Fibrocollagenous Tissue Research Articles

Giant Primary Conjunctival Inclusion Cyst: A Case Report and Brief Literature Review

Abstract A conjunctival cyst is a slow-growing benign lesion that forms beneath or on the conjunctiva. Inclusion cysts contribute to most cases, more commonly secondary than primary. In an inflamed inclusion cyst, inflammatory features may or may not be seen clinically but can be confirmed on histopathological evaluation after surgical excision of the cyst. Removal of the cyst surgically with complete cyst wall excision is desirable in all conjunctival cysts. We report a giant conjunctival inclusion cyst in a 44-year-old female with no history of trauma or surgery. The patient had a history of a tiny cyst present since childhood and was found to enlarge gradually to the present size in the last 4 months. The cyst was excised entirely without rupturing the wall. Histopathology of the excised tissue showed a thin-walled cystic structure lined by nonkeratinized epithelium stratified at places. The wall was composed of fibrocollagenous tissue infiltrated by sparse inflammatory cells with a predominance of lymphocytes forming lymphoid nodules. The histological diagnosis was consistent with a conjunctival inclusion cyst. Primary inclusion cysts are mostly present since childhood and often remain asymptomatic. The size may later increase and become symptomatic when triggered by some factors like trauma, infection, inflammation, and drugs.

Benign fibro-osseous lesions: A retrospective study of sixty-four cases from a single institute, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

ObjectiveBenign fibroosseous lesions (BFOLs) encompass a heterogenous collection of bone conditions characterized by replacing normal bone with fibro-collagenous tissue with osteoid or woven bone, and cementicles. Despite their clinical significance, the frequency of BFOLs in Saudi Arabia still needs to be assessed. MethodsThis retrospective study investigated the frequency and demographics of BFOLs in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, by retrieving all cases recorded between January 1984 and January 2013 from a single Oral Pathology Laboratory archive. ResultsA total of 64 cases were classified as BFOLs, with a predominance in females (67.2 %) and a median age of 21.5 years. The most prevalent condition identified was fibrous dysplasia (45.31 %), followed by cemento-ossifying fibroma (26.56 %). There were significant sex differences between BFOLs, with a p-value of 0.03. FD was predominantly located in the maxilla (65.5 %), whereas COF was predominantly found in the mandible (82.3 %). Recurrence was observed in 17.2 % of patients with FD, in contrast to no reported recurrence in patients with COF. ConclusionThis study represents the first exploration of BFOL frequency and demographics in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, highlighting the need for further investigations to comprehensively understand the nature of these lesions in our population.

A Knee Pain Referred to a Dermatologist

A painful lesion on the skin can arise from any of the cutaneous structures. A 51-year-old man presented with left knee pain of 1-year duration that got aggravated by contact with clothing or light touch. His symptoms failed to improve despite multiple visits to orthopedics and neurologists. On examination, a 1 cm × 2 cm tender nodular lesion was present on the left knee with surface scaling. Dermoscopy showed peripheral scaling with a rich vascular network interlaced with structureless white areas. The lesion was excised, and histopathology showed fibrocollagenous tissue along with a well-circumscribed encapsulated tumor composed of islands and nests of monomorphic cells with round centrally placed nuclei, reported as a glomus tumor. Post excision, the patient was asymptomatic, and no recurrence was observed. Glomus tumors are classically described to arise from fingertips or extremities. Atypical sites can also be involved, with very few cases reported in the literature.

