Fewer Years Of Schooling Research Articles

Childhood mental health and educational attainment: Within-family associations in a late 20th Century U.S. birth cohort

Mental health problems during childhood are associated with lowered educational attainment in adulthood. However, it is not clear if these associations hold when controlling for unobserved features of the family environment and if they depend on the socioeconomic status (SES) of parents. We use the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) Child Development and Transition into Adulthood Supplements (CDS; TAS) to examine these questions. Using linear and logistic regression, we isolate within-family variability in mental health problems among full sibling pairs (n = 958 individuals in 479 pairs). Associations depend on the measure used. Parental reports of problem behaviors and diagnosed problems have the most consistent negative associations with educational attainment (for example, a hyperactivity diagnosis is associated with 0.74 fewer years of schooling). Retrospective self-reports of diagnoses other than depression or anxiety also have a negative association (0.96 fewer years of schooling). But self-reports of depressive symptoms and emotional or psychological well-being during late childhood and adolescence have no significant associations with educational attainment. In addition, there is no significant moderation of these associations by SES.

Normative Scores on the Clock Drawing Test Among Older Adults from a Large Population Survey in Norway: The HUNT Study.

The Clock Drawing Test (CDT) is used to screen for Alzheimer's disease and other dementia disorders. Normative scores on the version from the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) do not exist in the Nordic countries. To examine the normative scores of the CDT among adults aged 70 years and older. We included 4,023 cognitively healthy persons aged 70-97 years from a population survey in Norway. They were examined with the CDT, which has a total score between zero and three. A multiple multinominal regression model was applied with a CDT score as the dependent categorical variable and estimated the probabilities of scoring a particular score, stratified by age, sex, and education. These probabilities correspond to an expected proportion of the normative population scoring at, or below a given percentile. None scored zero, 2.1% scored one, 14.9% scored two, and 83% scored three. Higher age, female sex and fewer years of schooling were associated with poorer performance. Scores of zero and one deviated from the normative score regardless of age, sex and education. A score of two was within the norm for a female older than 81 and a male older than 85. The majority (83%) of people 70 years and older had a score of three on the CDT. Lower age, male sex, and higher education were associated with a better performance. Scores of zero and one were below the normative score. Except for the very old, a score of two was also well below the normative score.

The effect of prenatal exposure to Ramadan on human capital: evidence from Turkey

This study aims to analyze the effect of prenatal exposure to certain nutritional disruptions in utero on human capital formation. In order to resolve the endogeneity driven by maternal dietary deficiencies, we use the Islamic holy month of Ramadan, during which observers abstain from eating and drinking entirely from sunrise to sunset, as a natural experiment to assess the effects of fetal malnourishment on educational and labor market outcomes. We compare schooling and employment measures of individuals who are prenatally exposed to Ramadan with those who are not using the 2016 round of the Turkish Family Structure Survey dataset. Our results indicate that men who are exposed to Ramadan in utero in the first or third trimester complete 0.53 fewer years of schooling and are less likely to obtain middle school, high school, and college degrees. These effects are stronger when Ramadan coincides with summer.

State-Level Education Quality and Trajectories of Cognitive Function by Race and Educational Attainment.

Although educational attainment is consistently associated with better cognitive function among older adults, we know little about how education quality is related to cognitive function. This is a key gap in the literature given that the quality of US education improved considerably during the early to mid-20th century as state and federal investment increased. We posit that growing up in states with higher-quality education systems may protect against poor cognitive function, particularly among Black adults and adults who completed fewer years of school. We used prospective data on cognitive function from the Health and Retirement Study linked to historical data on state investment in public schools, restricting our sample to non-Hispanic White and Black adults born between 1914 and 1959 (19,096 White adults and 4,625 Black adults). Using race-stratified linear mixed models, we considered if state-level education quality was associated with level and decline in cognitive function and if these patterns differed by years of schooling and race. Residing in states with higher-resourced education systems during childhood was associated with better cognitive function, particularly among those who completed less than 12 years of schooling, regardless of race. For White adults, higher-resourced state education systems were associated with higher scores of total cognitive function and episodic memory, but there were diminishing returns as resources increased to very high levels. For Black adults, the relationship between state education resources and cognitive function varied by age with positive associations in midlife and generally null or negative associations at the oldest ages. Federal and state investment in public schools may provide students with opportunities to develop important cognitive resources during schooling that translate into better cognitive function in later life, especially among marginalized populations.

