Feudal Research Articles

A Study on the Adaptation of Legend of the White Snake in Chinese Feudal Society

A Study on the Adaptation of Legend of the White Snake in Chinese Feudal Society

어은리 출토 장식품으로 본 진한(辰韓)과 진한(秦漢)의 교류

The purpose of this paper is to grasp the exchange patterns between Golbeol state of Jin-han and Qin and Han Dynasties through the adornments excavated from Yeongcheon Eoeun-Ri. Analysis methods are ‘Cognitive archaeology’ and ‘restoring the object to its original shape’. Even if it is the same object, its description may vary depending on how it is perceived, and the shape of relics may also be determined by descriptions expressed differently. Collective descriptions that are being repeated can be considered as group perceptions being expressed and can also be understood as the representation of the group. If not just currently discovered relics but if the whole relics are also restored, the entire shape can be recognized even with some parts of the relics. This is ‘the restoration of the object to its original shape’. Among the adornments excavated in Eoeun-Ri, chariot adornments are parts of chariots that are excavated only from royal tombs of Ancient China, and through this fact, it can be assumed that the presence of specific chariot adornments indicates that such chariots could only be used by royalties. Although belt hooks were originated from nomad culture, as Kingdom Zhongshan became feudal lords of Ancient China, belt hooks were developed in Kingdom Zhongshan and then were introduced into the Korean Peninsula after the collapse of Kingdom Zhongshan; in this process, belt hooks were also introduced to Nakrang, affected by the establishment of a new distribution network through the collapse of Ancient Joseon and the expansion of Han’s influence at the time. Through this distribution network, not only belt hooks but also chariots that royalties of Ancient China used were introduced into the area of Eoeun-Ri (Golbeol state). As for the type of exchange, the perspective of ‘supply and demand’ can be considered. Although the royal class of Ancient China existed as the closest consumers, the fact that chariots were distributed all the way to Yeongcheon Eoeun-Ri area which is far in distance shows that there was a demand for high-end chariots from the chieftains of Golbeol state in Eoeun-Ri area, and at the same time it shows that although the chieftains of Golbeol state might be different in hierarchy, it had a similar position and sufficient purchasing power from those of Ancient China. In addition, it proves that Golbeol state was considerably a powerful force that chariots which only royalties could use for Nakrang and Ancient China were supplied. Since Eoeun-Ri area was located among other countries of Qin and Han Dynasties and Nakrang as well as Byeon-han, it is judged that Golbeol state played an important role as a traffic route.

The Images of The Feudal Societies in Vietnamese Literary Works: A Perspective of Critical Discourse Analysis

Purpose: This study aims to apply critical discourse analysis (henceforth CDA) to examine representations of feudalism in Vietnamese literary works. The discourse-historical approach (Wodak, 2009) and socio-cognitive framework (Van Dijk, 1993) guide an analysis of how linguistic strategies construct feudal portrayals and situate them within Vietnam's sociohistorical context. Methods: A corpus of five short stories (1930-1945) thematically depicting feudalism is compiled. Detailed textual analysis identifies metaphors, lexical choices, connotations and symbolic spaces that construct vivid feudal imagery portraying oppression and injustice. Results: Findings show the discourse utilizes techniques like animal metaphors, derogatory nouns, and graphic violence to dramatize the dehumanization and brutality endured by peasants under feudalism. This study demonstrates usefulness of CDA for elucidating the complex, nuanced ways literary discourse reproduces and contests dominant power structures and ideologies. Discussion: Findings provide deeper insight into linguistic strategies that critique yet inadvertently reinforce aspects of feudalism. The adoption of CDA can enrich Vietnamese literary scholarship by enabling a more critical examination of discursive constructions of identity, inequality and power relations.

Analyzing the Characters in the Dream of the Red Mansion and Jane Eyre from the Perspective of Feminism

Feminism not only has many manifestations in theory but also in practical life. This paper explores feminism from the perspective of literary works from both East and West. In the East, although feminism was influenced very late, it began to sprout as early as the feudal society. The feminism of this period was closed, not bold, and oppressive. Cao Xueqin's "Dream of the Red Chamber" can become an encyclopedia of Chinese feudal society. Feminism is manifested in all aspects here. When China was in a backward feudal period, Western societies such as Britain and France had already begun a vigorous bourgeois revolution. Women are already openly and boldly fighting for democracy, freedom, and liberation. British writer Charlotte Bronte, influenced by the idea of compromise and combining her own personal experience, wrote the masterpiece Jane Eyre. This paper analyzed the characters in Dream of the Red Mansion and Jane Eyre from the perspective of feminism.