Non-syndromic oropharyngeal hamartoma: A case report

This case report details the presentation, investigation, management, and histopathological examination of a rare occurrence – non-syndromic oropharyngeal hamartomas in a 2-year-old child. The child presented with a substantial orofacial mass on the dorsum of the tongue, causing significant functional impairments. Notably, the mass measured 8×4 cm and protruded outside the oral cavity. Additional findings included a nodular mass at the tongue tip, a lobulated mass on the right buccal mucosa (3×4 cm), cleft palate, microphthalmos of the right eye, and an accessory pinna on the right cheek. Diagnostic investigations, including ultrasound, revealed irregular soft tissue lesions with hypoechoic areas and vascular channels, indicative of hemangioma. Blood parameters were within normal limits. Due to the size and symptomatic nature of the mass, surgical intervention was planned and executed under general anesthesia with nasal intubation. The procedure involved complete dissection and excision of the masses from the tongue and buccal mucosa. The surgical site was meticulously closed in layers using 4-O vicryl. Postoperatively, the child resumed oral feeds on the third day, and the recovery period was uneventful. Histopathological examination of the excised specimen depicted a hamartomatous lesion of the tongue characterized by stratified squamous epithelial lining, admixture of blood vessels, adipose tissue, fibrocollagenous tissue, cartilaginous tissue, nerve bundles, adnexal structures, and minor salivary glands. The report concludes by highlighting the rarity of lingual hamartomas, emphasizing the exceptional size and vascularity of the presented case. It stresses the necessity of considering hamartomas in the differential diagnosis of tongue lesions in pediatric patients. The definitive management approach discussed is complete surgical excision, with the importance of confirming the diagnosis through histopathological examination of the excised specimen. This case contributes with valuable insights into the clinical presentation and management of non-syndromic oropharyngeal hamartomas in pediatric patients.

Rinosporidiose equina: relato de caso no centro-oeste brasileiro

This is the first report of equine nasal rhinosporidiosis in Mineiros, Goiás, diagnosed through the histopathological analysis of granulomatous masses removed from a horse’s nostril of a 12-year-old male horse, through a surgical procedure. Microscopy revealed a papillomatous tissue lesion covered by moderately hyperplastic squamous epithelium, rich, loose fibrocollagenous tissues, well vascularized, accompanied by an accentuated inflammatory reaction constituted by a mixture of macrophages, lymphocytes, plasmocytes, and smaller number of neutrophils, and numerous round to oval structures with a unilamellar wall and a central nucleus surrounded by basophilic granular material, which were morphologically compatible with Rhinosporidium spp. sporangia.

Ewing’s Sarcoma of the Mandible with Extensive Bony Metastasis in a Young Male: A Case Report

Ewing’s Sarcoma Family of Tumours (ESFTs) comprises locally aggressive, undifferentiated small round blue-cell tumours of neuroectodermal origin, predominantly seen in adolescents. These tumours arise from non random chromosomal translocations involving the Ewing’s Sarcoma (EWS) gene. ESFTs in the mandible are uncommon. A 14-year-old male patient presented with a painless swelling in the right jaw. Plain radiographs, ultrasonography, contrast-enhanced Computed Tomography (CT), and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) revealed a large, partially well-defined, highly vascular soft tissue mass in the right mandibular region. It measured approximately 80×82×75 mm (anteroposterior x transverse x craniocaudal), with both solid and cystic components. The mass was destroying the underlying right temporomandibular joint, head, ramus and posterior body of the right hemimandible, including extensive sunray-type bony spiculations. There were multiple lytic lesions in the skull and facial bones, as well as, altered marrow signal intensity in the calvarium, bilateral humeri and clavicles, and cervical and thoracic vertebrae, indicating a locally aggressive tumour with extensive metastasis into the bones and marrow. The diagnosis was confirmed by histopathology, which showed fibrocollagenous tissue infiltrated by sheets of small round cells with scanty eosinophilic cytoplasm and prominent nuclei. Management typically involves a combination of chemotherapy, radiation and surgery. However, metastatic Ewing’s Sarcoma has a poor prognosis.

Use of F18 bioglass putty for induced membrane technique in segmental bone defect of the radius in rabbits.