Multidimensional Study of the Attitude towards Euthanasia of Older Adults with Mixed Anxiety-Depressive Disorder.

This study aims to verify if older adults with mixed anxiety-depressive disorder are more prone to euthanasia and identify factors that interfere with their satisfaction with health and capacity for well-informed decisions. The study applied a paper questionnaire composed of a sociodemographic section and a battery of scales (to assess depression, anxiety, cognitive performance, suicide risk, therapeutic adhesion, functionality, loneliness, attitude towards euthanasia, decision pattern, personality, empathy, and health status) in the Psychogeriatric Unity of Senhora da Oliveira Hospital in Portugal. The sample was collected by convenience to include patients and controls of the same age. Six months later, a reassessment was performed. Patients and controls were compared using descriptive statistics and a multiple-regression model. A total of 114 patients and 25 controls were included. Eighty-one point six percent of patients had four or fewer years of schooling. Contrary to controls, they presented mild depressive and anxiety symptoms, loneliness feelings, worse cognitive performance, a more fragile personality, higher personal distress, and a poorer health state. No statistically significant differences were found between controls and patients regarding their attitudes towards euthanasia. Patients more favourable to euthanasia had higher empathic concern, conscientiousness, and fantasy, and lower personal distress. When addressing euthanasia in these patients, it is crucial to ensure they are fully self-determinate and that all the necessary treatment and support are available. It may not be the case when the educational level is low and a mild disease persists, significantly affecting their well-being and cognitive performance.

Changing Effects of Birth Order on Education Over Time: Evidence From Cambodia

Despite the vast literature on birth-order effects in developing countries, there has been little research on their long-term changes. This study uses three population censuses of Cambodia to investigate how birth order affects educational attainments and how its effects changed over time. We estimate regressions with family fixed effects and cohort fixed effects, and present four findings. First, later-born children are less likely to enroll in primary school and gain literacy skills, and end up with fewer years of schooling than first-born children. Second, controlling for gender differences in education, we find smaller birth-order effects for girls. Third, there is a strong relationship between the gender composition of siblings and birth-order effects. Finally, not only have these birth-order effects attenuated over time but the relationship between the gender composition of siblings and birth-order effects has also changed. In the 1998 census, if the firstborn child is male, his sisters’ educational outcomes are influenced more by their birth order compared with his brothers. In contrast, in the 2019 census, if the firstborn child is male, his sisters' educational outcomes are less susceptible to birth-order effects compared with his brothers. Our findings indicate gendered economic disparities within households and their long-term changes.

A Study on Practice of Reproductive Health Care Facilities and Family Planning Decisions of the Rural Adolescent in an area of Bogura District, Bangladesh

