Fiber Research Articles

Etiology, clinical manifestations and prevention of perianal infection in patients with hematological malignancies

Introduction. Perianal infection (PI) in patients with hematological malignancies is characterized by a wide spectrum of pathogens and a variety of clinical manifestations and mechanisms of development of the infectious process.Aim: to study the pathogenetic mechanisms of PI development in patients with hematological malignancies and to develop prevention tactics.Materials and methods. The prospective study included 132 patients with hematological malignancies who had episodes of PI. The infectious process in the pararectal fi ber was registered based on the data of clinical examination or magnetic resonance imaging. Sources of infection and microbiologic results were studied.Results: Two main mechanisms of PI development were revealed, the frequency of which was statistically significantly different depending on the presence of neutropenia (p < 0.0001, odds ratio (OR) = 24.42 (confidence interval (CI) 95% [9.82–60.74]). In PI episodes that developed against the background of neutropenia, the predominant mechanism of infection was the penetration of microorganisms through broken tissue barriers (75 %): anal fissures were the entry gate of infection in 62.9 % of episodes; perianal ulcers and skin erosions — in 12.1 %. The alternative route of infection (cryptogladular mechanism) was registered in the majority of patients without neutropenia (66.7 %) and was represented by the involvement of crypts of the anal canal (28.6 %) or the presence of pararectal fistulas (38.1 %). Clinical manifestations of PI were associated with leukocyte count (p < 0.0001) and mechanism of infection (p < 0.0001). The median leukocyte count in patients with abscesses (2.12×109 /L) was statistically significantly higher than in infiltrates (0.57×109 /L) and necrosis (0.74×109 /L). The main source of infection in infiltrates was anal fissures (70.4 %), while in abscesses the main sources of infection were crypts of the anal canal (39 %) and pararectal fistulas (36 %). The main causative agents of PI were Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli (43 %), Klebsiella spp. (15 %), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4.4 %)), and Enterococci (12.5 %). P. aeruginosa was isolated more often in necrosis (22 %) than in other clinical forms of PI (3–5 %) (p = 0.0033), while the frequency of detection of other bacteria was independent of the clinical manifestations of PI. PI was a microbiologically proven source of sepsis in 9.5 % of PI episodes. The probability of PI-associated bloodstream infections was highest at 5 days and was significantly higher in patients with neutropenia (10 % vs 2 %) (p = 0.0044).Conclusion: Different mechanisms of pararectal cell infection should be taken into account when forming a strategy for the prevention of PI.

Broad beans are available source of protein in compound feed for quails of the parent herd

The priority direction in the development of current poultry farming is the search for new cost-effective and highly effective feed products based on local raw materials that can have a positive effect on poultry productivity and provide a solution to the problems of adequate feeding and provision of poultry with feed protein. One of the most promising means is broad beans as a grain feed crop with a high content of protein and valuable amino acids in the grain, as well as a relatively low content of anti-nutritional substances. Therefore, the introduction of broad beans into the composition of compound feed for quails is of certain value and is an affordable source of protein. The purpose of the research was to study the eff ect of compound feed using broad beans of Sibirskie variety on the productivity and reproductive traits of parent herd of quails. The results of a study on the introduction of 15 % of broad beans into compound feed and their effect on productivity when rearing parent herd of quails have been presented in the article. When quails were fed experimental compound feeds, the average daily feed intake decreased by 4.25 %, and egg production per average layer increased by 5.77 %. Iit was found according to the results of the physiological (balance) experiment that the digestibility of crude protein increased by 1.15 abs.%, crude fat by 2.69 abs.%, crude fi ber by 2.54 abs.%. It was found that the use of experimental compound feeds had a positive effect on the quality of hatching eggs, their hatchability increased by 1.46 abs.%, and the hatching rate of young animals by 1.74 abs.%. It was found that the use of compound feeds with the introduction of 15 % of feed beans in the diet of quails of the parent herd of Radonezh breed contributed to a decrease in the cost of hatching eggs by 8.50 %.

Method of intensification of digestive and intermediary metabolism in meat quails during denitrification