Celjski grofje kot fevdni gospodje in njihov fevdni dvor

German historiography refers to a group of feudal lord’s vassals as a feudal court (Lehnshof). At their zenith, the Counts of Cilli/Celje were perhaps the most powerful feudal lords in today’s Slovenian territory. The social and provincial allegiance of their vassals varied. The vassals were acquired through various means, sometimes even by force. Obligations, partly determined by both written and customary feudal law, were mutual. The feudal court of the Counts of Cilli, which also represented a source of personnel from which they recruited their court-territorial officials, was just as diverse as their feudal practices.

Analysis of the Fate of Literati in Qing Dynasty Who did not Meet the Imperial Examination: Life Dilemma and Spiritual Pursuit

The Qing Dynasty was the last period of Chinese feudal society, during which the imperial examination system played an important role. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the fate of literati who failed to pass the imperial examination in Qing Dynasty, focusing on the analysis of their life difficulties and the spiritual realm they pursued. Firstly, it introduces the historical background and structure of the imperial examination system in Qing Dynasty, and its influence on social mobility and literati status. It then discusses the economic challenges, career opportunities limitations and psychological difficulties faced by literati who failed to pass the exam. At the same time, it analyzes how these literati seek spiritual satisfaction and contribution by cultivating personal interest, engaging in literary and artistic creation, and participating in knowledge exchange and cultural activities. Through case studies of well-known literati who failed the exam, their life paths, dilemmas, and achievements are explored, as well as their philosophical and spiritual legacies. Finally, compare with the literati who passed the examination, reflect on the diversity of literati life in Qing Dynasty. The purpose of this study is to provide a new perspective for understanding the fate of literati in Qing Dynasty, and to provide inspiration and suggestions for future research.

The Connection between the Ancient Chinese Asterism System and the Chinese Feudal System: A Discussion Centering on the Three Enclosure, Four Symbols, and Twenty-Eight Constellations

The Connection between the Ancient Chinese Asterism System and the Chinese Feudal System: A Discussion Centering on the Three Enclosure, Four Symbols, and Twenty-Eight Constellations

“Gelungan” Characters of Kamasan Puppet in the Magala-Gala Tradition Game

Feudalism, which is a social or political system that gives great power to the nobility, in Indonesia, especially in Bali, still adheres to this system, where in literature and in traces of discourse it is stated that this system was already in effect at that time. However, apart from the Feudal system, Indonesia, especially Bali, has many existing traditions, such as the art of wayang kamasan painting and also Ma-gala-galaan or Gala-gala. The techniques used in the process of creating works of painting are the Dussel and Sigar techniques and how to visualize them on plywood media. The method used in the creation process is Hawkins, which consists of three stages, namely idea exploration, improvisation, and realization or forming.The result of this method is to search for ideas and how to visualize the concept of the Gelungan Wayang Kamasan character on plywood media. Improvise to find harmonious proportions and colors. The manifestation (forming) of all visual results found related to the title adopted is undergoing development. With the creation of this work, it is hoped that it will be useful for the community related to this state system and also about traditional painting and traditional games in Bali.

PERAN UN WOMEN DALAM ISU KETIDAKSETARAAN GENDER DI PAKISTAN

In 1994, UNDP released a report on human security, which included a point on personal security. The issue of gender inequality is a threat to personal security. Pakistan is a country that continues to advocate for and work towards gender equality. Inequalities in socio-economic development and the influence of a social structure based on a feudal system led to differences in the level of gender inequality in Pakistan. The high level of gender inequality in Pakistan affects women's ability to fully enjoy their rights. Using the concepts of international organizations, human security theory, and gender equality, this research aims to examine the role of the international organization UN Women in increasing gender equality in Pakistan. Employing a qualitative method with a descriptive approach as the framework, this research found that UN Women serves as a facilitator, communicator, and motivator in advancing gender equality, promoting Sustainable Development Goal 5, and protecting women from violence and discrimination. UN Women actively plays a role in achieving gender equality in Pakistan.