To evaluate the inductive capacity of F18 bioglass putty on the induced membrane technique in a segmental bone defect of the rabbit's radius. Ten female Norfolk at 24 months of age were used. The animals were randomly separated based on postoperative time points: five rabbits at 21 and four at 42 days. A 1-cm segmental bone defect was created in both radii. The bone defects were filled with an F18 bioglass putty. Immediate postoperative radiographic examination revealed the biomaterial occupying the segmental bone defect as a well-defined radiopaque structure with a density close to bone tissue. At 21 and 42 days after surgery, a reduction in radiopacity and volume of the biomaterial was observed, with particle dispersion in the bone defect region. Histologically, the induced membrane was verified in all animals, predominantly composed of fibrocollagenous tissue. In addition, chondroid and osteoid matrices undergoing regeneration, a densely vascularized tissue, and a foreign body type reaction composed of macrophages and multinucleated giant cells were seen. the F18 bioglass putty caused a foreign body-type inflammatory response with the development of an induced membrane without expansion capacity to perform the second stage of the Masquelet technique.

Chronic tophaceous gout – A case report

Gout is an inflammatory arthritis associated with functional impairment and impact on quality of life. It arises when the tissues are supersaturated with urate leading to the formation of mono sodium urate crystals in and around the joints. This causes an inflammatory cascade resulting in secretion of several proinflammatory cytokines and neutrophil recruitment into the joint.A 60 years old male patient presented with complaints of swelling in the posterior aspect of left elbow since 2 years and pain since 15 days. Examination revealed soft tissue swellings in multiple joints including metatarsophalangeal joint. Renal function tests show increased Uric acid (8.6mg/dl). On Gross examination, we received fibrofatty mass measuring 3.5x1.5x1 cm. Cut-section showed white flakes ? Calcifications. On microscopy, sections studied show fibrocollagenous tissue with several tophi made up of pink eosinophilic material surrounded by foreign body giant cell reaction and lymphocytes. There are several cystic spaces filled with calcareous debris.Hyperuricemia is the key risk factor for gout and is considered prerequisite for mono sodium urate crystal formation. Urate under excretion through kidney is the major mechanism for hyperuricemia. Tophus formation is the cardinal feature of advanced gout.

Neurogenic tumours of the posterior mediastinum and differential diagnosis considerations.

The mediastinal compartment harbours vital organs and structures, including the heart, great vessels, major airways, and thymus. These structures are embedded in and associated with soft-tissue elements consisting of adipose and fibro-collagenous tissue in which soft-tissue tumours may develop. A detailed inventory of soft-tissue tumours that may be encountered in the mediastinum based on the WHO 2013 classification was published in 2015. In addition, several comprehensive reviews on mediastinal soft-tissue pathology are available, including reviews focusing specifically on a single tumour type. This review will focus on primary neurogenic and spindle cell tumours of the somatic soft tissue of the posterior mediastinum and provide a discussion of the pertinent differential diagnoses.

18 F FDG PET-CT Scan Findings in a Rare Case of Pulmonary Hyalinising Granuloma

Pulmonary hyalinising granuloma (PHG) is a benign lung disease. It is a rare disease of unknown aetiology. Less than 150 cases are reported. Its aetiology has not been established but the underlying cause is thought to be the deposition of an immune complex in lung parenchyma or autoimmune process. It usually presents as solitary or multiple lung nodules. PHG has a good prognosis. Solitary lesions are treated by resection and multiple lesions are treated with immunosuppressive drugs with variable responses. Here, we report a case of a 68-year-old female who presented with two episodes of haemoptysis. On investigation, chest computed tomography (CT) reveals multiple lung nodules on both sides, 18 F fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography and CT scan reveal mildly FDG avid and non-FDG avid subpleural and parenchymal nodular lesions of varying sizes with calcification noted scattered diffusely in both lung fields. Pathology findings are suggestive of fibrocollagenous tissue with tiny foci of epithelial cells arranged as papillae, cuboid cells with minimal atypia, mitosis, and necrosis not seen and no lymphoid tissue seen, suggestive of PHG.

