Fiber Length Variation Research Articles

The Influence of Fiber Length Distribution on Yarn Properties Based on Fiber Random Arrangement in the Yarn

ABSTRACT This study discussed the influence of fiber length distribution on yarn qualities (yarn irregularity and strength) based on simulation on fiber random arrangement. Yarn limit irregularity is expressed as the variation of total fiber length that could be found in each yarn subsection. Yarn strength is expressed as the total contributions that breaking and slipping fibers make to yarn strength. Fiber slippage or breakage depends on critical slipping length. Ramie yarns with different stretch-broken fiber lengths were introduced to verify the calculation. Results show that yarn limit irregularity is only dependent on average fiber length and is irrelevant with the distribution type of fiber length. Yarn limit irregularity rises slowly with the increase of average fiber length. Nevertheless, fiber length distribution has significant effect on yarn strength. When average fiber length and its variation are identical, the left deviated distribution may lead to a lower yarn strength, while the right deviated distribution may obtain a higher yarn strength. Therefore, understanding the influence of fiber length distribution on yarn properties will be helpful for selection of fiber length to produce high-quality yarns.

Extending a Nonlinear SNR Estimator to Include Shaping Distribution Identification for Probabilistically Shaped 64-QAM Signals

An estimation method for the nonlinear signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is extended to simultaneously identify the shaping distribution for rate-adaptive probabilistically shaped (PS) 64-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) constellations. An artificial neural network (ANN) is trained with the fiber nonlinearity induced amplitude noise covariance and phase noise correlation extracted from received symbols. The identification employs estimates of the nonlinear signal-to-noise ratio $(\text{SNR}_{nl})$ and nonlinear system coefficients obtained from the ANN to extract the standardized constellation moments and hence identify the shaping distribution. The data used for training are 504 input–output sets, which are obtained from a simplified MATLAB simulation for a 32 Gbaud dual polarization PS 64-QAM signal considering seven different shaping distributions and a wide range of link configurations with varying fiber lengths and number of wavelength division multiplexed channels. Validation using 180 input–output sets that include five shaping distributions corresponding to a bit rate granularity of 25 Gb/s for bit rates between 200 and 300 Gb/s, exhibits high identification success rates, albeit for a limited set of examples. Reduced success rates are achieved for five shaping distributions corresponding to a bit rate granularity of 12.5 Gb/s for bit rates between 200 and 250 Gb/s. For completeness, the identification success rate is also quantified for the case of all seven shaping distributions in the validation.

Genetic and transcriptomic dissection of the fiber length trait from a cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) MAGIC population

BackgroundImproving cotton fiber length without reducing yield is one of the major goals of cotton breeding. However, genetic improvement of cotton fiber length by breeding has been a challenge due to the narrow genetic diversity of modern cotton cultivars and negative correlations between fiber quality and yield traits. A multi-parent advanced generation inter-cross (MAGIC) population developed through random mating provides an excellent genetic resource that allows quantitative trait loci (QTL) and causal genes to be identified.ResultsAn Upland cotton MAGIC population, consisting of 550 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from eleven different cultivars, was used to identify fiber length QTLs and potential genes that contribute to longer fibers. A genome wide association study (GWAS) identified a cluster of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on chromosome (Chr.) D11 that is significantly associated with fiber length. Further evaluation of the Chr. D11 genomic region among lines of the MAGIC population detected that 90% of RILs have a D11 haplotype similar to the reference TM-1 genome (D11-ref), whereas 10% of RILs inherited an alternative haplotype from one of the parents (D11-alt). The average length of fibers of D11-alt RILs was significantly shorter compared to D11-ref RILs, suggesting that alleles in the D11-alt haplotype contributed to the inferior fiber quality. RNAseq analysis of the longest and shortest fiber length RILs from D11-ref and D11-alt populations identified 949 significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Gene set enrichment analysis revealed that different functional categories of genes were over-represented during fiber elongation between the four selected RILs. We found 12 genes possessing non-synonymous SNPs (nsSNPs) significantly associated with the fiber length, and three that were highly significant and were clustered at D11:24-Mb, including D11G1928, D11G1929 and D11G1931.ConclusionThe results of this study provide insights into molecular aspects of genetic variation in fiber length and suggests candidate genes for genetic manipulation for cotton improvement.

PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN SERAT LIMBAH BANNER TERHADAP KUAT LEKAT DAN MIKROSTRUKTUR BETON SERAT PASCA BAKAR SEBAGAI SUPLEMEN BAHAN AJAR MATA KULIAH TEKNOLOGI BETON

<p><em>The purpose of this study, 1) know how the addition of fiber length variation of banners and combustion temperature variations to bond strength post-burn concrete, 2) know the change of microstructures of concrete by the addition of fiber the waste banner on some variations of the length of the fiber and temperature variations pre and post-burn, 3) know optimum value the addition of fiber waste banner that will produce concrete with bond strength post-burn concrete maximum.This research using quantitative research methods with experimental approach. Variables that affect in this study is 1) free variables include the addition of long fiber waste banner that is 3 cm, 6 cm, 9 cm and in the amount of 0.2% of the weight of the concrete and the temperature variation of combustion that is room temperature (28 ˚ C), 200 ˚ C ˚ C, 300, and 400 ˚ C, 2) variable bound to include bond strength and microstructures of concrete due to variations in the length of the fiber waste banner and combustion temperature variations. Research results as follows 1) addition of long fiber waste banner resulting in a decrease in the temperature of 300 ˚ C and rise at a temperature of 400 ˚ C, 2) change in microstructures of concrete with addition of waste fiber banner on some variations of the length of the fiber and combustion temperature variations can be seen from the pores and cracks in the concrete post-burn that looks more than concrete pre-burn, 3) addition of long fiber waste banner that generates maximum value bond strength the concrete post-burn occurred at the addition of long fiber waste banner 3 cm with combustion temperatures 200 ˚ C.</em></p>

Longitudinal and Transverse Variation in the Physical Properties of Wood Red Tauari

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to study the fiber length variation, retractability and basic density, in the core-bark direction and along the heig of the red tauari wood (Cariniana micrantha Ducke). The stem was evaluated in the discs, from core to bark, corresponding to 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%. At the commercial height of the tree the evaluation was carried out in the Base, DBH, 50%, 75% and 100%. Three trees were collected and 5 discs of 12 cm of thickness were taken from each tree the heights: Base, DAP, 50%, 75% and 100%. Results indicated that the fiber length increases in the radial direction core-bark and decreases in the longitudinal direction, from base to top. The analysis of the basic density varied in the core-bark direction, with tendency to increase from the position of 50% (heartwood), then decreasing in the sapwood region. Total volumetric and linear contractions decreased in the core-bark direction.

Reference Phase Stabilizer for Distributed Underwater Sonar Systems.

An optical fiber is a promising approach for data and clock transmission in distributed underwater sonar systems. However, synchronization is a critical challenge in distributed sonar systems, which mandates accurate clock synchronization down to a sub degree. Potential phase misalignment is caused by fiber length variations. In this paper, we propose a fiber-based phase stabilizer method to achieve accurate clock synchronization among sensor nodes. We use fiber-based feedback loop between sensor nodes and central station unit to monitor phase variations. Subsequently, we leverage phase shifters symmetrically arranged on the forward lane and feedback lane to compensate real-time phase variation and maintain high-precision synchronization. Besides, an ambiguity eliminator circuit is designed to remove the clock’s cyclic ambiguity. Both analysis and experimental results suggest that the proposed phase stabilizer can achieve 10 MHz reference clock synchronization within 0.4 degree. We also analyze the impact of the reference clock’s phase error on the system range detection accuracy, which indicates that the proposed phase stabilizer can greatly improve detection accuracy of sonar systems.

Nonlinear Signal-to-Noise Ratio Estimation in Coherent Optical Fiber Transmission Systems Using Artificial Neural Networks

For high symbol rate fiber optic networks, the estimation and monitoring of time varying link performance parameters are critical for delivering optimal network performance. In this paper, a method is presented for estimating the nonlinear signal-to-noise ratio ${\text{(SNR}}_{{\text{nl}}})$ using an artificial neural network (ANN). The ANN is trained with the fiber nonlinearity induced amplitude noise covariance and phase noise correlation extracted from received symbols. The data used for training are simulation results for a 34.5 Gbaud dual polarization 16-ary quadrature amplitude modulation signal transmitted over a wide range of link configurations with varying fiber types and number of wavelength division multiplexed channels. Using 734 input-output sets, high accuracy is demonstrated for training, testing, and validation for simulation data with a maximum normalized root-mean-square error of 0.37% for ${\text{SNR}}_{{\text{nl}}}$ . Validation using experimental data exhibits less than 0.25 dB deviation from the true ${\text{SNR}}_{{\text{nl}}}$ for estimates obtained with varying fiber length and launch power.

