Fiber Array Research Articles

Confirmation of the Absence of Contact Between Edge Boundary Plasma and Inboard First Wall in LHD Discharges Based on Radial Profile Measurement of Hβ Line Emissions

In the Large Helical Device (LHD), a high-performance plasma has been obtained at the inwardly shifted magnetic axis position of Rax = 3.60 m in which a spatial distance between the first wall on the vacuum vessel and the outermost edge boundary of the stochastic magnetic field layer existing outside the last closed flux surface takes a minimum value of ~12 mm at the inboard side. In order to investigate contact between the edge plasma boundary and the inboard first wall, a radial profile of Hβ line emissions at 4861 Å has been measured using a Czerny-Turner visible spectrometer and a 40-channel optical fiber array. All Hβ profiles measured at different magnetic axis positions of Rax = 3.60, 3.75, and 3.90 m showed a centrally peaked profile except for a few fiber channels observing the outboard edge plasma. The Hβ emission near the inboard first wall was negligibly weak, in particular, in the case of Rax = 3.60 m, suggesting no significant contact between the edge boundary plasma and the vacuum vessel first wall. The radial Hβ profile was then analyzed in detail using the EMC3-EIRENE edge plasma simulation code. The simulation well reproduced the measured profiles, including the extremely weak Hβ emission around the inboard first wall in the Rax = 3.60 m configuration. The centrally peaked profiles are found to originate in the Hβ emissions around X-points, while hydrogen neutrals are dominantly localized near the divertor plates. These results confirm the formation of a complete open divertor configuration in the LHD discharge without significant contact with the first wall. The presence of a region with extremely short magnetic field connection lengths (Lc < 5 m) between the inboard first wall and the outermost edge boundary is a key point to eliminate the strong plasma-wall interaction because sustainment of a significant edge plasma is entirely difficult in such a low Lc region.

On mixing rules for the hydraulic permeability of fiber mixtures

AbstractWe perform numerical simulations of Stokes flow through ordered arrays of fibers of square cross‐section. The results for the permeability of single‐size‐fiber arrays are in very good agreement with the well‐known correlation of Jackson and James, provided that an effective radius of equivalent cylindrical fibers is used with the same cross‐sectional area. Then, we consider arrays of mixtures of different‐sized fibers and test several mixing rules, proposed for estimating the composite permeability. The two most well‐known, namely, the unweighted‐ and the volume‐averaged resistivity rules give good predictions for not too large size‐ratios, yet they systematically overestimate and underestimate the numerical results, respectively. Then, it appears almost self‐evident that a combination of the above two mixing rules would provide a better prediction. Indeed, the geometric mean gives excellent agreement with the numerical results over an extended range of size ratios and relative volume fractions.

Fabric-inspired thermoelectric two-dimensional imaging array based on carbon nanotube

A thermal imaging array can be a convenient tool for health monitoring and security applications. In this work, a two-dimensional wearable thermal imaging sensor array design comprised of the carbon nanotube (CNT) harnessing thermoelectric effect is proposed. The proposed sensor device was constructed of an array of p-type CNT fibers that are woven across another array of n-type CNT fibers in the similar manner fibers that are woven in textile fabric. Electromagnetic (EM) wave emitted from the subject of detection increases the temperature of certain array nodes of the sensor device, which causes voltage differences between different p–n fiber junctions. Mapping the voltages of all the p–n junctions, thermal images of the subject can be obtained. Though there is a trade-off between responsivity and detection resolution, our proposed sensor can provide a responsivity of 57 V/W for a nanowatt range EM power source with submicrometer level detection resolution according to our calculation. Moreover, we theoretically investigated the effect of the junction distance in the sensor and the size of the hotspot on the resultant thermoelectric voltage.

Anticancer mechanism of 7-α-hydroxyfrullanolide on microtubules and computational prediction of its target binding in triple-negative breast cancer cells.