An Analytical Study of the Main Characters in the Fictions of Allama Rashid ul Khairi

Allama Rashid ul Khairi is considered to be a pioneer of Urdu short stories. His work is primarily centered on women's basic and social rights. He was a reformer who conveyed his thoughts and ideas in connection with Islamic teachings through his stories. Essentially, Rashid created various characters to challenge the behavior of a male-dominated society, including characters from feudal systems, the middle class, and the lower-middle class, all aimed at safeguarding women's rights in the early twentieth century in the Indian subcontinent. Main characters of the fictions of Rashid have been critically analyzed in this paper.

Women’s Rights in Le Dynasty’s “Quoc Trieu Hinh Luat”,Vietnam

Originating in the mid-15th century, the “Quoc Trieu Hinh Luat” legal law stands out for its remarkable value and achievements, featuring progressive attributes that surpass both preceding and succeeding legal laws. Throughout the extended period of Vietnamese subjugation by the North, the population endured significant influences from Chinese culture, operating within a feudal system that recognized the dominance of males over females. And Confucianism promoted a patriarchal system, a society where men have ultimate authority within the family unit and community. While the “Quoc Trieu Hinh Luat” could not entirely break free from this prevailing context, it introduced certain privileges for Vietnamese women that were absent in the contemporary Chinese setting. This article focuses on highlighted provisions safeguarding the dignity and rights of women in a society traditionally biased towards male superiority. Key aspects include right to decline marriage, the autonomy for women to enter voluntary marriages, the wife’s right to unilaterally leave her husband, and the right to divorce. Additionally, the “Quoc Trieu Hinh Luat” imposes stringent penalties for offenses against the physical and mental well-being of women. In some instances, female offenders receive relatively lenient punishments compared to their male counterparts. The primary aim of this article is to contribute to scholarly discussions on women’s rights within the socio-cultural milieu of the Le Dynasty’s “Quoc Trieu Hinh Luat”.

Social consciousness in the fictional works of Prem Chand

Prem Chand is called the god of fictional stories. The aspect of social consciousness is vivid in his writings. He peeps into society with deep insight and describes the social & psychological conditions of his characters. The commonness is his central characters. He was associated with progressive movement and wrote under its agenda. His writings are a silent protest against imperialism, colonialism, feudal system and slavery of every kind. His stories pose as a unique blend of idealism & realism. His story “Kaffan” (کفن) & Jarmana (جریمانہ) are exemplary in depicting social consciousness. He was a great preacher of harmony & peace in the society. His fictional writings show great advocacy in creating love, tolerance and harmony among Muslims & Hindus. In fact he was a writer of every deprived human being.

The Regional Political Parties and the Leaders of Odisha: A brief History of Odisha during 1961-1980

Odisha has been in part a tradition-bound, underdeveloped, backward, and feudal state struggling in the path towards modernity. Hence, the emergence, development, and working of party system and party leadership in Odisha present an interesting study. Odisha, offers a unique opportunity to examine the capacity of political development to effect socio-economic change. Looking at the political instability which was persistent in the state for almost two decades between 1961-1980. The purpose of this study is to gain an understanding of the repeated failures of Odisha's administration and legislative, which led to the imposition of president rule between the years 1961 and 1980. Thus, the study examines party politics in Odisha in all of its varied facets. The present chapter will first provide a historical background of the state of Odisha in order to properly understand the politics of Odisha in the post-independence period to the eighties of the last century. Secondly, the details of party politics and political leadership in Odisha in between the years 1960 and 1980 will be debated upon. This will allow for a proper understanding of the politics of Odisha in the post-independence period to the eighties of the twentieth century.