Simulation of a multimode fiber interferometer using averaged characteristics approach

A new method of analytical representation and numerical simulation of multimode fiber interferometer signals is developed. A system of averaged normalized characteristics, called amplitude and spectral characteristics, is introduced for this end. Interferometer signals generated by fiber length variation or laser frequency modulation were investigated at various parameters of the fiber. Joint usage of amplitude and spectral characteristics proved to substantially broaden the dynamical range of measurements of weak and strong external disturbances of the fiber. The method may be used for analysis and design of various optical sensor schemes with multimode fiber interferometers. It is also usable for estimating modal noise characteristics in optical systems with undesirable effects of intermodal interference.

Studi Pengaruh Penambahan Serabut Kelapa Terhadap Karakteristik Marshall Pada Campuran Aspal Porus

Porous asphalt is a solution to avoid puddles on the road because it has a pore large enough to drain the surface water. However, porous asphalt has low stability, so it is necessary to improve the Marshall stability on a porous asphalt mixture. The purpose of this research is to know the optimum composition of the asphalt content, the coconut fiber content and the coconut fiber length and to determine whether or not there is an effect of adding coconut fiber to the Marshall properties on a porous asphalt mixture. In this study, the treatment used is by making porous asphalt mixture with a variation of the asphalt content of 4%, 5% and 6% and a variation of the coconut fiber content of 0.5%, 0.75% and 1% and a variation of the coconut fiber length of 2.5 mm 5 mm and 7.5 mm to determine the optimum composition of the porous asphalt mixture. The gradation standard used in this study is the Australian Asphalt Gradient Standard and for its specifications using the Marshall characteristics of the Australian Standard (AAPA). Using the response surface method, the optimum value for the asphalt content is 4% and the optimum value of the coconut fiber is 0.75%. The addition of coconut fiber was able to increase the MQ value by 119% from 112.56 kg / mm to 246.64 kg / mm and the stability value 61.56% from 388.32 kg to 627.38 kg. However, the addition of coconut fibers decrease the VIM rate by 18.6% from 20.27% to 18.6% and the flow value by 20% from 3.24 mm to 2.7 mm. These values meet the requirements of porous asphalt’s Marshall characteristics for Australian gradation standard. It is necessary to do a further research using other gradation standard.

Cascaded Cross-Phase Modulation Instability in the Normal Dispersion Regime of a Birefringent Tellurite Microstructured Optical Fiber

Cascaded cross-phase modulation instability (XPMI) is experimentally observed in the normal dispersion regime of a birefringent tellurite microstructured optical fiber (BTMOF). At the average pump power of ∼33 mW, cascaded XPMI with nine stokes sidebands and six antistokes sidebands is observed in a 3-m BTMOF. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of cascaded XPMI in nonsilica optical fibers. The influence of fiber length variation on the evolution of cascaded XPMI is investigated by using a 0.3-m BTMOF. At the same pump power, cascaded XPMI with only eight stokes sidebands and five antistokes sidebands is observed. This is because shorter fiber length leads to lower nonlinear effect, which in turn induces less obvious XPMI effect.

Approach for temperature-insensitive strain measurement using a dual-core As2Se3-PMMA taper.

A temperature-insensitive strain sensor is proposed and demonstrated based on a dual-core As2Se3-polymethyl methacrylate(PMMA) taper. Longitudinal and transverse forces on the As2Se3 cores are induced by thermal expansion/contraction of the PMMA cladding due to an order of magnitude difference between the thermal expansion coefficients of As2Se3 and PMMA. At an optimal PMMA layer thickness, the wavelength shift caused by the thermally induced forces on the refractive index of the dual-core fiber cores counterbalances that caused by the thermally induced fiber length variation leading to temperature-insensitive transmission. Temperature-insensitive strain measurement over a temperature range from 30°C to 40°C is demonstrated in a dual-core As2Se3-PMMA fiber with an As2Se3 core diameter of 0.61μm and a PMMA cladding diameter of 34.4μm. Thermally induced forces in hybrid fibers open the path towards the realization of novel sensors and devices that are immune to temperature fluctuations.

The influence of fiber content and length on mechanical and water absorption properties of Calotropis Gigantea fiber reinforced epoxy composites

This work deals with the investigation of mechanical properties and water absorption behavior of Calotropis Gigantea fiber reinforced epoxy composites prepared by using compression molding technique. The experiments were carried out by varying fiber length (10, 20, and 30 mm) and volume fraction (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30%). In addition to this, the water absorption behavior was analyzed at different climatic temperatures of 10℃, 40℃, and 70℃. The composites reinforced with 25% in volume of Calotropis Gigantea fiber showed better tensile, flexural, and impact properties. The hardness value and water absorption rate are higher for composites reinforced with 30% in volume of 30-mm Calotropis Gigantea fibers. Moreover, by increasing the bath temperature, the water absorption rate associated to this class of composite increases.