Extensive Actinomycetoma Clinical Manifestations and Histopathology: A Case Report

Background: Actinomycetoma is a chronic infection of cutis, subcutaneous, bone, and viscera tissue. It is characterized by sinuses containing masses of causative organisms often referred to as "grains." Actinomycetoma is caused by aerobic bacteria, and they have been misclassified as a fungal species. Diagnosis of actinomycetoma was based on clinical features and confirmation by direct examination. This study aimed to describe the clinical and histopathological features of actinomycetoma.
 Case presentation: A 34-year-old woman complained of a mass on her left leg that had increased in number and pain 3 months before admission to the hospital with a history of trauma. Regio pedis sinistra has trias mycetoma, such as edema (swelling), multiple sinuses, and grain with hypertrophic scars. Histopathological with fibro collagenous connective tissue, moderate to dense diffuse PMN inflammatory cells, plasma cells, lymphocytes, hemosiderophages, multinucleated giant cells, epithelioid cells, and microorganisms. In periodic acid Schiff (PAS) there is the Splendore-Hoeppli phenomenon.
 Conclusion: Diagnosis of actynomycetoma was confirmed by the mycetoma triad and the Splendore-Hoeppli phenomenon. Actinomycetoma is more invasive and can cause bone destruction more quickly than eumycetoma.

Primary amyloidosis of conjunctiva.

A 64-year old male presented in ophthalmology OPD for follow up for refractive errors. He had been wearing bifocal lenses from last 1 year. On local examination, medial canthus of left eye showed a pale yellowish plaque. The rest of the ocular examination and contralateral eye were normal. Slit lamp examination showed a confluent fusiform papule (Figure 1A,B). Computed tomography (CT) scan of the orbit showed no abnormality. Surgical excision was done and tissue sent for histopathological examination showed deposition of a pink homogeneous material in the fibrocollagenous tissue beneath the conjunctival epithelium (Figure 1,C). Congo red stain followed by polarizing microscopy confirmed the pink material to be amyloid with apple green birefringence (Figure 1D,E). Immunohistochemistry (IHC) showed lambda light chain restriction. A diagnosis of conjunctival amyloidosis was made. The patient was then evaluated to rule out systemic amyloidosis or plasma cell dyscrasia. The patient was asymptomatic with no history of trauma, systemic illness, and family history was non-contributory. General and systemic examinations were unremarkable. Complete hemogram, urea, creatinine, liver function test, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, blood glucose, and serum calcium were within normal limits. No abnormality was detected on skeletal survey, electrocardiography, 2D-echocardiography, and ultrasonography of abdomen. Serum protein electrophoresis, serum immunofixation electrophoresis, serum free light chain assay, 24-h urine protein, and urine protein electrophoresis were non-contributory. Bone marrow showed mildly increased plasma cells without light chain restriction on immunohistochemistry. Finally, a diagnosis of primary conjunctival amyloidosis was made and the patient was asked to follow up. Conjunctival amyloidosis occurs secondary to local inflammation and primary form of the disease is very rare. In a previous series published on ocular amyloidosis, only two of 26 ocular cases collected over 30 years had conjunctival involvement. Identification of the disease is a daunting task owing to protean manifestations. Differentiating it from conjunctival inflammation and malignancies is essential. Evaluation for systemic causes is important as the treatment modalities are completely different. While localized form might just need observation or surgical debulking, systemic AL amyloidosis or myeloma would necessitate administration of specific chemotherapy. A long-term follow up is also necessary as recurrence is a known phenomenon and evolution into systemic disease is also a possibility. Concepts design, definition of intellectual content, Literature search, data analysis, manuscript preparation, and manuscript editing: Karuna Jha. Concepts design, definition of intellectual content, manuscript editing: Maitreyee Bhattacharyya. Dr Bhaskar Mitra, Consultant Pathologist, Tribedi and Roy Lab, Kolkata. The authors declare they have no conflicts of interest. The authors received no specific funding for this work. No research on human was performed on this study. Informed consent was taken from the patient. The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