Economic Transformations in British Colonial Punjab and the Feudal Identity of District Jhang

Jhang a historic city of Punjab is situated at the junction of two rivers Jehlum and Chenab. Its fertile lands have always been a big source of prosperity. During British rule, colonial authorities in Punjab made many reforms in this region. They not only reformed the agriculture sector but also improved infrastructure. Construction of a road network, railway line, postal and telegraph system as well as supply of electricity had positive impacts on the social and economic life of Jhang. Although all these developments were made for colonial interests ultimately these benefitted the peoples of Jhang. Among British reforms, the most important were agricultural reforms. These reforms had a deep impact on the future and socio-economic and political setup of Jhang. After agricultural reforms and establishing canal colonies, Jhang was neglected in terms of establishing agro-based and other industrial units and new agricultural research and science and technology institutions. As a result, the Jhang was denied the chances for advancement and growth that could have driven and propelled it to become a more prosperous and progressed region. Here the question arises of whether the actual purpose of agricultural reforms in district Jhang was only to create certain classes to protect colonial interests and reward them for their loyalties? Did the British Colonial agrarian reforms lay the foundation for the Feudal system in Jhang?

FEATURES OF 19th CENTURY LITERATURE: ROMANTICISM AND REALISM

This article is devoted to the peculiarities of world literature of the 19th century, romanticism and realism. The topic of political and social changes, traditions in history and literature in the 19th century is also touched upon. Romanticism is an art born of a brief historical moment of uncertainty, crisis that accompanied the transition from a feudal system to a capitalist system; When by 1830 the outlines of capitalist society were determined, the art of realism replaced romanticism.

The Contrast between the Same System of Marriage in the Tang Dynasty and Japan

Tang dynasty unprecedented development of China's legal system, especially the tang law of discussion on adjacent to all countries have a profound influence, the marriage system of the tang dynasty scattered in the tang law of discussion, the provisions of the marriage system is distinctive, the tang law of discussion on the construction of the relevant legal system has a profound influence, many laws can see the law of tang. The rules of the Japanese marriage system have both references and their own unique features. The marriage system can reflect the social reality at that time, and can more intuitively reflect the importance of the feudal society to the family inheritance. This paper will briefly introduce an overview of the marriage system in the Tang Dynasty and contemporary Japan, make a comparative study on the principles of the establishment of marriage, marriage, and analyze the influence of Tang law on the Japanese system of marriage. This paper discusses the reasons for the similarities and differences in the marriage systems and forms of the two countries, conducts a comparative study, comprehensively understands the whole picture of the ancient marriage system of the Tang and Japanese, and deeply analyzes the influence of the Tang law on the marriage system of Japan.

The architecturing of modern love and the architecturing of modern architecture: revisiting ‘Huiyin Lin’

The ‘birth’ of Chinese modern architecture coincided with the beginning of the advocation of ‘modern’, ‘free’, and ‘true love’ as the country moved away from the feudal system in the early twentieth century and its population began rebelling against the conventional practice of arranged marriages. Huiyin Lin, allegedly the first Chinese female architect, became a nexus of this paradigm shift. Constructed as the ultimate lover — a reputation supported by the stories about her relations with the poet Zhimo Xu, the architect Sicheng Liang, and the philosopher Yuelin Jin — she was further romanticised and popularised in TV dramas, among other forms of storytelling. Meanwhile, as a member of the first generation of Chinese architects in the modern period, she contributed to the founding of the discipline and the pedagogy of modern architecture in the country. Instead of applying reductive labels and pinpointing a straightforward case of the objectification and fetishisation of women, or of the demeaning of their professional value through a focus on their personal romantic life, this paper presents both aspects of Lin's life as intricately entwined, drawing no dichotomy between private and public, romance and profession. By reflecting the interweaving of the construction of love and of architecture, and their intersection with gender constructs in the decolonising China in a global context from the 1920s on, through the material event of ‘Huiyin Lin’ — the life of a holistic person, the histories of a name — the reformation of both love and architecture becomes possible.