Adolescent’s reproductive health is a serious concern in Bangladesh. The present study is based on primary data collection and in-depth interviews of 150 rural adolescent females of Fulbari and Baiguni villages of Bogura district. The objectives of the study were to assess the level of knowledge attitude and practice on reproductive health issues, to assess the socio-demographic features of samples and to explore the level of knowledge & awareness to demonstrate the role of the information & education (media, counseling, services facilities) in the management of reproductive health issues among rural adolescent females. The mean age of the respondents were 16.2 years. School enrolment is still low (46%) and dropout rate is high (32%). A large number of rural adolescent females of the study area have been found to discontinue education after a few years of schooling. The data further shows that, in TV 7.31% attending health education and 12.19% to family planning program. More of the adolescents (60%) were aware of all least one family planning methods (Oral Pill). However, it is obvious that knowledge of various methods of contraception does not imply that the respondents actually knew how to use these methods effectively. The highest three methods they can named were oral pill 60%, Injection 35% and Implant/ Norplant 18.67%. Among all 72.64% were not known or received any information about the management of menstruation before their first menstruation. The study revealed that 72.41% of adolescent’s females, those were suffering from at least one complication or problems of menstruation and were not visited or seeking any consultation or treatment from any service providers available. Only 18% of them seek treatment or consultation from the service providers. Among these sick adolescents’ females who attended for consultation or treatments, 83.33% were not satisfied while only 16.67% express their satisfaction on the health care services. The social and religious constraints are strict in the culture and Islamic ideals of Bangladeshi people where the majority of whom still live in joint families. The study indicates that the rural adolescent females are poorly informed about most of the reproductive health issues. There also exist important misconceptions regarding healthy management of menstruation. Besides, there is big gap between their knowledge, attitude and practice. Parents, Guardians, teachers, religious leaders and community leaders (they are main gatekeeper) concern regarding management reproductive health issues of rural adolescent females.

KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICES ON REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH CARE AMONG RURAL ADOLESCENT FEMALES: A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY ON CHINGUSPUR VILLAGE, BOGURA SADAR, UPAZILLA OF BANGLADESH

Adolescent’s reproductive health is a serious concernin Bangladesh. The present study was based on primarydata of 150 rural adolescent females of Chinguspur village, Bogura Sadar, Upazilla of Bangladesh. Objectives of the study was to assess the socio-demographic features of sample rural adolescent females and to explore the level of knowledge and awareness to demonstrate the role of the information and education (media, counseling, services facilities) in the management of reproductive health issues. The mean age of the respondents was 16.2 years. The religion of the surveyed population were found 92% Muslim while 8% Hindu. A large number of rural adolescent females have been found to discontinue education after a few years of schooling. Only 14% girls are currently enrolling and reading in class nine or more. Most of the girls (36.33%) in the study population used pieces of old cloths/rags (nekra) as pads during menstruation, while some did not use anything. 39% of the rural adolescent females used rags that were wet or had not been dried in a hygienic fashion. Among all most of them were not known or received any information about the management of menstruation before their first menstruation. The study revealed that 72.41% of adolescents were suffering at least one complication or problems of menstruation, were not visitedor seeking any consultation or treatment from any serviceproviders available. Only 27.59% taken consultation from the service providers. While 41.66% go to traditional or herbal practitioners (locally called Kobiraj) but 33.33%visited to qualified doctors. The study indicated that the rural adolescent femalesof the study area poorly informed about most of the reproductive health issues. They have misconceptions regarding healthy management of menstruation and a big gap between their knowledge, attitude and practice.

Determinants of dementia phenotype in North African & Mid‐eastern Israelis

AbstractBackgroundDiverse ethnic ancestry and adverse social health determinants are increasingly recognized to impact dementia on multiple dimensions: genetically and environmentally determined risk, clinical presentation, detection, and the utility of cognitive testing and management. Most evidence originates from ethnically diverse cohorts in North America, with little representation of other world regions. We aimed to assess dementia clinical and neuroimaging phenotype in individuals of Middle Eastern and Northern African (MENA) descent, a population severely underrepresented in brain health research.MethodsThe Alzheimer’s and atypical dementias in Israelis of diverse ancestry and disparate social health determinants (ADIDAS) project started on January 1st, 2022, and will prospectively recruit 200 individuals aged 40‐80 years reporting a new cognitive decline. The ADIDAS protocol includes APOE genotyping, structured assessment of early‐to‐late life social determinants, Israeli neighbourhood disadvantage index, medical history, vascular risk factors, cognitive testing, plasma Alzheimer’s biomarkers (Aβ40, Aβ42, total‐tau, p‐tau181, and NfL), and brain MRI. Ancestry was defined using participants and paternal country of birth. Countries were grouped into MENA, European, or neither, as defined by the World Bank. The project aims to assess the relationship between ethnic ancestry and associated social health determinants as predictors of brain neurodegeneration evident on neuroimaging and plasma biomarkers.Preliminary ResultsAs of January 1st, 2023, the ADIDAS cohort recruited 51 participants (55% female, mean age 65.8±8.4 years) of MENA (n = 24), European (n = 23), and neither (n = 3) ancestry. A preliminary comparison of MENA and European groups reveals MENA in our cohort are on average younger (63.87±8.9 vs. 68.3±8.2 years), have fewer years of schooling(11.7±2.5 vs. 16.2±3.4 years), and more likely to obtain only elementary or vocational education (75% vs. 13%). MENA were more likely to score poor results on cognitive testing‐ MMSE (21.6±4.9 vs. 24.8±5.5), receive a higher clinical dementia rating sum of boxes (3.4±2.5 vs. 1.45±1.4), and a lower carriage rate of apoE4 allele (11% vs. 30%).ConclusionPreliminary non‐matched comparison suggests MENA with early‐stage cognitive impairment have a different social, cognitive, and genetic risk profile than individuals of European ancestry. Results of plasma biomarkers profile and MRI‐related structural changes will be shared at AAIC2023.