MAXILLARY CHONDROMYXOID FIBROMA IN A 1-YEAR-OLD CHILD: A RARE CASE REPORT AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS

Chondromyxoid fibroma (CF) is a benign chondroid and myxoid matrix–producing tumor, often arising in proximal or distal parts of long bones in young adult patients. Local recurrence is common. To date, 25 CFs affecting the jaws have been reported, with the mandible being more involved (76%). A 1-year-old male baby was referred presenting a tumor mass in the left anterior maxilla 2 months ago. The tumor mass caused facial asymmetry. Imaginologic analysis showed a well-delimited maxillary tumor, which extended and compressed the ipsilateral nasal cavity. A complete surgical removal of the lesion was performed. By microscopy, variable cellular areas of fibrocollagenous connective tissue gradually blended with cellular chondromyxoid areas were observed. Immunohistochemistry showed positivity only for vimentin and the Ki-67 labeling index was 6%. The patient is currently under strict monitoring, with no recurrence. CF should be included in the differential diagnosis when assessing maxillary tumors in pediatric patients.

A rare primary localized extranodal histiocytic sarcoma of oral mucosa: a case report

<h3>Background</h3> Histiocytic sarcoma is a rare hematopoietic malignancy which typically involves extranodal sites, mainly of the gastrointestinal tract. Of the small number of reported cases in the head and neck region, only one case was localized to the oral cavity. The disease may present as a solitary lesion or disseminated process secondary to other hematopoietic malignancies. Histopathologically, the tumors can be mistaken for other lymphoprolifera- tive disorders. Immunohistochemistry shows tumor cells expressing one or more of the histiocytic markers CD163, CD68, or lysozyme. Surgery with or without chemotherapy or radiotherapy are the mainstays of treatment. Even though histiocytic sarcoma has clinically aggressive behavior with poor response to therapy, studies show that a subset of the patients with localized disease and small tumor size have more favorable outcome with surgery alone. We present a case with localized extranodal histiocytic sarcoma of oral mucosa. <h3>Case Description</h3> A 31-year-old, fe- male with onemonth duration of a 10 × 8 × 2 mm smooth-surfaced, well circumscribed, firm soft tissue enlargement at buccal vestibule of #11/12. Biopsy shows a diffuse population of pleomorphic cells with atypical mitoses and fine granular cytoplasm within fibrocollagenous connective tissue. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated tumor cells positive to CD163, CD68, CD45, CD43, CD4, muramidase, SOX10, S100, NSE and vimentin with a diagnosis of his- tiocytic sarcoma. Surgical excision with uninvolved margins was performed. The diagnosis of histiocytic sarcoma was confirmed with hematopathology consultation. There was no evidence of tumor recurrence after 3 months fol- low up. <h3>Conclusion</h3> To the best of our knowledge, this is the second case of primary localized extranodal histiocytic sarcoma of oral cavity. Surgery alone was the treatment modality for our case. However, due to the rarity/limited number of reported cases, treatment outcomes of a localized disease is limited. The treatment protocol may become more evident as newer studies emerge.

Embryopathological relationship between retained medullary cord and caudal spinal lipoma