BackgroundTriple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) responds poorly to the available drugs; thus, the mortality rate associated with TNBC remains high. 7-α-Hydroxyfrullanolide (7HF) possesses anticancer properties and arrests cells in the G2/M-phase via modulation of several proteins involved in the G2/M-phase transition, as well as the mitotic checkpoint in MDA-MB-468 (TNBC) cells. Microtubules (MTs) dynamically regulate cell division in the G2/M phase and are related to cancer cell stress response. However, antimitotic drug cytotoxicity to multiple cancer resistance developed in response to drugs are obstacles faced to date. Here, the activity and mechanism via which 7HF controls MTs dynamics was investigated in MDA-MB-468 cells.Methods7HF uptake by MDA-MB-468 cells was assessed using spectrophotometry. The drug-like properties of 7HF were predicted using the Swiss-absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) webtool. Then, the effect of 7HF treatment (6, 12, and 24 µM) on the dynamic arrangement of MTs was assessed for 1, 12, and 24 h using indirect immunofluorescence. Polymerization of α- and β-tubulin was assessed using different 7HF concentrations in a cell-free system for 1 h. Cell proliferation assay with bromodeoxyuridine plus propidium iodide staining and flow cytometry was performed at different 7HF concentrations and time points. The mechanism of action was assessed by detecting the expression of proteins, including Bub3, cyclin B1, p-Cdk1 (Tyr15), Rb, p-Rb (Ser780), Chk1, p-Chk1 (Ser345), Chk2, p-Chk2 (Ser516), and p-H2AX (Ser139), using western blotting. Molecular docking was used to predict the molecular interactions between 7HF and tubulins in MTs.ResultsWe observed that 7HF was able to enter the MDA-MB-468 cells. The ADME webtool analysis predicted that it possesses the high passive permeation and gastrointestinal absorption properties of drugs. Various concentrations of 7HF disrupted the dynamic arrangement of spindle MTs by causing radial spindle array shrinkage and expansion of fibrous spindle density and radial array lengths in a time-dependent manner. 7HF reduced polymerization of α-, β-tubulin in dose-dependent manner. 7HF also triggered DNA damage response by inducing G2/M and G1 phase arrests in a concentration and time-dependent manner, which occurred due to the upregulation of Bub3, Chk1, p-Chk1 (Ser345), p-Cdk1 (Tyr15), and cyclin B1. According to molecular docking analysis, 7HF preferred to bind to β-tubulin over α-tubulin. The lactone, ketone, and hydroxyl groups of 7HF supported the 7HF-tubulin interactions. Hydrogen bonding with a hydrocarbon ring and salt bridge attractive forces were responsible for the binding versatility of 7HF.ConclusionsThis is the first study to investigate the molecular mechanism, MTs interacting sites, and the internalization and drug-like properties of 7HF in TNBC cells. The findings will be useful for developing 7HF-based treatment for patients with TNBC.

Bioinspired Robust Water Repellency in High Humidity by Micro-meter-Scaled Conical Fibers: Toward a Long-Time Underwater Aerobic Reaction.

Superhydrophobic surfaces have suffered from being frequently penetrated by micro-/nano-droplets in high humidity, which severely deteriorates their water repellency. So far, various biological models for the high water repellency have been reported, which, however, focused mostly on the structural topology with less attention on the dimension character. Here, we revealed a common dimension character of the superhydrophobic fibrous structures of both Gerris legs and Argyroneta abdomens, featured as the conical topology and the micro-meter-scaled cylindrical diameter. In particular, it can be expressed by using a parameter of rp/l > 0.75 μm (r, l, and p are the radius, length, and apex spacing between fibers, respectively). Drawing inspiration, we developed a superhydrophobic micro-meter-scaled conical fiber array with a rather high rp/l value of 0.85 μm, which endows ultra-high water repellency even in high humidity. The micro-meter-scale asymmetric confined space between fibers enables generating a big difference in the Laplace pressure enough to propel the condensed dews away, while the tips help pin the air pocket underwater with a rather long life over 41 days. Taking advantage, we demonstrated a sustainable underwater aerobic reaction where oxygen was continuously supplied from the trapped air pocket by a gradually diffusing process. As a parameter describing both the dimension character and structural topology, the rp/l offers a new perspective for fabricating superhydrophobic fibrous materials with robust water repellency in high humidity, which inspires the innovative underwater devices with a robust anti-wetting performance.