Diverging reproductive outcomes by maternal education during the Covid‐19 pandemic across Brazilian and Colombian regions

AbstractThis work contributes to the current understanding of the heterogeneous impact of the Covid‐19 pandemic on fertility. Using more than 36.4 million birth and death records for Brazil and Colombia (2015–2021), we document state‐level correlations between the intensity of the pandemic, measured by the current and 9‐month lagged excess mortality, and the observed number of births relative to a Covid‐19‐free hypothetical scenario. We disaggregate these correlations according to maternal age and years of schooling to test the hypothesis that the influence of the Covid‐19 pandemic on births interacted with pre‐existing forms of social inequality. Results from multivariate linear models suggest that the association between the intensity of the pandemic and the relative number of births was negative for women with at least 8 years of schooling, while it was positive or null for women with fewer years of education. This result means that in subnational areas severely hit by the Covid‐19 pandemic, women with few years of schooling did not delay fertility as most women potentially did. These results suggest that disadvantaged groups in Latin America and potentially in other contexts may suffer more acutely the consequences of the Covid‐19 pandemic, which has been largely neglected by studies that assume homogeneous impacts of Covid‐19 on population dynamics.

Completing the progression establishing an international baseline of primary, middle and secondary students’ views of scientific inquiry

ABSTRACT Knowledge of scientific inquiry (SI) is considered essential to the development of an individual's Scientific Literacy (SL) and therefore, SI is included in many international science education reform documents. Two previous large scale international studies assessed the SI understandings of students entering middle school and secondary students at the end of their formal K-12 science education. The purpose of this international project was to use the VASI-E to collect data on what primary level students have learned about SI in their first few years of school. This study adds to previous research to bridge the landscape of SI understandings now with representation from primary, middle and high school samples. A total of 4,238 students from 35 countries/regions spanning six continents participated in the study. The results show that globally, primary students are not adequately informed about SI for their age group. However, when compared with the students in the previous international studies (grades seven and 12), the primary students' understandings were surprisingly closer to the levels of understanding of SI of the secondary school students than those in the seventh grade study.

