Field Of Urban Planning Research Articles

Відновлювані джерела енергії й інші базові компоненти зростання енергоефективності та енергонезалежності

The article examines the current state of state policy in the field of energy saving and energy efficiency, prospects for further implementation of energy-saving technologies, taking into account national and world experience. Attention is focused on the fact that renewable energy sources can be considered as basic elements of energy efficiency of separate sectors of the economy and energy independence of the state as a whole. This is facilitated by the constant growth of humanity's energy needs, the lack of fossil fuel and energy resources, their depletion, as well as the introduction of modern trends in the development of industries. The state policy of Ukraine for the coming years, enshrined in a number of legislative and regulatory acts, envisages comprehensive support and development of the sphere of energy conservation, reduction of harmful anthropogenic impact on ecology, reduction of energy intensity of products. Ukraine has significant potential for energy saving and is gradually increasing efforts to improve the energy efficiency of separate industry of the economy and the energy independence of the state as a whole. In particular, in the field of architecture and urban planning, measures to increase the energy efficiency of buildings and constructions, through the use of renewable energy sources and the creation and implementation of modern automatic control systems for engineering subsystems in general life support systems, seem quite promising. In order to inherit the considerable previous scientific experience, the latest research and publications on this topic were analyzed. Prospective renewable energy sources, methods for determining their energy potential, regions and methods of practical use in the field of increasing the energy efficiency of buildings and constructions, as well as options for improving existing and creating new modern automatic control systems have been identified. Ways of further scientific research are planned.

Частноправовые аспекты понятия «реконструкция» объектов культурного наследия

Introduction. The relevance of the topic is explained by the lack of a unified approach in law enforcement practice and doctrine to the correlation of special norms on the protection of cultural heritage objects with the general norms of urban planning legislation in terms of the concept of «reconstruction». Legal uncertainty in this matter has an impact on a wide range of legal relations in the field of contractual, housing, urban planning and other branches of law. Materials and methods. The research was based on normative legal acts, law enforcement practice of courts, scientific articles on the issue under study. The methodological basis of the research consists of both general scientific methods and special legal methods of cognition. Analysis. The conducted research revealed the absence in the legislation of the Russian Federation of such a measure for the preservation of cultural heritage objects as reconstruction, the impossibility of applying the concept of «reconstruction» defined by other legal norms in relation to these objects. Results. In the course of the study, new scientific results were obtained. The author’s version of the concept of «reconstruction» and the corresponding clarifications and amendments to the legislation of the Russian Federation are proposed.

Компьютерное проектирование и моделирование общественных мест городских территорий

The high pace of life characteristic of modern society, the rapid development of urban settlements require the formation and practical implementation of fast and accurate management and design solutions for the adaptation of environmental components to human life in appropriate conditions. Modern cities are increasing geographically, occupying ever larger spaces; their social, industrial transport infrastructure is becoming more complex, the economic component is developing, the population of large urban settlements is growing, and a complex structure of the system of public places is being formed. All this leads to changes in the nature of settlement of the population, the way and peculiarities of people’s lives, their psychology and behavior in urban space. Modern problems of cities and their populations cannot be fully inventoried, analyzed, understood, evaluated, and finally solved within the “narrow framework” of scientific knowledge. Comprehensive study and design of urban areas require intensive implementation and active use of integration approaches. In this regard, the modern sphere of design is already unthinkable without the use of the latest computer information and geoinformation technologies. The solution of design tasks only in the format of real drawings, without the widespread use of virtual ones, is currently no longer possible. The anthropocultural paradigm of urbanization development has made it possible to introduce, significantly expand and strengthen the spheres of contacts of geographers, cartographers and urban planners. Nevertheless, in the methodological arsenal of modern urban planning, theories, concepts and ideas developed in humanitarian geography should be used even more widely. In modern urban planning design, the latest computer equipment, software and information technologies are widely used, but geographers are rarely involved in the author’s teams. In the field of modern urban planning, including the design of public places in urban areas, there is a wide range of problems faced by specialists in regional design organizations, and which require their solutions based on the extensive involvement of the latest software with maximum use of all its capabilities.

