPL + 150g RB), T3 (Corn cob + 150g SDPL + 150g MO), and T4 (Corn cob + 150g SDPL + 150g WO) and used to feed the Yankasa rams. The result of the performance of the rams showed that basal feed intake (35360.00-37735.00g; P<0.05), supplement feed intake (25077.50-25200.00g; P<0.05), total feed intake 60437.50-62935.00g; P<0.05), daily feed intake (719.49-749.23g; P<0.05), feed conversion ratio (7.74-9.11; P<0.05) and water intake 199.93-206.93L; P<0.05) were significantly affected across dietary treatments. On the daily weight of the rams, final weight (30500.00-32250.00g; P<0.05), weight gain (6750.00-8000.00g; P<0.05) and daily weight gain (80.36-95.24g; P<0.05) was significantly (P<0.05) while initial weight did not differ significantly. Poultry litter inclusion in ruminant diets could enhance the active utilization of fibrous feed materials and crop residues used in formulation. It could also possibly have role in supplying active microbial network that could enhance digestibility and degradability of rumen dietary fractions.