5 Association of Discrimination to Cognition Among US-Born and Immigrant Latinx

Objective:Neuropsychology is in a nascent stage of understanding the mechanisms that link social forces, psychosocial experiences, and brain health. Discrimination is associated with lower quality of life, higher stress, and worse physical health outcomes in Latinx, but contradictory findings in prior research complicate our understanding of its relationship to cognition. These contradictory results may be explained by heterogeneity within the broad category of Latinx, a cultural identity that requires more nuanced conceptualization. Immigration status is a primary social identifier for Latinx people that carries significant stigma. However, prior research found enculturation promotes better physical and mental health outcomes in immigrants compared to their US-born counterparts, which may protect immigrant Latinx from the cognitive costs of discrimination. The current study hypothesized that the effect of discrimination on cognition will be stronger in US-born Latinx compared to immigrant Latinx.Participants and Methods:We partnered with 1,023 neurologically healthy, community dwelling Latinx adults (M age=56.1(±10.7); M education=12.5(±3.7); 69% women) in a prospective cohort study in NYC investigating risks factors for Alzheimer’s disease. Immigration status was determined by self-report of birthplace. Measures of attention, language, and memory were administered by bilingual examiners in the participants’ self-selected preferred language of English (n = 388) or Spanish (n=635). Discrimination, measured with the Everyday Discrimination Scale and Major Experiences of Discrimination Scale, was chronicity coded to weigh experiences of discrimination according to yearly chronicity. Linear regression models were employed for US-born and immigrant participants to assess the relationship between both discrimination measures and each cognitive measure.Results:Compared to US-born Latinx (n = 224), immigrant Latinx (n = 799; primarily from the Dominican Republic) were older, had fewer years of school, had lower income, and were much more likely to have chosen to be assessed in Spanish. Immigrants reported experiencing significantly fewer everyday and major experiences of discrimination than nonimmigrants. In unadjusted models, discrimination did not predict cognitive performance among US-born Latinx. Among immigrant Latinx, more major experiences of discrimination across the lifetime predicted better phonemic (F(2,362) = 4.167, p<0.05, R2=0.017) and semantic fluency (F(2,362) = 3.304, p<0.05, R2=0.013) but was not associated with measures of attention or memory.Conclusions:Discrimination is an important life stressor for Latinx people living in the US, particularly when its impact is summed across intersectional identities. The current study is among the first to explore the potential cognitive impact of discrimination within a group of Latinx adults. The described relationship between discrimination and language performance in this cohort may be confounded by the language in which cognitive tests were administered. Future studies should consider how discrimination measures may be limited in their ability to accurately capture the experiences of US-born and immigrant Latinx groups and expand the measurement of cognition to additional domains.

Association between COVID-19 and vaccination on menstrual cycle.

To evaluate changes in the menstrual pattern of women of reproductive age infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or vaccinated against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). A cross-sectional study at the University of Campinas, Brazil using Google questionnaire applied from December 2021 through February 2022, disseminated through snowball technique. Participants responded about characteristics of their menstrual cycle before the pandemic and before COVID-19 vaccination, and then about characteristics of their cycle 3 months after infection with SARS-CoV-2 and 3 months after vaccination. Our primary outcome was a binary indicator of changes in the menstrual cycle. We used multivariate regression analysis to identify factors associated with menstrual changes. We received 1012 completed questionnaires and 735 (72.7%) were from women aged between 20 and 39 years, 745 (73.6%) were White and 491 (48.6%) lived with a partner. A total of 419 (41.6%) of the women reported SARS-CoV-2 infection; however, only two of them were hospitalized, and 995 (98.8%) of women had at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine. About menstrual characteristics, 170 (41.3%) reported changes after having COVID-19 and 294 (29.9%) after COVID-19 vaccination, respectively. Few years of schooling, lower income, and non-white ethnicity were related to higher reports of menstrual changes after COVID-19. Menstrual changes after COVID-19 vaccination were associated with not using contraception. Higher body mass index was associated with irregularities in cyclicity and bleeding days, after COVID-19 and COVID-19 vaccination, respectively. Our results corroborated the stability of the menstrual cycle after having COVID-19 or COVID-19 vaccination; however, there is a potential relationship between menstrual changes and socioeconomic factors as well as contraceptive use.

Tuition fees and the intra-household allocation of schooling: Evidence from Uganda’s Free Primary Education reform

Many education policies in low income countries impose eligibility limits, and these can generate household responses that distribute educational investments across children. In this paper, I study the effects of eligibility limits in the context of the Universal Primary Education (UPE) reform in Uganda. The program abolished elementary school fees for up to four children per household, with families paying fees on each additional child. Depending on the composition of children and their age at the onset of the reform, the policy generates costs for primary school that vary both within and across households. Children that are eligible for the tuition waiver but live in households with ineligible siblings complete fewer years of schooling. I estimate that the presence of ineligible siblings wiped out almost half of the overall impact of the UPE reform on educational attainment, with the effects concentrated among the poorest households. Household responses to the subsidy program are similar to those found in other types of schooling programs such as conditional cash transfers.