The design and renovation for urban pocket park based on biophilic concept——A case of Larkin Street Park, Sydney, Australia

Urban parks are vital places for the protection of urban biodiversity and the environment, and their design and ethos are also relevant to the quality of life and human well-being in urban areas. With the development of cities and the improvement of the living standards of the people, some existing parks and open spaces have been unable to meet people's various needs for urban living environment, so the redesign and renovation of urban parks and open spaces has become a topical issue in the fields of architecture and urban planning. This study selected an urban pocket park in Sydney, Australia, as a case to explore a new approach to designing urban spaces – introducing biophilic concepts to address practical development needs. The case study also demonstrates the great potential and possibilities of biophilic concepts in improving the quality and appropriateness of urban spaces and environments. In addition, this study attempts to integrate the biophilic concept with the design and renovation of existing urban pocket parks and explore the characteristics and feasibility of the concept in terms of different functional areas and details. The significance of this study is not only to test the possibility of combining biophilic theory with urban spatial planning principles, but also to provide practical experience and suggestions for future construction and development of designs that are dominated or inspired by natural elements.

Opportunities for revitalising the outdoor spaces of historic town centres in Zemgale

The study examines the processes of transformation of urban infrastructure and the ways and tools for revitalising the outdoor public spaces of a historic centre. Changes in the historic centres of Auce, Bauska, and Jelgava and their functional layout were identified. A study of usability levels and outdoor public spaces in the historic centre was carried out, resulting in an assessment of the outdoor public space. Based on the study, spatial proposals were made for the development of the historic centres of the three cities. The transformation processes in the urban environment affect social issues, transport infrastructure, land use, water issues, etc. Transformation is taking place at all levels today, from global economic, political, and social structures to the ways the outdoor public space is planned. With the trends of the early 21st century, historic squares are moving towards the revitalisation of these historic locations through recreation and quiet leisure: concerts, exhibition areas, café terraces, also reviving the character of historic fairs. This spurs possible business development, increases the value of property, encourages the presence of green structures, and the introduction of regulation for protected areas in old towns to discourage possible unauthorised activities by their residents. Negative factors in historic centres include urbanisation, physical deterioration, climate change, marketing, and functional obsolescence. Urban revitalisation is viewed as a multi-sectoral strategy that includes the development and implementation of policies in the fields of urban planning, transport, economy, urban development, and sustainability. Solutions can be developed based on different time frames: short-term, cyclical, seasonal, and long-term. The purpose of revitalising the outdoor public space is to improve the social, functional, economic, ecological, and historical aspects of an area through a variety of revitalisation tools.

Theoretical Aspects of the International Activity of Megacities in the Transnational Urban Network

Introduction. The international activities of megacities in current circumstances are undergoing significant transformations, and new phenomena are emerging that require updating research approaches, clarifying and supplementing the terminology database. The purpose of the article is to explore various types of global cities, based on leading research concepts, to identify the presence of an interconnected system of the genesis of these categories, highlight key features and determine universal criteria for classifying megacities as one or another type of global city, clarify or define key concepts that characterize this object of study. Materials and Methods. As research materials, current works of leading domestic and foreign researchers, as well as data from leading rating agencies and analytical centers in the field of urban studies and urban planning have been used. Methodological basis is made up of a system approach, structural-functional analysis, and an inductive method, which made it possible to reveal the structure of the transnational urban system, to explore the main factors, to determine the general trends and patterns of this object of study. Results. The analysis of the main research concepts of global cities, including “the world city”, “the global city”, “the international city”, “the global information city”, has been carried out, the criteria and features for distinguishing these categories have been proposed, the genesis models and the principles for determining the actual composition of these categories of cities have been studied. The following terms have been clarified or defined. A conceptual framework for the genesis of global cities has been proposed. Discussion and Conclusion. The study revealed that international power centers form a transnational urban network, the nodes of which are urban centers, while global economy, represented by advanced service and manufacturing companies, acts as links. The article is useful to researchers of scientific issues of international activities of subnational territorial units, and can also be used by the relevant central or regional authorities in developing directions or concepts for the development of urban centers as international centers of influence.