Sorbents are characterized by synergistic action with many biologically active compounds, including antioxidants that neutralize free radicals in the body, prevent membrane damage, and preserve the youth of the cells of organs and tissues of poultry. The purpose of the study was to determine the eff ect of the sorbent Mikosorb®A Plus and the antioxidant Hadox on the parameters of digestive and intermediary metabolism in meat quails when they are added to compound feed with a subtoxic dose of nitrates. It was found that in order to improve the digestive and intermediary metabolism in meat quails, the composition of their compound feed should include the drugs of the sorbent Mikosorb®A Plus at the dose of 1000 g/t and the antioxidant Hadox at the dose of 150 g/t of compound feed. These drugs allowed to increase signifi cantly (p < 0.05) the coeffi cients of dry matter digestibility by 3.43 abs.%, organic matter by 3.33 abs.%, crude protein by 3.55 abs.%, crude fi ber by 3.48 abs.% and nitrogen-free extractive substances by 3.57 abs.% in the quails of the 3rd experimental group compared to the control group. This also allowed to increase the number of erythrocytes in the blood of quails of the 3rd experimental group by 0.56×1012/l (p < 0.05), hemoglobin by 7.0 g/l (p < 0.05) with a simultaneous decrease in methemoglobin by 1.40 % (p < 0.05) compared to the control analogues. In the quails of the 3rd experimental group, the concentration of total protein in the blood serum was higher by 5.20 g/l (p < 0.05) with a simultaneous decrease in the content of nitrates by 1.63 times (p < 0.05) and nitrites by 2.47 times (p < 0.05) compared to the quails of the control group. Joint feeding of the sorbent and antioxidant inhibited lipid peroxidation processes and had a stimulating eff ect on the antioxidant defense mechanism in the quail body. At the same time, the quails of the 3rd experimental group had a lower proportion of conjugated dienes by 40.54 % and malondialdehyde by 28.72 % compared to the control group.

Influence of phytobiotics dose on feed conversion in broiler chickens

The inclusion of Chaga decoction in the compound feed for broiler chickens in the amount of 20 mg, 40 and 60 mg/kg of live weight of the broilers during the entire period of its rearing had a different influence on the digestibility and use of nutrients in the diet. The results of the physiological experiment at the age of 3 weeks of broilers showed that a small dosage of the phytobiotic compared with the control group stimulated an increase in the digestibility of crude protein in the feed by 4.05 abs.%, crude fat by 1.92 abs.%, crude fiber by 1.21 abs.%. With the increase in the dosage of the phytobiotic in the broiler compound feed, the increase in the digestibility of crude fi ber by 2.01–2.12 abs.% was noted. Nitrogen digestibility in poultry with a low rate of Chaga decoction introduction exceeded the control group by 0.16 g, and other experimental groups by 0.13–0.14 g. As a result, the average daily nitrogen deposition in the body of broiler chickens in the group with a low rate of phytobiotic introduction was 2.53 g or 16.1 % higher than in broilers in the control group and 2.3–3.2 % higher than in other experimental groups. At the fi nal stage of broiler chicken rearing, the digestibility of crude protein in the diet of broiler chickens of the 1st experimental group with a low dosage of phytobiotic was higher than in the control group by 3.17 abs.%, crude fat by 4.15 abs.%, crude fi ber by 2.60 abs.%, and nitrogen-free extractive substances by 0.17 abs.%. In broilers of other experimental groups this diff erence was less expressed. A decrease in nitrogen losses with undigested substances in the droppings of broilers of the 1st experimental group increased its deposition by 5.7 %, in other experimental groups only by 0.9–2.1 %. Analysis of the dynamics of live weight of broiler chickens during the rearing period showed that the 1st experimental group with the low dosage of Chaga decoction in the diet increased the absolute gain in live weight in comparison with the control group by 5.0 %, with the 2nd experimental group by 3.4 % and with the 3rd experimental group by 1.4 %, and feed costs accordingly by groups decreased by 4.7 %, 3.2 and 1.5 %.

Increasing the milk yield in cows on corn silage and concentrates enriched with feed additive with biologically active substances

The purpose of the work was to investigate the characteristics of increasing the milk yield in cows on corn silage and concentrates enriched with a feed additive with biologically active substances. The research work was carried out at the educational and experimental farm of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Northern Trans-Ural State Agricultural University” on cows of Black-and-White breed with a milk yield of 6000–7000 kg per lactation. The cows of the control group received a farm ration consisting of 1.5–2.0 kg of brome hay, 25–27 kg of corn silage, 10–12 kg of grain mixture; the animals of the experimental group received the same feeds, but additionally a feed additive with biologically active substances. It was found that the inclusion of a feed additive with biologically active substances in the ration of cows during the fi rst 100 days of lactation helped to eliminate the deficiency of individual nutritional elements in the ration, reduced the consumption of concentrated feed and protein. It was found that enrichment of the concentrate-silage ration with the feed additive in the amount of 60 g/head/day allowed to obtain 472 kg of milk or 8.06 % more per lactation than without its use. Consumption of the feed additive with biologically active substances by cows of the experimental group led to diff erences in the digestibility coeffi cients of nutrients. Thus, the animals of the experimental group had higher digestibility coeffi cients of dry matter by 2.67 abs.%, organic matter by 2.91 abs.%, crude fi ber by 0.60 abs.% and nitrogen-free extractive substances by 3.75 abs.%, and the digestibility coeffi cient of crude protein and crude fat on the contrary was lower by 0.36 and 2.55 abs.%, respectively. Economic indicators of milk production were significantly higher in cows of the experimental group receiving the feed additive with biologically active substances.