Interrogation of Ultra-Weak FBG Array Using Double-Pulse and Heterodyne Detection

A high performance interrogation method for ultra-weak fiber Bragg grating (UWFBG) using double-pulse and a heterodyne detection method is proposed. The perturbation along the UWFBG array is located quickly through the use of double-pulsed optical input waveform. Then, the perturbation of fiber is quantified precisely by demodulating the phase of differential signals from a heterodyne configuration. The efficiency of measuring the perturbation is improved by more than 20 times than that of using a single probe pulse. In comparison with the conventional Rayleigh scattering-based approach, the proposed method is supreme in signal-to-noise ratio, approximately 18 dB higher. The use of differential signaling method can effectively remove the influence from frequency drift of the laser source, making this proposed method capable of measuring low frequency vibration. In our experiment, perturbations with both sinusoidal and triangle waveform were generated to quantitatively evaluate the performance of the proposed method. The minimum detectable fiber length variation is 14.63 nm, and the sensing frequency can be as low as 0.2 Hz.

Erosion performance studies on sansevieria cylindrica reinforced vinylester composite

The intent of the research is to study the erosion behaviour of NaOH treated and untreated sansevieria cylindrica reinforced vinyl ester composites (SCVEC). The SCVEC was fabricated by varying fiber length as 30 mm and 40 mm and the fiber concentration as 30 wt%, 40 wt% and 50 wt% respectively for both NaOH treated and untreated sansevieria cylindrica fibres. The fabricated SCVEC was subjected to erosion studies using abrasive air jet erosion test rig. Full factorial design of experiment for conducting the erosion studies was made using Taguchi technique. The erosion test process variables like impingement angle 30°, 60° and 90°, impact velocity 28, 41 and 72 m s−1, erodent feed rate or discharge 2.5, 3.3 and 4 g min−1 and exposure time 5, 10 and 15 min were used to study the erosion rate of the SCVEC specimen. From the Taguchi analysis the optimized erosion process parameter and fabrication process parameters were found to be as fiber length 30 mm, NaOH treated fiber, fiber content 40 wt.%, impingement angle 90°, impact velocity 41 m s−1, erodent discharge 4 g min−1 and exposure time 15 min. Further, the erosion mechanism on the surface of the eroded SCVEC specimen was studied using Scanning electron microscope (SEM).

Dynamic Vibrational Analysis on Areca Sheath fibre reinforced bio composites by Fast Fourier Analysis

Natural fibre reinforced bio composites [6] are good alternative for conventional materials. Natural fibres are cheaper in cost, environmental friendly and biodegradable. In this project work the effect of varying fibre length is studied and Fast Fourier Technique is used for the analysis of dynamic frequency response. The naturally extracted areca sheath fibres are used as a reinforcement and epoxy L – 12 is used as polymer matrix. Fabrication is done by using hand lay-up method and compression molding technique at 100 – 110 bar pressure and 140 – 150°C temperature. Each specimen is cured for 24 h and then test specimens were cut according to ASTM standards i.e., 150 X 150 mm in length and breadth. The dynamic frequency response of specimens with varying fibre length of 29, 27 and 25 mm and thickness 4, 3.5 and 2 mm is obtained by modal analysis. Finite Element Analysis for all specimens is carried out by ANSYS 14.5 and results are compared with the experimental values. These natural areca fibre reinforced polymer matrix composites are defined for particular applications based up on the mechanical and vibrational characteristics obtain from the experimental results.

Tensile behaviour analysis of compacted clayey soil reinforced with natural and synthetic fibers: effect of initial compaction conditions

In this paper, the technique of soil reinforcement using short and randomly distributed fibres was proposed in order to evaluate its effect on tensile behaviour of compacted clayey soil. For that purpose, a new test method was developed using a specially designed direct tensile test apparatus. The device allows an inside compaction without any soil disturbance, suited particularly for sensitive samples with high-water contents. The efficiency of natural and synthetic fibres on improving tensile-strain characteristics of compacted-reinforced clay were first evaluated by varying fibre length and content. Pull-out tests were carried out on the different types of fibres, then SEM and EDS analysis were used to identify the interaction nature of the fibre and the soil matrix. The effect of initial water content and dry density was then investigated. The results indicated that, for some range of initial water content and dry density, short fibres can significantly improve tensile-strain characteristics of the reinforced soil by delaying crack initiation and reducing its propagation velocity. Moreover, longer natural fibres were found more effective than synthetic ones in restraining tensile cracks. Various fibre avoidance mode of crack growth were analysed and associated mechanisms were discussed.