PurposeRetained medullary cord (RMC) is a condition in which the cord-like structure (C-LS) is continuous from the conus and extends to the dural cul-de-sac, causing spinal cord tethering, which is thought to originate from the secondary neurulation failure. Although diagnostic criteria for RMC have not yet been fully established, the following three items are generally considered important: (1) Typical morphological features on neuroimaging and intraoperative view. (2) The electrophysiological border between the conus and C-LS. (3) Ependyma-lined canal with surrounding neuroglial tissues (E-LC w/NGT) on histopathological examination of C-LS. To clarify the differences with caudal lipoma, which are also considered to be secondary neurulation disorders, in their embryological backgrounds, the clinicopathophysiological findings were compared. MethodsFive patients with RMC and 11 with caudal lipomas participated in this study. ResultsAll five patients with RMC naturally satisfied all three items. Four patients histopathologically showed a small amount of fibroadipose tissue. Regarding the first item in caudal lipoma, neuroimages demonstrated C-LS running parallel with or in the lipoma in all patients. In terms of the second item, the electrophysiological border was identified in 3 out of 4 patients in whom a sufficient operative field was obtained. Concerning the third item, E-LC w/NGT was noted in 6 of 7 patients in whom the lipoma was resected as a column. Areas of fibroadipose tissue histopathologically accounted for more than half of the total area. ConclusionThe caudal lipomas fulfilled most of the three items, and the only prominent difference between these two is the difference in the proportions of fibroadipose and fibrocollagenous tissues. These findings provide further evidence for the idea that RMC and caudal lipoma can be considered consequences of a continuum of regression failure during secondary neurulation, and it may not be possible to distinguish between the two clearly.

TREATMENT APPROACHE FOR ODONTOGENIC CYSTS IN THE MAXILLA

A cyst is defined as a pathological cavity lined by epithelium. The epithelium itself is surrounded by fibrocollagenous connective tissue and may be derived from various sources. They are usually associated with carious, nonvital, discolored, or fractured teeth and are found mostly at the apices of the teeth. Radiologically, it arises from the apex of the root of a carious tooth and is bounded by a thin rim of cortical bone. They rarely become problematic and are incidentally found on routine dental radiographs. As they appear to reach a considerable size prior to medical attention due to their insidious and destructive growth characteristics during the intraosseous stage, treatment often requires extensive cystectomy and skeletal reconstruction. This case report shows the treatment of a big radicular cyst in the maxilla . After surgical enucleation and biopsy, histopathological picture revealed fragments of sections of a collagen cyst wall lined with multilayered squamous epithelium which were seen microscopically. Scarce inflammation is present. Immunohistochemically was found focal CD20+ lymphoid accumulations (up to 40%) with CD3+ T lymphocytes up to 60% of which a significant part is CD40+, and 10% CD8+, CD68 mark the reduced presence of resident histiocytes (up to 5%). The finding confirmed the presence of a chronically inflamed radicular cyst. Keywords: radicular cyst, imunohistochemistery, cystectomy, cyst diagnosis, cyst biopsy &nbsp; &nbsp

Https://scholars.direct/Articles/oral-and-maxillofacial-surgery/aoms-4-025.php?jid=oral-and-maxillofacial-surgery

Aggressive fibromatosis is a rare, localized, and aggressive intra-bony soft tissue tumor of spindle cells with a high tendency to recur if not treated properly. Here we report on a case of juvenile aggressive fibromatosis in an 8-years-old Male who presented with 3 weeks' history of a mass in the mandible associated with loose teeth due to alveolar and cortical bones resorption. Bundles of oval cells with fibro-collagenous connective tissue were shown microscopically. After eight months of follow up, no evidence of recurrence was found following conservative surgery to preserve the permanent teeth.

Clinical and imaging features of middle ear hairy polyps

Objective: To collect the clinical cases of middle ear hairy polyp, and to summarize the imaging features. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of four cases middle ear hairy polyp confirmed by surgical and pathologic between January 2007 and January 2020 at the Affiliated Eye & ENT Hospital of Fudan University. There were three females, one male, with two left ears and two right ears, aged from 1 to 59 years. The CT and MRI imaging of the patients, and the corresponding clinical manifestations were analyzed. Results: Hairy polyps originated from tympanum in one case, originated from Eustachian tube in two cases, exhibiting recurrent otorrhea without evident inducement. The other case, hairy polyps originated from the Eustachian tube pharyngeal orifice and protruded into the nasopharyngeal cavity, with pharynx discomfort and aural fullness, endoscope showed offwhite polypoid mass with a little hair. All the four cases presented polypoid soft tissue masses on CT and MRI imaging, containing soft tissue wall and a large amount of adipose tissue, with soft tissue in the center of the mass which liked the core, and enhanced. MRI showed stratified arrangement of fat and soft tissue in the wall of the mass. Four cases all had surgical treatment, postoperative pathology examination presented that hair follicles, mature sebaceous glands and other skin appendages were found under squamous epithelium. A large amount of adipose tissue, part of muscle tissue, cartilage tissue, and some fibro-collagenous tissue were proliferated in the mass, accompanied by collagen degeneration. Conclusion: The middle ear hairy polyps has imaging characteristics, the polypoid soft tissue mass usually looks smooth and contains a large amount of adipose tissue, with a soft tissue in the center, and can be suggestively diagnosed by CT and MRI.