Influence of probiotic and vitamin C on productivity, digestibility and accessibility of nutrients in the diet of meat quails while reducing the risk of aflatoxicosis

Of all known aflatoxicones, the most dangerous is afl atoxin B1, produced by mold of the genus Aspergillus. It destroys the liver parenchyma, very often leading to cirrhosis of this gland. In addition, aflatoxin B1 suppresses the vital activity of beneficial microfl ora of the digestive tract and the processes of digestion and absorption of nutrients in compound feed. The purpose of the research was to study the effect of vitamin C and the probiotic Bioxymin Chicken on the livability, growth rate, digestibility and accessibility of nutrients in compound feed for meat quails with a tolerant level of aflatoxin B1. The studies have shown that in order to improve the survival rate of livestock, growth rate, increase digestibility and accessibility of nutrients in the diet, vitamin C at a dose of 500 g/t and probiotic Bioxymin Chicken at a dose of 1500 g/t of the compound feed should be included in the composition of complete compound feeds (barley-sorghum-soy type) at a tolerant level of afl atoxin B1. This resulted in a significant (p < 0.05) superiority of the quails of the 3rd experimental group over the control analogues in terms of digestibility coefficients of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, crude fi ber and nitrogen-free extractive substances. The results of the studies have shown that the activity indices of proteinases, cellulases, lipases, amylases in the chyme of the small intestine are completely consistent with the indices of digestibility and assimilation of nutrients in quail diets. In addition, in comparison with the quails of the control group, the meat quails of the 3rd experimental group showed a higher digestibility of feed nitrogen by 7.10 % (p < 0.05), with an increase in the level of use of this element from the amount taken per day with feed by 3.69 abs.%.

An Ethnobotanical Study of the Kodavas and other Tribes of Kodagu District, Karnataka

The Kodavas are the original inhabitants of Kodagu at present a district of Karnataka State - located in the Western Ghats. Although Kodavas cannot be classified as tribals under the present conditions, they form a minor ethnic group that has apparently been living amidst the forests of this region over the last few thousand years. Their knowledge of the local plants is extensive, and some of it is recorded here, with a listing of 240 species. These include some 105 medicinal plants, 65 food plants, about 60 timber-yielding plants; some 40 species used in different ways in agriculture and animal husbandry; some 80 species having agricultural and domestic uses, including fibre and fuel plants, those used in cleaning and toiletry, etc; there is some overlapping of usages. Although many of the palnts are well-known, some of the usages are not widely known. Some of the plants merit further investigation and development.

The use of improved premix recipes in rations of cattle

Complete balanced feeding of farm animals cannot be organized without the use of various balancing additives, in particular premixes. It is important to note that the greatest eff ect from the use of premixes is observed when their recipes are developed taking into account specifi c feeding and housing conditions. The purpose of this work was to study the eff ectiveness of using improved premix recipes based on an analysis of the actual nutritional value of feed in the rations of lactating cows and calves. During the research, two experiments were carried out. The experiments were carried out at the Staraya Chigla livestock complex in the Anninsky district of the Voronezh region. In the experiment on cows, 20 animals were selected, which were divided into two groups (control and experimental) of 10 heads in each using the method of analogue pairs. In an experiment to study the eff ectiveness of the premix in feeding of young animals, two groups of calves of 12 heads in each were similarly formed. Animals of the control groups received farm rations with the premix developed without taking into account the analysis of the nutritional value of the rations. In the experimental groups, cows and calves received new and improved premixes developed based on these specific feeding conditions. The use of the premix with an improved recipe in the rations of cows made it possible to increase the average daily milk yield by 5,61 %, the fat content by 0,05 abs.% and the protein content in milk by 0,15 abs.%. At the same time, there was an increase in the level of digestibility of dry matter by 1,25 abs.%, organic matter by 1,07 abs.%, crude protein by 1,56 abs.%, crude fat by 1,63 abs.%, crude fi ber by 1,08 abs.%, nitrogen-free extractive substances by 1,87 abs.%. Calculation of feed intake for the synthesis of 1 kg of milk showed that they were lower in the experimental group by 0,31 MJ of net lactation energy and 2,97 g of digestible protein. Positive results were also obtained in experiments on calves. The use of the premix developed on the basis of the actual nutritional value of feed and rations, made it possible to increase the live weight of heifers at 12 months of age by 5,04 %, the average daily gain in live weight during the experimental period by 5,74 %, the relative gain by 1,91 abs.%.