Ecke, pappa och jag

This paper describes the history of the rural labor movement in Sweden and its specific popular adult education through life stories. The project centers on the author’s father’s narrated memories of his childhood and the farmhand Erik Eriksson, called Ecke (1903-1996). Ecke was a rural worker with just a few years of schooling who was organized in the Swedish popular education movement for workers at his time. Through his dedication he changed the social aspirations for rural workers’ children in the area, amongst them the author’s own father. The paper draws on a walk along interviews with the author’s father, in order to examine how memory, place and social mobility are interlaced when visiting the intervieweeÅLs childhood homes and remembering Ecke and his deed.

Long-term impacts of an early childhood shock on human capital: Evidence from the 1999 economic crisis in Ecuador.

This paper provides evidence on the lasting effects of the 1999 economic crisis in Ecuador on human capital formation. We show for children born during the crisis that the negative repercussions are still observable more than 10years after macroeconomic recovery. Taking advantage of micro-level data collected in 2012 and 2014, we assess long-term impacts on health and education. After controlling for age-in-months and survey effects as well as a linear birth year-cohort trend that varies by region, we find that after 12-16years, the cohorts born during the recession report height-for-age Z-scores that are 0.003 standard deviations (SDs) lower for each month of exposure and have 0.002 fewer years of schooling per month exposed compared to the cohorts born outside the recession years. Children exposed to the entire crisis are 0.063 SDs smaller and have 0.042years less of schooling. Girls have lower health outcomes than boys. Concomitantly, we show that selective childbearing or excess infant mortality are unlikely to drive our results. The persistence of the negative effects points to the existence of a poverty trap suggesting that policy interventions in response to (economic) crizes should be extended beyond macroeconomic recovery to counteract long-term, micro-level consequences.

The impact of childcare centres' closures due to COVID-19 on women's labour supply

PurposeThis paper evaluates the short-term impact of childcare centres' closures, due to COVID-19 restrictions, on Brazilian mothers' labour force participation and employment rates.Design/methodology/approachFormal education is non-mandatory according to Brazilian law until the age of four, allowing the identification of children that attend childcare centres and of those that do not attend. Using data from the Brazilian Household Survey, PNAD Contínua/IBGE, the authors construct a two-period panel with women sampled in the second quarter of 2019 and 2020. The authors apply propensity score matching and differences-in-differences methods to control selection into treatment.FindingsThe results show a negative impact in terms of employment for mothers whose children attended a childcare centre before the COVID-19 pandemic. But there was no impact in terms of labour force participation rates. Investigating heterogeneous effects associated with childcare centres' closures, the authors find that women with fewer years of schooling, with children aged two or three years old and located in urban areas, suffered greater penalties in the labour market due to the closure of childcare centres.Originality/valueFew studies could distinguish the pandemic effects directly associated with childcare centres' closures. The paper is the first to analyse the Brazilian case, undertaking an original approach to handle the problem of selection bias. The results help identify the most vulnerable groups of women in the labour market, shedding light on the importance of childcare centres on women's labour supply and of compensating mechanisms to serve as protection during the crisis.Peer reviewThe peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/IJSE-11-2022-0748.

Smokeless tobacco utilization among tribal communities in India: A population-based cross-sectional analysis of the Global Adult Tobacco Survey, 2016-2017.