Utilizing Nighttime Photos to Locate Attraction Zones at the Metropolitan Scale: An Analysis of Istanbul

Up-to-date information about different forms of land-use (residential areas, industrial areas, central business districts, recreational areas, etc.) is essential for city planning processes to obtain better urban and regional planning decisions. Traditional methods (e.g., field surveying or WEB/GPS based data collection) used to gather up-to-date information can often contain some errors and can also be time-consuming and expensive, especially for large metropolitan urban areas. With the integration of Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) related technologies, the difficulty of providing up-to-date information about different types of land-use can be greatly reduced. On the other hand, in terms of urban and regional planning, the level of utilization of these technologies is still considered to be insufficient. In this respect, authors wanted to draw attention to another possible usage of night-time data in urban and regional planning discipline for the purpose of determination of the location, size, and hierarchy of the attraction zones in urban scale which are mostly composed of central business districts (CBD), commercial zones, touristic corridors and/or concentration areas etc., as these regions are more illuminated areas compared to other zones of a city. Thus, a methodology based on GIS and RS integration and spatial and statistical analysis capabilities of GIS is presented in this study to determine the boundary and size of the attraction zones and their hierarchical levels by using the night-time imageries. To show how effective the suggested model is, the proposed methodology has been used in the city of Istanbul. The assessment of the location, size, and hierarchy of the attraction zones could give an essential decision support for the decision makers, especially those working in the urban planning discipline, as the attraction zones of cities need to be developed in a more specific and detailed manner. Thus, the model's outputs' reliability and potential applications in the field of urban planning are also examined.

Residents’ territorial cognition and behavior patterns: An inquiry into Kavaklıdere and Çukurambar Districts of Ankara, Turkey

As a part of the recent urban restructuring processes, the spatial layout of residential environments as street-based neighborhoods has left its place to cellular developments in the form of gated communities. This shift in the spatial organization altered the relationship of urbanites with their near-home environments. This research aims to depict the influence of this shift on the cognitive and behavioral patterns of the residents. To do so, it re-interprets the concept of ‘territoriality’ as a critical tool for understanding and regulating the dynamics of human-environment relations at this scale. A model to assess territorial functioning is developed and employed in the Kavaklıdere and Çukurambar Districts of Ankara, the capital of Turkey. Comparative field surveys are conducted in the districts by using interpretative methods, including direct systematic observations and questionnaires with the residents. The districts are selected as prominent examples representing the aforementioned shift. The research findings reveal that, along with other exogenous factors, spatial layouts are the primary factor that promotes and inhibits certain cognitive and behavioral patterns at the residential scale. Both the findings from the case studies and the methodological proposition of the study contribute to the ongoing discussions in the field of urban planning regarding the future design of residential environments, which has regained attention with the multi-functionality of home environments during the COVID 19 pandemic. The study highlights the importance of the spatial design of residential environments on access to resources, the sense of security, identity, and well-being of the residents from the perspective of human-environment relations.

STATE AND OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH OF SPATIAL CONFLICT PROBLEMS

The article examines the nature of the occurrence of conflicts, analyzes the types of conflicts, analyzes the main causes of the occurrence and resolution of types of conflicts. The methods and legislative acts for the settlement of spatial conflicts are defined. Social conflict, as a rule, means a clash of opposing interests, goals, positions, values or views of subjects of social interaction (individuals, social groups, classes). Social conflict is considered as an integral phenomenon of social life, which is an integral part of the development of society, which leads to social changes that must be managed. Theoretical recognition of the fact that conflict is an objectively inherent phenomenon for society, a necessary and natural feature of social life, requires a clear study of the causes of conflict and, most importantly, to proceed to the creation of a theory and "technique" for resolving conflicts of all types. Legal conflict is defined as the struggle of legal subjects with opposite understanding and actions regarding the principles and norms of law in order to change their status and legal status. Among all legal conflicts, the main one is the legal conflict, which can be imagined as a contradiction between legal entities regarding the application, violation or interpretation of legal norms. Conflict resolution facilitates the understanding by each party to the conflict of the recognition of the existence of a conflict situation, and according to the opponent, the right to exist. Conflict resolution is impossible if one of the parties declares that the opposite party does not have the right to exist or that its position is devoid of any grounds. The parties to the conflict must adhere to certain rules that make it possible to preserve or maintain their relationship. These rules should ensure equal opportunities for each of the parties to the conflict, a certain balance in their relationship. All controversial issues related to spatial conflicts in the field of architecture and urban planning must be resolved before the start of active actions on the part of investor-builders. It is necessary to involve citizens in urban planning, to discuss urban planning documentation, to place information in the public space, using all available, understandable and most effective information channels, which may include official websites of authorities, mass media (press, television, radio, Internet) , social media, texting, mailing, emailing, posting ads in public places, public exhibitions, public hearings, and responding to requests for information. Involvement of communities in all stages of development, namely: the preparatory stage, the formation of technical tasks, project development, coordination and approval of the urban planning documentation project will significantly reduce or even avoid conflict situations in the urban space of human and community life and activity, and contributes to the prevention or absence of conflict the situation as such. Keywords: conflicts, conflict approach, spatial conflicts, parties to the conflict, social conflict, legal conflict, urban planning, urban planning activity, local community.