Preparation of Ba(1−x)SrxTiO3 fiber arrays and influence on its dielectric properties

In this paper, the Ba[Formula: see text]Sr[Formula: see text]TiO3 (BST) fiber arrays in an orderly manner were successfully fabricated by electrospinning. The arrangement of the fiber arrays and their dielectric properties at different rotation speeds were investigated. The microstructure, phase composition and dielectric properties of the fabricated fiber arrays were detected via field-emission scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction and automatic component analyzer. The results indicated that the orientation of the BST fiber arrays could be affected by the drum rotational speed variation of the roller receiver. The orientation degree of the BST fiber arrays increased and the diameter of the BST fiber arrays decreased with the increasing of the drum rotational speed. With the content of polyvinylpyrrolidone at 8% and the speed of 1000 r/min, the orientation degree of the BST fiber arrays gets a better state and the best dielectric constant of 104. Moreover, the ferroelectric performance of BST fiber arrays in ambient and cryogenic environments has a maxima Curie temperature of [Formula: see text]C.

Innovative wicking and interfacial evaluation of carbon fiber (CF)/Epoxy composites by CF tow capillary glass tube method (TCGTM) with Tripe-CF fragmentation test

For improvement of mechanical property and manufacturing efficiency of fiber reinforced composites, wettability, which was affected by temperature, viscosity, the pressure of resin injection, fiber volume fraction, fiber array, and so on, was important factor, which had been focused many researchers. Although the wettability during manufacturing processing was usually evaluated by the permeability, it does not contain the surface energies for the fiber and matrix. Using innovative CF tow capillary glass tube method (TCGTM), this study investigated the wetting, wicking and interfacial properties for three type CFs reinforced epoxy composites combined with a triple-fiber fragmentation test. The CFs TCGTM was performed to evaluate wettability and wicking of CF tow with epoxy resin by measuring height of impregnated epoxy front in capillary tube more practically. After curing the specimens, contact angle between CF and epoxy was measured using FE-SEM photos directly. Wetting and wicking were also evaluated by measuring the impregnated length of epoxy droplets on CF tow, and compared with result by CF TCGTM. From all of the relating tests, the 50C type CF exhibited better wetting and wicking than 60E type CF and the desized CF. Interfacial shear strength (IFSS) were evaluated using a triple-fiber fragmentation test for three different type CFs. Better IFSS of the 50C type CF was consistent with wetting and wicking results by CFs TCGTM. A new innovative CF TCGTM can be applicable for conventional CF reinforced epoxy composites more practically by combining with micromechanical test for the IFSS between single CF and epoxy mainly.

An angular-resolved scattered-light diagnostic for laser-plasma instability studies

We developed an angular-resolved scattered-light diagnostic station (ARSDS) to extend the study of laser-plasma instabilities (LPIs) by simultaneously diagnosing their features at different angles in a single shot. The ARSDS angularly samples the scattered light using an array of fibers with flexible setups. The collected light is detected with an imaging spectrometer, a streaked spectrometer, or a fiber-optic spectrometer to provide time-integrated/time-resolved spectral information. The ARSDS was implemented at Shenguang-II Upgrade laser facility for the double-cone ignition campaigns. Preliminary results confirm the importance of an angular-resolved detection due to the angular dependence of LPI processes, such as stimulated Raman scattering.

Multi-mechanism theory of aerosol capture by fibrous filters, including fiber diameter/orientation dispersity and particle morphology effects. Preliminary tests vs. data for mobility-selected submicron particles