Metabolism and productivity of quails of Estonian breed when feeding the feed additive Krezatsin

The purpose of the work was to establish the metabolism and productivity of quails of Estonian breed when fed with the Krezatsin feed additive. Under the conditions of a quail farm, the feasibility of using the feed additive Krezatsin in the diets of quails of Estonian breed has been scientifi cally substantiated and proven. Its optimal dose in compound feed for quails has been identifi ed. It has been shown that the use of the Krezatsin additive in feeding quails increased the nutritional value of their feeding, had a positive effect on digestibility, the use of dietary nutrients, growth energy, the livability of quails, their egg and meat productivity. The use this additive reduced feed intake per unit of production. The data obtained in the experiment made it possible to theoretically substantiate and recommend additional resources for production to increase the effi ciency of quail production by optimizing the Krezatsin feed additive in their diets. It has been proven that the use of this additive when rearing quails in an amount of 50 mg per 100 g of compound feed contributed to the normalization of metabolism in the body of quails, significantly increased the digestibility of dry matter by 2,25 abs.%, organic matter by 2,16 abs.%, raw protein by 3,38 abs.%, crude fat by 2,67 abs.%, crude fi ber by 2,76 abs.% and nitrogen-free extractive substances by 1,16 abs.%. The tested additive contributed to better nitrogen absorption and use of macroelements diet. Feeding the studied additive as part of the compound feed contributed to an increase in the live weight of quails by 3,4 %, egg productivity by 6,0 %, improved the quality of eggs and reduced the compound feed intake per unit of production by 3,4 %.

MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE REPARATIVE PROCESS IN THE PLASTIC SECTION OF THE MUSCLE-APONEUROTIC DEFECT IN THE EXPERIMENT USING STEM CELLS

Abstract. Anterior abdominal wall hernia repair is one of the most common procedures in general surgery. Very often, the parameters of the quality of life of operated patients with ventral hernias of the anterior abdominal wall during the fi rst year after the operation, according to a number of criteria, are signifi cantly better with alloplastic with polypropylene mesh, in contrast to the use of hernioplasty with the use of inert suture material. Hernias of the anterior abdominal wall (ventral hernias) most often occur after surgical intervention on the organs of the abdominal cavity and are considered postoperative complications arising in anatomically weak areas and under the infl uence of mechanical factors. The goal of the work. To experimentally investigate the eff ect of mesenchymal stem cells on the regeneration of muscle fi bers and their reparative properties in the area of postoperative wounds. When modeling a muscle- aponeurotic defect of the anterior abdominal wall with plasticity with own tissues and plasticity with an allograft in combination with injections of mesenchymal stem cells. The study was conducted on 38 white rats of both sexes, the initial weight of each animal was 215±12 g, the experimental animals were kept in the same conditions with full compliance with bioethical norms. All animals of groups 1 and 2 were experimentally modeled a muscle- aponeurotic defect of the anterior abdominal wall by an acute method up to 2.5 cm in diameter, followed by layer-by-layer suturing of this defect with a continuous wraparound single-row suture, «Vicryl» 3/0 with a barb was used as suture material with a needle In the 2nd group, plastic surgery was performed using the «on lay» technique with polypropylene mesh and suture material «Vicryl» 3/0 with a barbed needle, and mesenchymal stem cell injections were additionally performed. At the plastic site of the muscle- aponeurotic defect, the tissue of the anterior abdominal wall was taken in full layers for further histological examination. Histological examination of the wound tissues of animals of the control group 10 days after surgery showed that the wound defect was fi lled with granulation tissue at an early stage of maturation. After 30 days, the wound defect was fi lled with young loose connective tissue, in which there were sporadic islands of granulation tissue. In the area of the wound defect of 2 groups of experimental animals, after 10 days we detected maturing granulation tissue. Visually, the area of the lesion itself decreased. On the 30th day of the study, there was no granulation tissue, the wound defect was fi lled with fully matured newly formed and vascularized connective tissue. During the histological examination, it was found that as a result of the combined use of polypropylene mesh and stem cells, the regeneration of the wound defect is intensifi ed and its healing is accelerated.

The influence of coniferous-mineral additive on the milk productivity of fi rst-calf heifers under conditions of Yakutia

The purpose of this work was to carry out the infl uence of a coniferous-mineral feed additive on the milk productivity of fi rst-calf heifers under the conditions of Yakutia. The results of a research to study the influence of the coniferous-mineral feed additive on the milk productivity of Simmental first-calf heifers under the conditions of Yakutia have been presented in the article. The selection and testing of animals for the experiment was carried out according to generally accepted livestock technical methods. The inclusion of experimental feed additives in the rations of animals of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th experimental groups made it possible statistically signifi cant to increase the average daily milk yield of milk by 5,46 %, 5,96 and 5,83 % and the milk yield for the experiment (lactation) in these groups was more by 5,41 %, 5,96 and 5,80 %, respectively, compared to the 1st control group. The use of feed additives from local natural raw materials in the rations of experimental group of animals aff ected the digestibility and absorption of nutrients. Against the background of the use of experimental feed additives, the coeffi cients of nutrient digestibility in animals of the experimental groups increased compared to the 1st control group: for dry matter by 1,47 abs.%, 1,89 and 1,59 abs.%, for organic matter by 1,91 abs.%, 2,66 and 2,45 abs.%, crude protein by 1,49 abs.%, 1,89 and 1,63 abs.%, crude fat by 2,02 abs.% , 2,55 and 2,48 abs.%, crude fi ber by 2,46 abs.%, 3,78 and 3,40 abs.%, nitrogen-free extractive substances by 1,70 abs.%, 2,42 and 2,31 abs.%, respectively, by groups. Thus, the use of coniferous-mineral additive helps to improve the digestibility of nutrients in the body of animals and increase the milk productivity of cattle under the conditions of Yakutia.