Regarding the preventive protection of public interests in a field of urban planning

The article aims to conduct a theoretical analysis of an issue of a possibility of the preventive protection of public interests, in particular, on an example of economic legal relations in the field of urban planning. The research methodology has included a generalization of theoretical approaches to understanding the concepts of "public interests" and "preventive protection of rights" (including in a field of economic law and procedural legal science), available in legal science, research a content of public interests in the field of urban planning and further analysis of a legal nature of rights and the interests that state architectural and construction control bodies defend in court, and a nature of the respective lawsuits. At the same time, terminological, systemic-structural, legal-dogmatic methods and interdisciplinary analysis were applied. The results. The author expressed a working hypothesis about a possibility of going to court with preventive lawsuits, which will protect not only private rights and interests, but also public interests, and proved it with arguments on the example of lawsuits by SACC bodies in the field of urban planning. It is substantiated that a number of lawsuits that may be brought to court by SACC bodies may have the purpose of preventive protection of public interests in the sustainable development of the community territory, prevention of possible harm to the life and health of citizens, the property of individuals and legal entities and the surrounding natural environment, cultural/ archeological heritage. The author also substantiated the existence of a public interest in compliance with legislation, which is transformed into an interest in ensuring legal economic order in the field of economy. In domestic scientific literature the issue of preventive protection of public interests was generally not objectively analyzed, which constitutes the scientific novelty of the conducted research. The results of the study contribute to the scientific study of the issue of the protection of public interests in court and the preventive protection of rights and interests in court, which will further contribute to the justification of changes to the procedural legislation on the possibility of preventive judicial protection of public interests. This is the practical significance of the work.

Multi-Field Context Fusion Network for Semantic Segmentation of High-Spatial-Resolution Remote Sensing Images

High spatial resolution (HSR) remote sensing images have a wide range of application prospects in the fields of urban planning, agricultural planning and military training. Therefore, the research on the semantic segmentation of remote sensing images becomes extremely important. However, large data volume and the complex background of HSR remote sensing images put great pressure on the algorithm efficiency. Although the pressure on the GPU can be relieved by down-sampling the image or cropping it into small patches for separate processing, the loss of local details or global contextual information can lead to limited segmentation accuracy. In this study, we propose a multi-field context fusion network (MCFNet), which can preserve both global and local information efficiently. The method consists of three modules: a backbone network, a patch selection module (PSM), and a multi-field context fusion module (FM). Specifically, we propose a confidence-based local selection criterion in the PSM, which adaptively selects local locations in the image that are poorly segmented. Subsequently, the FM dynamically aggregates the semantic information of multiple visual fields centered on that local location to enhance the segmentation of these local locations. Since MCFNet only performs segmentation enhancement on local locations in an image, it can improve segmentation accuracy without consuming excessive GPU memory. We implement our method on two high spatial resolution remote sensing image datasets, DeepGlobe and Potsdam, and compare the proposed method with state-of-the-art methods. The results show that the MCFNet method achieves the best balance in terms of segmentation accuracy, memory efficiency, and inference speed.