In Paper I (Sep. Purif. Technol. 257 (2021) 117676) we showed that a semi-analytic, multi-mechanism expression for the single-fiber capture fraction, ηcap,SF, (derived using asymptotically valid approximations: Ref<0.4, Pef≫1, R≪1, R⋅Pef1/3 arbitrary and Stkp≤Stkpcrit), facilitates a deterministic-, pseudo-continuum aerosol population-balance (PB-) approach to predicting fibrous filter performance. There we explicitly considered “deep” (Lf/df,g≫1), low solidity idealized fibrous filters (FFs) challenged by polydispersed aerosols—especially single-mode log-normal (LN) ASDs of modest spread captured by a spatially uniform array of fibers of a single diameter in crossflow. However, realistic fibrous filter media often possess a LN distribution of fiber diameters, as well as a near-Gaussian orientation distribution narrowly spread about normal incidence (θ=π/2). Moreover, even if this were not so, there would be meso-scale departures from a uniform average fiber solid fraction. We show here that our tractable aerosol PBE-approach to idealized FF performance (Paper I) can be generalized to incorporate these particular structural features of commercially available fibrous filter media. But, to clarify whether these generalizations are likely to be useful, if not fully sufficient, for practical circumstances, it is also necessary to compare such methods/predictions against selected sets of well-defined experimental results. We initiate this program here, having chosen the recent experiments of Kang et al. (2019) carried out using a commercially available fiberglass filter with Lf/df,g≃300, mean solid fraction of 0.039, and df,g=2.5μm, successively challenged by mobility-selected KCl(s) particles (with diameters between ca. 20 and 600nm) at the carrier gas velocities of 15 and 10 cm/s—capture conditions dominated by the transport mechanism of Brownian diffusion and convection, with “interception” (associated with non-negligible dp/df) becoming important above ca. dp=100nm. We conclude from these data that the effective interception diameter, dp,icpt,eff, of the particles studied is systematically larger than their stated mobility diameters—a situation which will deserve further attention in future studies. Encouraged by these preliminary but instructive comparisons, we expect that, for many current and future design purposes, our present class of semi-analytic/non-stochastic/multi-mechanism methods will provide a welcome complement, if not alternative, to much more computationally-intensive simulation methods for realistic fibrous media that have been described and implemented in the recent aerosol filtration literature. The consequences of including these structural features of fibrous filters in the presence of aerosol size- and shape polydispersity will be the subject of future studies, based on the generalized Population Balance Equation developed/proposed in Section 3.3.

12 Gbit/s indoor optical wireless communication system with ultrafast beam-steering using tunable VCSEL.

Optical wireless communication (OWC) using line-of-sight connections has great application potential for indoor scenes due to its advantages of high data transmission speed and privacy. In our proposed system, we use infrared tunable vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) as light source, array waveguide gratings (AWG) combined with 6 × 6 integrated optical fiber arrays as a router to realize ultrafast beam-steering and high capacity point-to-point data transmission, which makes the indoor OWC system compact, low-cost, and easy to install. The high tuning rate of VCSEL enables the channel switching to be completed within 1.7 µs. Based on the modulation format of non-return-to-zero on-off keying (NRZ-OOK), a data rate of 12 Gbit/s per channel can be realized with high sensitivity through 3.1 m free space when the detected optical power is low. The system is proved to be a flexible link with high-speed communication for mobile terminals in a limited space.

Sex-Specific Patterns of Body Mass Index Relationship with White Matter Connectivity.

Background:Obesity is an increasingly recognized modifiable risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Increased body mass index (BMI) is related to distinct changes in white matter (WM) fiber density and connectivity.Objective:We investigated whether sex differentially affects the relationship between BMI and WM structural connectivity.Methods:A cross-sectional sample of 231 cognitively normal participants were enrolled from the Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center. Connectome analyses were done with diffusion data reconstructed using q-space diffeomorphic reconstruction to obtain the spin distribution function and tracts were selected using a deterministic fiber tracking algorithm.Results:We identified an inverse relationship between higher BMI and lower connectivity in the associational fibers of the temporal lobe in overweight and obese men. Normal to overweight women showed a significant positive association between BMI and connectivity in a wide array of WM fibers, an association that reversed in obese and morbidly obese women. Interaction analyses revealed that with increasing BMI, women showed higher WM connectivity in the bilateral frontoparietal and parahippocampal parts of the cingulum, while men showed lower connectivity in right sided corticostriatal and corticopontine tracts. Subgroup analyses demonstrated comparable results in participants with and without positron emission tomography or cerebrospinal fluid evidence of brain amyloidosis, indicating that the relationship between BMI and structural connectivity in men and women is independent of AD biomarker status.Conclusion:BMI influences structural connectivity of WM differently in men and women across BMI categories and this relationship does not vary as a function of preclinical AD.

Polypeptoid-Assisted Formation of Supramolecular Architectures from Folic Acid for Targeted Cancer Therapy with Enhanced Efficacy.