Comparison of cashew nuts, pistachios, and hazelnuts according to nutritional, biological, and physiological values when justifying the development of new product types

Empirical studies of the chemical composition of nuts and systematization of the obtained data on cashew nuts, hazelnuts, and pistachios were carried out in order to develop new types of products. It has been shown that the fat fractions of cashew nuts, hazelnuts, and pistachios are comparable to oilseeds used for the extraction of vegetable oil. Cashew kernels have an SFA:MUFA:PUFA ratio of 1:3:1, pistachio kernels — 1:4.3:2.5, and hazelnut kernels — 1:10:1.8. PUFAs are represented by ω-6 fatty acids; there are no ω-3 fatty acids and trans isomers. In terms of protein content, nut kernels (cashews — 18 g, hazelnuts — about 16g, pistachios — 20 g) are not inferior to complete protein sources. The comparison of amino acid scores with the amino acid composition of the reference protein (FAO) has shown that the pistachio nut mass corresponds to a complete protein in amino acid composition, while cashews and hazelnuts have one limiting amino acid — lysine. The carbohydrate part of nuts is represented by dietary fi ber, starch, and sugars. A distinctive feature of pistachio nuts is their higher carbohydrate content (27.5 g), as well as the presence of maltose. Hazelnuts, pistachios, and cashews are high in dietary fiber. Introducing nuts into the diet of healthy people has demonstrated that each nut promotes the development of diff erent phyla of the microbiome.

The effectiveness of coniferous-mineral and zeolite additives in feeding of fi rst-calf heifers under the conditions of Yakutia

The purpose of the work was to study the complex effect of coniferous-mineral and zeolite additives on the milk productivity of first-calf heifers under the conditions of Yakutia. Data have been presented on the study of the influence of a coniferous-mineral additive in combination with a zeolite additive on the milk productivity of fi rst-calf heifers of Simmental breed under the conditions of Yakutia. The scientific and farm experiment was carried out in three groups; the selection and testing of animals was carried out taking into account generally accepted methods in animal science. The use of the complex of feed additives in the rations of the 2nd and 3rd experimental groups of animals made it possible to increase the milk productivity of fi rst-calf heifers by 9,07 and 7,58 % (P > 0,999), respectively. At the end of the experiment, milk yield in the experimental groups was higher compared to the 1st control group by 9,13 and 7,57 % (P > 0,999). In the milk of heifers of the 2nd and 3rd experimental groups, the proportion of fat content increased by 0,12 and 0,08 abs.%, as well as the milk protein content by 0,10 and 0,08 abs.% compared to the 1st control group. The most complete picture of the changes caused by the inclusion of experimental feed additives in the rations of experimental animals can be traced in terms of nutrient digestibility. In fi rst-calf heifers of the 2nd and 3rd experimental groups, the digestibility coeffi cients of nutrients increased as follow dry matter by 2,78 and 2,23 abs.%, organic matter by 3,01 and 1,42 abs.%, crude protein by 3,10 and 1,99 abs.%, crude fat by 3,46 and 2,72 abs.%, crude fi ber by 3,93 and 0,43 abs.%, nitrogen-free extractive substances by 1,52 and 0,52 abs.%, respectively, compared to the 1st control group. Thus, the integrated use of the studied additives in feeding of first-calf heifers improves the digestibility of nutrients and increases their milk productivity under the conditions of Yakutia.