The Social and Spatial Aspect of Public Spaces - Through the Analysis of Ali Madanipour’s Works

After the final decline of functionalism in the 1960s, the debate regarding public spaces returned to theoretical discussions and practical work in the field of urban planning and design. First as a reminder of the historical role and form of public space and then as a discussion of public space as a central tool for the development of sustainable cities. Among the most important theorists in this field is Professor Madanipour. The focus of this paper is in the social-spatial aspect of public spaces. Respectively, in analyzing two of the most important works of Madanipour, with a considerable time difference, for understanding whether and how did his viewpoints regarding public spaces change or develop during time. Initially, the two works are analyzed, one from 1996, the other from 2020. Further, these works are critically compared to each other. Madanipour describes the current situation of public spaces with the saying “From a critique to an orthodoxy”. The challenges and dissatisfactions that were raised in the past, and even mentioned by him, have now become commonplace, a reality we are accepting. For public spaces, his point of view is simple, he requires good access to them, to be inclusive and open to all, and to take into account their social-spatial aspect and all areas related to it. One of his main dissatisfactions is that public spaces are being treated as economic generators. At the end it is talked about nowadays public spaces, and possible directions for their development.

Get smart: the importance of urban facilities management to smart neighbourhoods and their citizens in a project’s early stages

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how citizen participation as part of Urban Facility Management both as a consideration and practical application can contribute to the positive development of human-centred Smart Neighbourhoods. Through a combination of desk research and data from an ongoing research project in Norway, this paper will use literature to provide a theoretical link between these concepts whilst also showing how this link can be demonstrated in real work projects in the Norwegian Municipality of Lier. The findings illustrate that Facilities Management-focused urban planning processes allow for citizen-optimized communities, well planned and easy-to-implement maintenance strategies that ensure the long-term viability of Smart and Sustainable Cities. The results of this paper can be important for the development of Urban FM as a field, the reorientation of FM as not just a building level concept, but community level and has applicability to the fields of FM, architecture, urban planning, and Smart Cities.

Sort of issues in the field of urban planning concerning the realization of river basin disaster resilience

Sort of issues in the field of urban planning concerning the realization of river basin disaster resilience

The concept of the Interuniversity Campus in Khabarovsk

The article attempts to give a typology of existing university and interuniversity campuses. The authors conduct an interdisciplinary study and consider the object not only in the field of architecture and urban planning, but also in the field of urban sociology. The analysis of public opinion is presented as a method of identifying the expectations, needs of the academic community and citizens, which subsequently form the basis of the design specification, making it as realistic as possible and focused on improving the “quality of life” of Khabarovsk residents.

State Supervision of Urban Construction: Modern Realities

The article is devoted to the study of the concept of state supervision and control in the field of urban planning. The methodological basis of the study is general and special methods of scientific knowledge. In particular, the logical-semantic method was used to deepen the conceptual apparatus. The system method, analysis and synthesis, grouping, and structural-logical method also became the basis of the study. The main directions of the state policy in the field of architectural and construction control and supervision in Ukraine are established. The concept and composition of the system of state architectural and construction control and supervision in Ukraine are defined. The issues of reforming the system of state construction control and supervision have been studied. It is emphasized that in crisis conditions the most appropriate direction of state support is indirect means, one of which is the improvement of legislation in the field of construction. Due to the new content of the institute of control in the field of urban planning, conditions are created for the formation of an effective mechanism of control and supervision in Ukraine and meet the constant needs for the development of theoretical foundations that serve as a basis for development and improvement of legislation in the field of construction. As a result -strengthening the authority of the government and increase the efficiency of its implementation.The state of reforming the system of state architectural and construction control and supervision is analyzed. The practical significance of the obtained results is that they are of both scientific-theoretical and practical interest and can be used in: research (the main provisions and conclusions can be the basis for further research in the field of architectural and construction control and supervision); lawmaking (conclusions and recommendations can be the basis for the adoption of bills).

ПРАВОВЕ РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ ПРОСТОРОВОГО РОЗВИТКУ ТА ЗАБУДОВИ ТЕРИТОРІЙ В УКРАЇНІ: СУЧАСНІ ВИКЛИКИ В УМОВАХ ВІЙНИ ТА ПІСЛЯВОЄННОЇ ВІДБУДОВИ