Surgical histopathology of a filar anomaly as an additional tethering element associated with closed spinal dysraphism of primary neurulation failure.

Background: Closed spinal dysraphism of primary neurulation failure could be associated with filar anomalies, such as filar lipoma or thickened and tight filum terminale (TFT), resulting from impaired secondary neurulation. Retained medullary cord (RMC) is a remnant of the cavitary medullary cord originating from the secondary neurulation failure. Some filar lipomas are known to contain a central canal-like ependyma-lined lumen with surrounding neuroglial tissues (E-LC w/NGT), that is, a characteristic histopathology of RMC. To clarify the embryological background of these filar anomalies, we evaluated the histopathological findings.Methods: Among 41 patients with lesions of primary neurulation failure who underwent initial untethering surgery, the filum including cord-like structure (C-LS) was additionally resected in 10 patients (five dorsal and transitional lipomas; five limited dorsal myeloschisis). We retrospectively analyzed the clinical, neuroradiological, intraoperative, and histopathological findings.Results: Among 10 patients, two patients were diagnosed with RMC based on morphological features and intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring. The diagnosis of filar lipoma was made in six patients, since various amounts of fibroadipose tissue were histopathologically noted in the filum. Two patients were diagnosed with TFT, since the filum was composed solely of fibrocollagenous tissue. E-LC w/NGT was noted not only in both C-LSs of RMCs but also in two out of six fila both with filar lipomas and fila with TFTs.Conclusion: These findings provide further evidence for the idea that entities, such as filar lipoma, TFT, and RMC, can be considered consequences of a continuum of regression failure occurring during late secondary neurulation.

Morphological Changes in the Lacrimal Gland of Anophthalmic Socket in Relation to the Contralateral Normal Eye in Male Wistar Albino Rats: A Histopathology Study

ABSTRACT Purpose: The purpose of the study is to analyze the structural and functional alterations of the lacrimal gland and its tear secretion post-enucleation in Wistar rats. Method: Adult male Wistar rats (n = 15) of 8-week-old were randomly assigned into three groups viz. control, sham, and experimental group (n = 5). Rats of the experimental group were subjected to enucleation of the right eye. Under aseptic surgical conditions, with sterilized forceps, right eyeball of the rats of experimental group was exposed completely out of the socket by applying pressure on the lateral canthus of the eye. Enucleation was then achieved after holding the optic nerve tightly. The surgical procedure was similar in sham group without enucleation. Quantity of tears (Basal and reflex) secreted in both eyes in rats of all groups were measured by using Schirmer’s strip, pre- and post-three weeks of enucleation. The lacrimal gland was harvested to analyze histopathological (structural) alterations. Results: Pr- and post-enucleation there was no significant difference observed in the tear volume across the groups. Histopathology of the lacrimal glands from all groups showed preserved lobular architecture with serous acini arranged in lobules, intralobular and interlobular ducts, interstitial fibro collagenous tissue. There was no glandular distortion and atrophy in experimental group. Conclusion: Enucleation do not co-relate or affect the tear volume and lacrimal gland acinar microstructural changes in an anophthalmic socket co-relating to the contralateral normal functional eye.