The use of lupin variety “Deco” in the feeding of pigs

The purpose of this research was to study the effect on the digestibility of dietary nutrients and livestock parameters of young pigs of different doses of an alternative feed source such as lupine grain of the variety “Deco” instead of full-fat soybeans in the composition of compound feed. The studies were carried out on young pigs of DanBred genetics under conditions of a pig-breeding enterprise. Clinically healthy pigs were selected for the research. The method of analogues was used when selecting animals into groups, taking into account age, live weight, sex, etc. Four groups of animals were formed to conduct the experiment. There were 48 pigs in each group. The duration of the experiment was 124 days. The control group of young pigs was fed compound feed with full-fat soybeans. Herdmates in the 1st experimental group were fed compound feed with 50 % of full-fat soybeans replaced with the variety “Deco” lupine, in the 2nd experimental group with 75 %, in the 3rd experimental group full-fat soybeans were completely replaced with lupine grain. In relation to full-fat soybeans lupine grain of the variety “Deco” contained more dry matter by 0,08 abs.%, crude protein by 2,45 abs.%, crude ash by 0,35 abs.%, nitrogen-free extractive substances by 2,38 abs.%, the studied amino acids by 1,75 abs.%. Partial or complete replacement of full-fat soybeans in the compound feed with the lupine variety “Deco” led to the increase in the digestibility of nutrients in the body of young pigs with the following results: dry matter was digested more by 0,41–1,15 abs.%, organic matter by 0,23–1,00 abs.%, crude fat by 0,17–1,52 abs.%, crude protein by 0,92–1,83 abs.%, crude fi ber by 2,04–3,21 abs.%, nitrogenfree extractive substances by 0,12–0,43 abs.% compared to the pigs of the control group. The use of nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus taken with compound feed in animals was greater in relation to analogues from the control group by 0,76–1,61 abs.%, 0,72–1,61 and 0,19–1,26 abs.%, respectively. At the age of 180 days, the live weight of pigs in the control group was 131,04 kg, and in the experimental groups it was 2,82–3,96 kg higher. There was the decrease in feed expenditures per 1 kg of live weight gain in animals of the experimental groups by 2,57–3,49 % in comparison with control analogues. In order to expand the feed supply in pig farming, increase the nutritional value of compound feed and reduce their cost, as well as increase the meat productivity of pigs we recommend input alkaloid-free lupine of the variety “Deco” into compound feed.

Physical and Chemical Properties of Highland Bamboo (Yushania alpina) Culms Grown in Ethiopia

Bamboo is the fastest growing plant currently known on earth, a property that enables it to be the best alternative as a future source of wood fi ber. This study investigated the effect of site and culm height on the physical and chemical properties of Yushania alpina culms grown in Ethiopia. Matured Yushania alpina 3 to 5-year-old samples were harvested from Hagere-Selam and Rebu-Gebeya sites. The culms were subdivided into three equal lengths (bottom, middle, and top), and the variations in physical and chemical properties between the two sites and the culm heights of Yushania alpina were investigated. The results showed that the average values of MC, basic density, tangential and longitudinal shrinkage of Yushania alpina culms for Hagere-Selam and Rebu-Gebeya sites were (91.78 and 80.32 %), (0.65 and 0.63 g/cm3), (6.63 and 5.84 %) and (0.63 and 0.56 %), respectively. The average values of cellulose, lignin, extractive and ash contents in the culms for Hagere-Selam and Rebu-Gebeya sites were (52.84 and 50.71 %), (26.55, and 26.04 %), (8.41 and 8.02 %) and (1.95 and 2.17 %), respectively. The results revealed that the site affected the MC, basic density, cellulose, lignin, extractive, and ash contents of Yushania alpina culms but not the tangential and longitudinal shrinkage. The culm height of Yushania alpina affected MC, basic density, tangential shrinkage, longitudinal shrinkage, cellulose, lignin, extractive, and ash contents. In the case of both sites, the highest percentages of MC, tangential and longitudinal shrinkage, and ash content were observed at the base and lowest at the top of the culms. On the contrary, both sites observed thehighest magnitude of basic density, cellulose and extractive at the top and lowest at the base of the culms. The variations in physical and chemical properties at different sites and culm heights infl uence the utilization of Yushania alpina culms for industries and end products.

SOME OPTIONS OF FETAL TOPOGRAPHY OF THE LONG BRANCHES OF THE CROSS PLEXUS

In the conditions of wartime, the frequency of damage to the nerves of the lower extremity increased sharply. Open injuries make up the vast majority of peripheral nerve injuries. Understanding variations in the topography and the condition of the surrounding soft tissue structures allows for a detailed assessment of the condition of the peripheral nerves of the lower limb, to diagnose the exact site of damage, the type of neuropathy, and to choose treatment and rehabilitation tactics. The purpose of the study will be to establish variants of the fetal topography of the long branches of the sacral plexus. The material for the study of topographical and anatomical features of the long branches of the sacral plexus was 26 human fetuses of 5-7 months. The sciatic nerve is the largest nerve in humans, originating from the ventral division of spinal nerves L4 to S3 and containing fi bers from both the posterior and anterior lumbosacral plexuses. The sciatic nerve runs along the entire back surface of the lower limb up to the foot. The sciatic nerve innervates a signifi cant part of the skin and muscles of the thigh, lower leg, and foot. It was established that the long branches of the sacral plexus can be subjected to compression or damage in diff erent parts of its anatomical course. Among the variants of the anatomical variability of the long branches of the sacral plexus, the topography of the sciatic nerve is the most common. In the three studied fetuses of 180.0 mm, 215.0 mm, 255 mm TKD, a high branching variant of the sciatic nerve was detected, and the features of the long branches of the sacral plexus in the specifi ed fetuses were unilateral. In this case, when assessing clinical symptoms, practicing doctors should take into account options for bilateral asymmetry. Prospects for further research. Deepening the study of the variant anatomy of the long branches of the sacral plexus in human fetuses of diff erent ages.