In recent years, much research has focused on assemblies formed by charged polyelectrolytes via electrostatic interactions in aqueous solutions as they have the potential to be used in a variety of biomedical applications. In this study, we analyzed supramolecular architectures fabricated from poly(N-allyl glycine) modified with cysteamine (PNAG-NH2) and folic acid (FA) via electrostatic interactions. The PNAG-NH2/FA complex exhibits a reversible pH-responsive morphological transformation from vesicles (pH = 7.0) to nanofibers (pH = 5.0). Besides, we demonstrated that homopolypeptoids electrostatically interact with FA, thereby facilitating ribbon- and disk-like H-bonded FA patterns and inducing the formation of vesicle nanostructures and fiber arrays, respectively. Additionally, we systematically studied the influence of the degree of polymerization of the polymers, concentration, charge mixing ratio, and type of the polymer and the small-molecule acid on the assemblies. We show the superior stability of the polypeptoid/FA complex as compared to those based on other polymers. We established that the polypeptoid/FA complex exhibits a superior stability than those based on other polymers. By applying these beneficial properties, we encapsulated the anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) in the complex vesicle to obtain a pH-induced drug carrier. Cytotoxicity studies and internalization assays revealed that the DOX-loaded PNAG-NH2/FA complex vesicles display an enhanced therapeutic efficacy via typical FA-folate receptor-mediated endocytosis in vitro.

Rapid photolithographic fabrication of high density optical interconnects using refractive index contrast polymers

We have developed new polymer optical interconnect materials that we term refractive index contrast (RIC) polymers that are ideally suited to a wide variety of photonic interconnect applications as the refractive index can be tuned over the range of n = 1.42 to 1.56, while index contrast Δn can be precisely tuned through composition and ultraviolet exposure; the waveguides can be directly patterned in dry films with no wet or dry etching processes required. RIC polymer interconnects thus have the ability to access numerous photonic platforms, including silicon photonic chips, ion-exchange (IOX) glass optical substrates, and optical fiber arrays. We demonstrate for the first time efficient single-mode polymer interconnect fabrication via a maskless lithography approach that exhibits low loss adiabatic coupling (∼1.5dB at 1550nm) to IOX waveguides through the formation of grayscale tapers.

A study for the longitudinal permeability of fibrous porous media with consideration of electroviscous effects

We investigate theoretically the longitudinal permeability for the electroviscous flow through one-dimensional (1D) fibrous porous media with orderly and disorderly fiber arrays. The structures of fibrous porous media are idealized as circular unit cells. In the cell, the dimensionless net charge density is given by solving the linearized Poisson-Boltzmann equation, and is approximated as 1 by detailed discussions. Based on the approximate value of the net charge density, circular unit cell and Voronoi Tessellation method, we propose mathematical models for the longitudinal permeability with considering electroviscous effects. The effects of the fiber volume fraction, fiber radius and electroviscous resistance number on the longitudinal permeability are analyzed in detail. Moreover, there are good agreements between the present predictions and these results from the literatures.

First Results from the Thomson Scattering Diagnostic on the Large Plasma Device

We present the first Thomson scattering measurements of electron density and temperature in the Large Plasma Device (LAPD), a 22 m long magnetized linear plasma device at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA). The diagnostic spectrally resolves the Doppler shift imparted on light from a frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser when scattered by plasma electrons. A fiber array coupled to a triple-grating spectrometer is used to obtain high stray light rejection and discriminate the faint scattering signal from a much larger background. In the center of the plasma column, the measured electron density and temperature are about ne≈1.5×1013 cm−3 and Te≈ 3 eV, respectively, depending on the discharge parameters and in good agreement with Langmuir probe data. Optical design considerations to maximize photon count while minimizing alignment sensitivity are discussed in detail and compared to numerical calculations. Raman scattering off of a quartz crystal probe is used for an absolute irradiance calibration of the system.

Single- and Twin-Photons Emitted from Fiber-Coupled Quantum Dots in a Distributed Bragg Reflector Cavity.

In this work, we develop single-mode fiber devices of an InAs/GaAs quantum dot (QD) by bonding a fiber array with large smooth facet, small core, and small numerical aperture to QDs in a distributed Bragg reflector planar cavity with vertical light extraction that prove mode overlap and efficient output for plug-and-play stable use and extensive study. Modulated Si doping as electron reservoir builds electric field and level tunnel coupling to reduce fine-structure splitting (FSS) and populate dominant XX and higher excitons XX+ and XXX. Epoxy package thermal stress induces light hole (lh) with various behaviors related to the donor field: lh h1 confined with more anisotropy shows an additional XZ line (its space to the traditional X lines reflects the field intensity) and larger FSS; lh h2 delocalized to wetting layer shows a fast h2–h1 decay; lh h2 confined shows D3h symmetric higher excitons with slow h2–h1 decay and more confined h1 to raise h1–h1 Coulomb interaction.