Evidence on smokeless tobacco use is scarce among indigenous communities, with the available literature based either on a specific tribe or on a particular region. Therefore, we aimed to estimate the prevalence of smokeless tobacco and assess its correlation among tribal communities in India. We utilized data from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey-2 conducted in 2016-2017. A total of 12,854 tribal people aged >15 years were included in this study. The utilization of smokeless tobacco was estimated using the weighted proportion, and its correlates were assessed by multivariable logistic regression reported as an adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with a 95% confidence interval. The prevalence of smokeless tobacco use was 32%. Participants aged 31-45 years [AOR: 1.66 (1.37-2.00)], who were men [AOR: 2.37 (1.94-1.90)], and who were daily wage/casual laborers [AOR: 5.32 (3.39-8.34)] were observed to have a significant association with smokeless tobacco. Willingness and attempt to quit smokeless tobacco were higher in Eastern India (31.2%) and central India (33.6%), respectively. We observed one-third of the tribal individuals used smokeless tobacco in India. Tobacco control policies should prioritize men, rural residents, and individuals with fewer years of schooling. Culturally appropriate and linguistically tailored messages are required for behavioral change communication.

Living arrangement of Indian elderly: a predominant predictor of their level of life satisfaction

ObjectiveThis article aims to examine the level of life satisfaction (LS) among Indian older adults and to determine whether their living arrangement is one of the potential determinants of their level of LS.MethodsData was drawn from the first and most recent wave of Longitudinal Ageing Study in India conducted in 2017–18. Using the Satisfaction with Life Scale, the level of LS was assessed for 30,370 elderly aged 60 + . Bivariate analysis was carried out to see the variation in the level of LS across elderlies with different socio-demographic characteristics. To investigate the association between LS and living arrangements and the selected socio-demographic factors multinomial logistic regression model was fitted.ResultThe findings reveal that 25.4% and 45.5% of the elderlies have reported having a low and high level of LS, respectively. Living alone was associated with low level of LS. Co-residing with a spouse was associated with a higher likelihood of reporting high level of LS. The study also found that having both spouse and children as coresident increases the likelihood of reporting high level of LS (RRR = 3.15, 95%CI = 2.3–4.28). Elderly with self-reported poor health, limitation in more than two activities of daily living and presence of depressive symptoms were significantly associated with reporting low level of LS. However, being diagnosed with more than three chronic illnesses was associated with high level of LS (RRR = 1.41, 95%CI = 1.25–1.59). Older adults with the following characteristics were more likely to report a lower level of LS: male, 60–64 years old, no or few years of schooling, unmarried, working, rural resident, living in a poor household, Scheduled Caste and Tribe.ConclusionThe level of life satisfaction in Indian older adults is significantly associated with their living arrangements, thus suggesting that the LS of older adults could be facilitated through interventions that consider their living arrangements. Older adults with various personal and household characteristics were identified as vulnerable groups, who should be the prime targets of the existing welfare policies.

Linear and Nonlinear Effect of Years of Schooling, Sex, and Age on the CERAD-MX and Complementary Tasks in a Mexican Sample: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Since evidence of adults' cognition decline is based on standardized testing, we developed regression-based continuous norms by linear regression (LR) and nonlinear quantile regression (NQR) with years of schooling (YoS), age, and sex as covariates on the Mexican adaptation of the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD-MX) and complementary tasks. 392 healthy, Spanish-speaking Mexican adults (50.25% women) aged 18-59 completed the 15 CERAD-MX cognitive tasks and complementary tasks. We used raw scores and examined YoS-related effects considering sex and age as covariates. For the NQR, we used calibrated scores for sex and age. While LR represents one line across the performance, NQR differentiated several nonlinear performance bands by quantiles. LR showed positive relationships between YoS and cognitive performance with a funnel variance pattern. Therefore, this relationship is better represented with NQR than LR. A small, but significant, negative effect of age was found for this age range (18-59years). The band with fewer years of schooling (1-6) showed greater variability in the cognitive measures than those with more years of schooling (16-22). This study shows that NQR is useful for accurately positioning participants' performance relative to their peers. NQR accounts more than LR for the inconsistent variability of cognitive performance as a function of YoS by identifying the variability according to YoS (low, medium, high). Thus, NQR represents an appropriate way to construct norms for the cognitive performance of adults.