COMPARATIVE HISTOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CHANGES IN ANTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL TISSUES AFTER IMPLANTATION OF «CAPROMESH» MESH IN COMBINATION WITH PRP AND «LIGHT» POLYPROPYLENE MESH IN AN EXPERIMENT

A systematic review of a recently published meta-analysis shows that laparoscopic and open allogeneoplasty is a safe procedure with relatively short-term and long-term results. A new minimally invasive technique has been developed that allows the mesh to be placed in the retroperitoneal space through a small transhernial incision, avoiding signifi cant trauma to the abdominal wall and contact with the abdominal cavity. However, this type of operation does not involve fi xation of the mesh in the retromuscular space, which can lead to a number of complications. The analysis of the obtained results determines the relevance of this study.Objective. To compare the features of the ultrastructural reaction of the tissues of the muscle- aponeurotic layer of tissues to the implantation of «Capromesh» in combination with PRP and polypropylene meshes in an experiment.Material and methods. The study was conducted on 16 same-sex pigs of the Vietnamese breed weighing at least 10 kg, which were divided into 2 groups. Histological and ultrastructural changes in the tissues of the muscle- aponeurotic layer of the anterior abdominal wall after implantation in the retromuscular space of «Capromesh» in combination with PRP (plasma enriched with growth factors) and polypropylene meshes were studied in the experiment.The results. A signifi cant diff erence in tissue reactions at diff erent times of the experiment on the implanted material was proven. The conducted microscopic and electron microscopic studies after the implantation of the «Capromesh» mesh in combination with PRP established that starting from the 7th day of the experiment, the infl ammatory changes in the tissues of the muscle- aponeurotic layer are not as signifi cant as during the implantation of the polypropylene mesh. Starting from the 14th day of the experiment, the signs characterizing the reduction of the infl ammatory reaction and the more intense formation of fi brous structures around the mesh material are much better expressed. On the 21st day of the experiment, at the microscopic and electron microscopic levels, a signifi cantly smaller number of areas of leukocyte infi ltration, intensive vascularization from the formation of collagen fi bers with the participation of fi broblasts around the «Capromesh» mesh material in combination with PRP was established.Conclusions. The conducted micro- and ultrastructural studies determined the priority of using the «Capromesh» mesh in combination with PRP under the conditions of material selection when performing retromuscular allogeneoplasty.

CHANGES IN THE STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF CELLULAR COMPONENTS IN THE RETINAL LAYERS AND LINKS OF ITS HEMOMICOCIRCULATORY BED DURING THE CHRONIC PERIOD OF EXPERIMENTAL OPIOID EXPOSURE AND THE CORRECTION OF THESE CHANGES AT THE ULTRASTRUCTURAL LEVEL

Over the past twenty years, the experimental direction of research has been the most relevant in morphology to study the dynamics of the course of nosologies. In terms of the dynamics of the occurrence of pathomorphological manifestations at the cellular, tissue, organ, and organism levels, it off ers a larger variety of pathology investigations. The study of the retina in the norm and the processes of modifying its structural reorganisation under the eff ect of various nosologies are accorded high importance in the scientifi c literature written by both domestic and international professionals. Despite these eff orts, the problem of opioid retinopathy on prolonged experimental opioid exposure remains essential. It is still unknown, in particular, if the correction of the chronic period of experimental opioid exposure may stabilise pathomorphological symptoms in the retinal layers and linkages of its hemomycrocirculatory bed. The purpose of the research is to fi nd out the features of structural reorganization in the retinal layers and links of its hemomicrocirculatory bed in the chronic period of experimental opioid exposure and the correction of these changes with pentoxifylline.Material and methods. The research used 34 male, sexually mature, non-breeding rats that ranged in weight from 160 to 270 g and were 4.5 to 7.5 months old as its subject matter. The correction dose of pentoxifylline was 2.857 mg/kg. At the end of the 10th week, the material was taken for ultrastructural examination of the retina. Before the sampling of the experimental site material, the animal was withdrawn from the experiment using diethyl ether. The eyeballs of rats were used as a material for ultrastructural examination. Ultrastructural preparations were prepared according to the generally accepted method. As a result of our research of the retina at the end of the tenth week in rats, which were injected with an opioid for six weeks, and subsequently discontinued for four weeks, the phenomena of degeneration of the pigment epithelium, destruction of the membrane discs of the outer segments of the photoreceptors, degenerative changes in the inner segments of the photoreceptors, degenerative and necrotic changes of individual photoreceptors developed. Degeneration and necrosis processes were detected in bipolar and amacrine neurons. Rats were injected with the opioid for six weeks, with its cancellation and subsequent four-week correction with pentoxifylline. After ten weeks of the experiment, degenerative changes in the apical microvilli of the pigment epithelium, destruction of the membrane discs of the outer segments of the photoreceptors, degeneration of bipolar and amacrine neurons, moderately pronounced discirculatory changes, and reactive processes of glial elements were detected. In rats given an opioid for six weeks, followed by four weeks of an opioid with pentoxifylline administration, fl ushing, stasis, and perivascular oedema in the choroidal arteries were established ten weeks later. Degeneration and necrosis of the pigment epithelium, degeneration and destruction of the membrane discs of the outer segments of photoreceptors with separation of individual outer segments, degeneration of the inner segments of photoreceptors, degeneration and necrotic changes of photoreceptors, degeneration and necrotic changes of bipolar and amacryne neurons, Muller cells, degeneration of ganglion neurons, hyperemia, stasis and perivasal oedema in the vessels of the ganglion layer, the layer of nerve fi bers, in the inner mesh layer.