Impact of optical modulation formats on 10 G/2.5 G asymmetric XG-PON system

In this paper, simulative analysis of 2.5G/10G asymmetric Passive optical network (XG-PON) system has been carried out for 33% Return-to-Zero (33% RZ), 50% Return- to-Zero (50%RZ) and Carrier Suppressed Return- to-Zero (CS-RZ) modulation formats. The XG-PON system has been analysed by varying fiber length in order to find the optimum modulation format for asymmetric XG-PON optical transmission system. The result has been compared for these modulation formats for downstream and upstream data in terms of Q-Factor and eye opening. It has also been observed that the performance of asymmetric XG-PON system is severely limited by polarization mode dispersion (PMD) and non linear effects and is determined that CS-RZ format provides best performance as compared to RZ modulation format.

Identification of candidate genes for fiber length quantitative trait loci through RNA-Seq and linkage and physical mapping in cotton

BackgroundCotton (Gossypium spp.) fibers are single-celled elongated trichomes, the molecular aspects of genetic variation in fiber length (FL) among genotypes are currently unknown. In this study, two backcross inbred lines (BILs), i.e., NMGA-062 (“Long”) and NMGA-105 (“Short”) with 32.1 vs. 27.2 mm in FL, respectively, were chosen to perform RNA-Seq on developing fibers at 10 days post anthesis (DPA). The two BILs differed in 4 quantitative trait loci (QTL) for FL and were developed from backcrosses between G. hirsutum as the recurrent parent and G. barbadense.ResultsIn total, 51.7 and 54.3 million reads were obtained and assembled to 49,508 and 49,448 transcripts in the two genotypes, respectively. Of 1551 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the two BILs, 678 were up-regulated and 873 down-regulated in “Long”; and 703 SNPs were identified in 339 DEGs. Further physical mapping showed that 8 DEGs were co-localized with the 4 FL QTL identified in the BIL population containing the two BILs. Four SNP markers in 3 DEGs that showed significant correlations with FL were developed. Among the three candidate genes encoding for proline-rich protein, D-cysteine desulfhydrase, and thaumatin-like protein, a SNP of thaumatin-like protein gene showed consistent correlations with FL across all testing environments.ConclusionsThis study represents one of the first investigations of positional candidate gene approach of QTL in cotton in integrating transcriptome and SNP identification based on RNA-Seq with linkage and physical mapping of QTL and genes, which will facilitate eventual cloning and identification of genes responsible for FL QTL. The candidate genes may serve as the foundation for further in-depth studies of the molecular mechanism of natural variation in fiber elongation.

Properties of discontinuous S2-glass fiber-particulate-reinforced resin composites with two different fiber length distributions

PurposeTo investigate the reinforcing efficiency and light curing properties of discontinuous S2-glass fiber-particulate reinforced resin composite and to examine length distribution of discontinuous S2-glass fibers after a mixing process into resin composite. MethodsExperimental S2-glass fiber-particulate reinforced resin composites were prepared by mixing 10wt% of discontinuous S2-glass fibers, which had been manually cut into two different lengths (1.5 and 3.0mm), with various weight ratios of dimethacrylate based resin matrix and silaned BaAlSiO2 filler particulates. The resin composite made with 25wt% of UDMA/SR833s resin system and 75wt% of silaned BaAlSiO2 filler particulates was used as control composite which had similar composition as the commonly used resin composites. Flexural strength (FS), flexural modulus (FM) and work of fracture (WOF) were measured. Fractured specimens were observed by scanning electron microscopy. Double bond conversion (DC) and fiber length distribution were also studied. ResultsReinforcement of resin composites with discontinuous S2-glass fibers can significantly increase the FS, FM and WOF of resin composites over the control. The fibers from the mixed resin composites showed great variation in final fiber length. The mean aspect ratio of experimental composites containing 62.5wt% of particulate fillers and 10wt% of 1.5 or 3.0mm cutting S2-glass fibers was 70 and 132, respectively. No difference was found in DC between resin composites containing S2-glass fibers with two different cutting lengths. ConclusionDiscontinuous S2-glass fibers can effectively reinforce the particulate-filled resin composite and thus may be potential to manufacture resin composites for high-stress bearing application.

Study on length distribution of ramie fibers

The extra-long length of ramie fibers and the high variation in fiber length has a negative impact on the spinning processes. In order to better study the feature of ramie fiber length, in this research, the probability density function of the mixture model applied in the characterization of cotton fiber length was used to fit the ramie fiber length distribution tested by the Y131 wool fiber comb stapling sorter. Furthermore, the generation of ramie fiber length distribution with the commonly used ramie fiber length parameters was also studied, and it was concluded that ramie fiber length distribution could be generated by the corresponding tested fiber length parameters.