The Hierarchy of Dogs and Men: Satire in Mamdouh ʿUdwan’s Drama

This paper will study the satirical representation of the human condition under poverty and political oppression in Syria. People are sardonically presented as inferior to animals in four plays by the Syrian dramatist Mamdouh ʿUdwan: The Feudal Lord’s Dog, The Bitten Bitch, and The Ambassador’s Dog. With the knowledge of the pejorative connotations the Arabic language associates with the term “dog”, these plays can be considered as a poignant mockery of the situation in ʿUdwan’s world 1941-2004 and a prophetic extrapolation of the present abyss. Through textual analysis, this study will delineate people’s servility and the loss of integrity under local political oppression as communicated in the ironical mix-up between the death of the dog and that of the lord in The Feudal Lord’s Dog The sarcastic presentation of a pampered female dog publishing a newspaper column complaining of lack of emotional and sexual fulfillment contrasts wittily with the inadequacy of basic human rights afforded to the journalist, in The Bitten Bitch. Lastly, The Ambassador’s Dog cynically reverses the human-animal hierarchy, as it celebrates the superior quality of life enjoyed by dogs in an unnamed superpower country. The value of human life in Syria has plummeted to the extent that the dog sitter is happy to sacrifice his life to save a dog. This article will evaluate ʿUdwan’s satire of the status quo in his country and investigate whether it is a genuine means of communication to circumvent censorship, or alternatively, it is only a form of licensed criticism used as a valve of pseudo-freedom approved by an authoritarian government.

THE THOUGHT OF "INNER SAGE, OUTER KING" IN LE THANH TONG'S POEM PHONG NIEN IN VIETNAMESE MEDIEVAL LITERATURE

<p>Confucianism was introduced to Vietnam very early and its influence on Vietnamese society is relatively comprehensive. In Confucian philosophy, “inner sage, outer king” are considered an important ideological core, and are also the highest goal of self-cultivation for each Confucian scholar. Le Thanh Tong was a king who promoted Confucianism. He brought Confucianism to a unique position in Vietnamese feudal society during the Quang Thuan and Hong Duc periods. When absorbing the influence of Confucian ideology, Le Thanh Tong also thoroughly understood the content of "inner sage, outer king", thereby reflecting it through his compositions. <em>Quynh Uyen Cuu Ca</em> is known as a collection of poems including 9 excellent Chinese poems by Le Thanh Tong, and is also a very valuable poetic heritage of the author. In it, each poem expresses his views on the times, literature, and art. The thought of “inner sage, outer king” is expressed quite clearly by the author in this collection of poems. Although it does not cover all 9 poems, every time it is mentioned, the author emphasizes and boldly depicts it. The first poem and also typical for this thought is the poem <em>Phong Nien</em>.</p><p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/soc/0014/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

The role of Magdeburg law for the political, economic and cultural formation of Ostroh in the XVI-XVII centuries

The article examines the impact of the concept of Magdeburglawontheeconomic, political and cultural development of Ostrohin the 16th-17th centuries. The author establishes that today there are many issues which require through research and resolution, inparticular, the introduction of a clear division of administrative functions between state authorities and local self-government bodies, improvement of the system and structure of local self-government bodies, and creation of an appropriate legislative framework. It is believed that it is impossible to solve these problems without a clear and systematic analysis of the mainstages of formation of local self-government in the contex to historical data on Magdeburg law.
 The author establishes that Magdeburg law is a medieval type of law under which cities were partially exempted from the power of the central royal administration or the power of a feudal lord and, as a result, were able to self-governon a corporate basis. Thanks to the privileges of Magdeburg law, cities for the first time received self-government, their own mayor, mayor, councilors, shopkeepers, their own courts, and the right to create their own craftsmen’s shops.
 The article confirms the idea that Magdeburg law is perhaps the clearest evidence that Ukrainian cities form any centuries were in a single political, cultural and economic space on a par with the leading cities of Europe. This thesis is confirmed by the history of the Magdeburg in many centers of our country, including the largest educational center of sixteenth-century Volhynia, the legendary city of Ostroh. Despite the outstanding importance of Ostroh in the socio-political and cultural life of Ukraine at the turn of the Middle Agesand the Modernera, the formation of the Magdeburg in this city has long been misinterpreted due to the lack of historical sources. The adoption of the concept of Magdeburg law provided Ostroh with a unique opportunity to develop local trade and, most importantly, the educational sphere. A characteristic feature of Magdeburg law in Ukrainian cities at the end of the sixteenth century was the transformation of its norms due to the influence of current factors of socio-economic development, as well as ancient Russian traditions of urban organization and law. Thus, the Magdeburg law did not initiate a new process of establishing local government in Ukraine, but only modified to a certain extent the existing norms of life and management of local affairs.