The effectiveness of using cocoa husks in the diet of broiler chickens

From the numerous lists, cocoa waste (husk, cocoa shell) is unconventional for Russian production. The value of the product lies in the content of pectin (10 %), amino acids, protein (27 %), fat (1,5-8,5 %) and dietary fi ber. It is obvious to search for alternative methods in the preparation of this raw material for feeding through the use of chemical and mechanical processing. The purpose of the research was a comparative assessment of the methods of preparation and use of cocoa production waste as part of the diet for the metabolism and productivity of broiler chickens. The experimental part of the work included laboratory experiments and scientifi c and economic experiments, as well as a production check, which was carried out in CJSC “Poultry Farm Orenburg” of the Orenburg region. In the cocoa husk treated with alkali in the amount of 45 g/kg, there was a decrease in the fi ber content from 21,5 to 10,5 % against the background of an increase in the amount of protein from 16,2 to 18,7 % and nitrogen-free extractive substances from 38,6 to 48,5 %, compared with the initial product. The processing did not have a signifi cant eff ect on the content of ash, crude fat and organic matter. Extrusion of cocoa husks treated with alkali had a beneficial effect on the availability of nutrients for digestive enzymes. At the same time, extrusion of processed raw materials with sodium hydroxide in an amount of 45 g/kg on average increased the availability of nutrients by 7–12 abs.%, the content of metabolic energy up to 10 %, compared with chemical processing of cocoa husks. As a result of production tests, the effectiveness of the use of cocoa husks (NaOH treatment 45 g/kg + extrusion) was established when replacing 5,0 % of the grain part in the diet of broiler chickens, which is confirmed by economic calculations and indicators of profitability of production.

Influence of different multienzyme drugs on the digestibility and absorption of nutrients by broiler chickens

Increasing the efficiency of the use of grain feeds and their processed products in the diets of highly productive poultry crosses is constrained by the presence of non-starchy polysaccharides in them, which themselves are practically not digested due to the lack of specifi c digestive enzymes in poultry. The problem is largely removed by the introduction of special feed enzymes having the appropriate activity. However, the question remains open about the eff ectiveness of certain multi enzyme compositions for the corresponding feed raw materials and the structure of diets. The purpose of the work was to study the infl uence of various multi enzyme drugs (Rovabio Excel, Akstra HAR and Vilzim) on the live weight, digestibility and absorption of nutrients of compound feed of boiler chickens. The scientifi c and economic experiment was carried out on broiler chickens of the cross Ross 308 at the Research Center for the safety and eff ectiveness of feed and additives of the Volgograd State Agrarian University. In order to conduct scientifi c and economic experiment, 4 groups of broiler chickens were formed (a control group and three experimental ones). The poultry were selected according to the method of analogues per 120 heads in each group. The live weight of experimental broiler chickens at the end of the rearing period (37 days) in the 1st experimental group was 2690,63 g, in the 2nd experimental 2719,40 g, and in the 3rd experimental 2676,11 g, which was higher than in the control by 7,53, 8,68 and 6,95 %, respectively. The use of multi enzyme drugs contributed to better digestion of nutrients by broiler chickens: crude protein by 0,66–2,14 abs.%, crude fi ber by 0,29–1,09 abs.%, crude fat by 0,29–1,18 abs.% and nitrogen-free extractive substances by 1,20–3,08 abs.%. The use of nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus by chickens of the experimental groups was higher in comparison with the control group by 0,93–3,19 abs.%, 0,65–1,86 abs.% and 0,45–1,26 abs.%, respectively. In order to increase the digestibility of feed nutrients and increase the live weight of the cross Ross 308 broilers, the enzyme additives Rovabio Excel, Akstra HAR and Vilzim should be used at a rate of 50 g, 100 g and 20 g per 1 ton of compound feed, respectively.