The article highlights the main problems of legal regulation of the development of territories, defines the directions of development of urban planning legislation in the light of the concept of recovery of Ukraine from the consequences of the war, the need for integrated planning of the development of territories and implementation of construction information modeling technologies. The article states that the full-scale invasion of the russian federation on the territory of Ukraine has become a difficult test for the state, economic entities, and citizens of Ukraine and requires a change in traditional approaches to the organization and implementation of economic activities in the field of urban planning in favor of digitalization and the abandonment of the Soviet system of planning and development. The author concludes that the issues of modernization of the norms of the Economic Code of Ukraine regarding capital construction, taking into account the digitalization of the construction process, the introduction of a European-oriented system of technical regulation in the construction industry, and the optimization of urban planning documentation with the replacement of more flexible urban planning documents that can be transformed depending from the needs of participants in urban development relations, adopted special urban development programs, but remain static within the framework of sanitary, water protection, and environmental restrictions. The reform of urban planning legislation requires clear terminologies, unified procedures, optimization of urban planning documentation, considering the practices of European countries and the experience of rebuilding post-war states, and most importantly, unified principles of urban planning based on people-centeredness, homogeneity and safety, developed as a result of the collaboration of all participants in urban planning activities.

Type Identification of Land Use in Metro Station Area Based on Spatial–Temporal Features Extraction of Human Activities

As a social carrier, a city is a place of human activities, and human activities also shape and influence the city through its dynamic demand. The in-depth understanding of urban functions is important for urban planning, and the full utilization of the spatial–temporal variation of human activities can be more effective in the identification of land functions. However, the complete extraction of time series features is one of the difficulties. To solve the above problems, the paper explores the identification of land use types based on human activity feature extraction, by taking Beijing as an example. Firstly, this paper constructs a time series that characterizing the change of passenger flow in the metro station area with AFC data, and realizes the feature extraction and type clustering of the time series. Secondly, this paper forms an index system for land use type identification by introducing POI-based indicators, which achieves a comprehensive representation of population activity data. Finally, this paper constructs a land use type identification model based on multi-source human activity data by using GBDT classifier. The results show that the model has high recognition accuracy. It is found that the fusion application of AFC and POI improves the land use recognition accuracy in the case of “Consistent change in time series but different types of demand”, and the different POI triggers the seemingly overall stable but random activity demand within the city. The research results promote the innovative application of open-source big data in the field of urban planning.

Market tools for the provision of urban green spaces in post-socialist Sofia

This study focuses on the provision of urban green spaces (UGS) as suppliers of ecosystem services (ES). Its main goal is to study how, in market-driven urban development with scarce resources, sufficient public UGS can be provided to meet the needs of the local community. The principal issue is that many ecosystem services cannot be provided solely through the market mechanism and therefore remain undersupplied. The contribution of the paper is that it uses institutional design (ID) in the field of urban planning to develop market-oriented tools for the provision of UGS. ID addresses three key issues: identifying the optimal scale of resource use and defining the circles of resource users and providers, proper assessment of resource values and the collection and transfer of payments for ES to those who provide land resources. The paper analyzes these issues in the context of post-socialist Sofia, Bulgaria’s capital. The post-socialist context is of particular interest because it is associated with two widespread difficulties – lack of funding for the development of UGS and lack of experience with the application of market-based and value-capture tools. In these conditions, the Municipality of Sofia has been unable to implement over 2000 ha of UGS set in the Master Plan 14 years ago. The paper provides directions for ID solutions for the implementation of UGS through the use of market-oriented tools such as impact fees, transferable development rights, concessions, FSR bonuses, and public-private partnerships.

Land use change and monitoring of endangered wetlands using geospatial technologies: A case study of Boyana marsh

A specific feature of the period of transition in Bulgaria in the field of urban planning is that a large part of the newly developed urbanized territories was transformed from their previous purpose (mainly agricultural lands) via detailed urban plans that were very fragmented. When changing the purpose of the land in this way, the procedure is significantly easier than with an Urban master plan, but this leads to many negatives. Thus, the territory becomes significantly fragmented when it comes to the purpose of the properties. This leads to environmental consequences that are overlooked by the officials in charge. One such example is the basis of our present study - the attempt to destroy the Boyana Marsh so that the land can be used for building a residential complex. In this study we examine the application and integration of various types of geospatial technologies for the purpose of land use change detection and monitoring of endangered territories that should be protected.  We examine the processes of collecting primary historical spatial data and their combination with two UAV field surveys carried out specifically for this purpose. Based on the collected data, specific analyzes of the affected territories were made. The data and all results are presented in a web application that aims to promote the case study and help garner wider public support for the initiative “Save the Boyana Marsh”.