Correction to: The shell microstructure of the pteropod Creseis acicula is composed of nested arrays of S-shaped aragonite fibers: A unique biological material

Correction to: The shell microstructure of the pteropod Creseis acicula is composed of nested arrays of S-shaped aragonite fibers: A unique biological material

Airflow-induced P(VDF-TrFE) fiber arrays for enhanced piezoelectric energy harvesting

Piezoelectricity, flexibility, light weight, and biocompatibility of piezoelectric polymer fibers are the desired attributes for energy harvesting and sensing in wearable and biomedical applications. However, the relatively insufficient piezoelectric performance of piezoelectric polymers remains an issue. Here, we demonstrate a considerable increase in P(VDF-TrFE) fiber alignment via electrospinning with a rapidly rotating collector, which substantially enhanced the piezoelectric performance of the fiber mat over a large area. Considering the relationship between the airflow induced near the collector surface and the rotating speed, the collectors with different geometries were systematically compared in terms of the degree of alignment, fiber morphology, and the resulting crystalline electroactive phases of the fibers produced by each collector. We found that the strong airflow induced by the rapid rotation of the modified drum collector contributes to the preferential fiber orientation by pulling and stretching over a large area, which led to an increase in the crystalline electroactive β-phase content responsible for piezoelectricity. As a result, a maximum voltage of 116.6 V and maximum output power of 13.6 µW were achieved using a flexible piezoelectric device comprising a large-area, highly aligned P(VDF-TrFE) fiber mat produced from a modified drum collector at a significantly high speed. This work provides a facile but powerful solution for the wide use of piezoelectric polymer fibers.

Generic imprinted fiber array strategy for high-throughput and ultrasensitive simultaneous determination of multiple neonicotinoids

Herein, a new generic fiber array based on molecular imprinting solid-phase microextraction (MIP-SPME) technology, was described to enrich trace multiple neonicotinoids with high flux from the food matrix. To begin with adsorption experiments coupled with theoretical calculations provided universal means for selecting the preferred template molecule clothianidin (CLT). Results demonstrated that the CLT-MIP fiber array exhibited significantly superior enrichment ability of 1189–2356-folds for six neonicotinoids compared with two kinds of commercial fiber arrays. Furthermore, the practicability of the CLT-MIP fiber array was verified by simultaneously determining multiple neonicotinoids in tea and honey samples. The CLT-MIP fiber array showed a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.03–0.58 μg/L for six neonicotinoids. The method also exhibited satisfactory recoveries ranging from 85.4% to 116.8% with RSD (n = 3) less than 8.8%. The imprinted fiber array has the advantages of high-throughput, predominant reproducibility, and accurate quantitation multi-component, and it may open up a new mean to efficiently enrich high-throughput and simultaneously detect multiple compounds from food samples.

A Novel Apparatus for Simultaneous Laser-Light-Sheet Optical Particle Counting and Video Recording in the Same Measurement Chamber at High Temperature.

A novel apparatus was developed, to investigate the detachment of particle structures consisting of soot and ash from a single fibre or a fibre array in hot gas flow. Key features of the novel apparatus are operation at high temperatures while two different measurement techniques are applied simultaneously in the same measurement chamber to observe particle structure detachment from a loaded fibre array. A heated inlet can heat the air stream at the position of the fibre array up to 470 °C, allowing detachment investigations at temperatures relevant for the operation of, e.g., soot particle filters. The first measurement technique integrated in the setup is video recording of the fibre array, which gives qualitative information on the rearrangement or detachment of particulate matter on the fibre. Because it is often difficult to distinguish rearrangement and detachment from pure visual observations, a second measurement technique is applied. This technique is a laser-light-sheet optical particle counter, which can detect detached particle structures and determine their size. The measurable size range is 257 to 1523 µm for glass spheres. This paper presents and discusses the novel apparatus, its calibration and first detachment measurement results.