Ferula Gummosa Research Articles

Effects of ethanolic extract of Ferula gummosa oleo-resin in a rat model of streptozotocin-induced diabetes.

Previous studies have shown that some plants in the genus of Ferula (Apiaceae) have antidiabetic effects. The present work was aimed to evaluate effects of Ferula gummosa oleo-resin in a rat model of streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Male Wistar rats were randomized into five groups (n = 6): normal control, diabetic control, diabetic rats treated with insulin (3 IU/day), and diabetic rats treated with 100 or 400 mg/kg/day of an ethanolic extract of the oleo-resin. After 4 weeks, blood samples were collected for measuring fasting blood glucose (FBG), lipid profile, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine. In addition, levels of lipid peroxidation, thiol groups, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were evaluated in the liver and kidney. At the end of the fourth week, the level of FBG in rats treated with 100 mg/kg of the extract was lower than that in diabetic control rats (273 ± 39 mg/dL vs 471 ± 32 mg/dL). Administration of insulin and the extract had no significant effects on the serum lipids. Insulin and both doses of the extract significantly reduced the activity of ALT. In addition, the extract inhibited lipid peroxidation in the kidney and restored the elevated level of SOD in the liver and kidneys. Ferula gummosa oleo-resin has the potential to prevent or delay the complications of diabetes by inhibiting the progression of hyperglycemia and attenuating oxidative stress-induced damage in the liver and kidneys.

Antioxidant activity of the Ferula gummosa Boiss.'s aerial parts: Measurements based on different assay methods

Introduction: Measuring of natural antioxidants power is important in the food industry. Ferula gummosa Boiss. plant, locally called Barijeh, is a member of genus Ferula belonging to the Apiaceae family. To introduce endemic natural antioxidants, antioxidant capacity of alcoholic and hydroalcoholic extracts of aerial parts of F. gummosa Boiss. was investigated. Objective: The primary objective of this study was to compare the antioxidant levels and activities between flower and leaf extracts of Ferula gummosa Boiss. plant by different assay methods. Method: The antioxidant activity of flower and leaf extracts of F. gummosa Boiss. was assessed usingferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay. In addition, phenolic content of the extracts was measured byFolin-Ciocalteu (FC) method. Results: Ferric reducing antioxidant power assay showed that leaf extract has more antioxidant activity compared to flower extract. DPPH assay had similar results. A slow kinetic behavior was found for methanol extracts of both tissues (EC50 of 0.21 mg/mL and 0.25 mg/mL for leaf and flower methanol extracts, respectively) which was estimated by kinetic mode of DPPH assay. The ORAC assay showed higher values for methanolic extracts compared to ethanolic extracts. Except for ORAC assay, a significant positive correlation was found between antioxidant data of ferric-reducing antioxidant power, DPPH and Folin-Ciocalteu assays. Conclusion: These findings suggest that high antiradical potential and reducing power of the alcoholic and hydroalcoholic extracts of the aerial parts of F. gummosa Boiss. correspond to a high phenolic content in these plant parts. The high antioxidant activity of the F. gummosa Boiss. could propound the hydroalcoholic extracts of this plant as a therapeutic agent to prevent and treat diseases due to free radical imbalance in the body.

Multi-Drug Resistant Clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosas Inhibited by Ferula gummosa Boiss.

Multi-drug resistance among Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) clinical isolates is increasing and becoming a serious problem for public health authorities worldwide. The aim of the current study is to introduce a potent antibacterial compound against the resistant P. aeruginosa. In this study, we evaluated the antibacterial effects of extracts and essential oils of Ferula gummosa Boiss (F. gummosa) on 33 P. aeruginosa clinical isolates by microdilution method and assessed the association of antimicrobial activity with the extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing, biofilm forming and aliginate production of the strains. In addition, the presence of some genes involved in these properties, including blaGES- 1, blaRER-1, blaCTX-M, blaVEB-1, blaOXA-1, blaOXA-4, blaOXA-10, ppyR, pslA, pelA, algU, algL, algD, fliC and oxaA was determined using PCR. We revealed that all of our extracts and essential oils had significant antibacterial effects (p<0.001), but the aqueous extracts showed a relatively lower antibacterial activity compared with the methanolic ones. Furthermore, the minimum inhibitory concentration required for the ESBL producing strains was significantly higher than the non-ESBL producing ones (p<0.001). Loss of some genes such as blaPER-1, blaGES-1, blaOXA-1 and blaOXA-4 caused sensitivity to F. gummosa derivatives (p<0.05). The findings of this study indicate that the antibacterial effects of the extract and essential oils of F. gummosa may be a potential novel treatment against drug-resistant P. aeruginosa clinical isolates.

Sensitivity ofBemisia tabaci(Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) and the Generalist PredatorOrius albidipennis(Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) to Vapors of Essential Oils

Abstract In recent years, plant derivatives such as essential oils have been one of the most promising sources for the substitution of chemical insecticides for pest management. A laboratory assessment was conducted to find the fumigant toxicity of Artemisia sieberi Besser, Pelargonium roseum Andrews, and Ferula gummosa Boiss essential oils against the sweetpotato whitefly Bemisia tabaci Gennadius and its predator, Orius albidipennis Reuter. The responses varied depending on oil type and insect species. Based on 24-h median lethal concentration (LC50) values, all the essential oils showed similar toxicity to B. tabaci. Ferula gummosa essential oil had lesser toxicity (LC50, 3.46 μll−1 air) than P. roseum (LC50, 0.95 μll−1 air) and A. sieberi (LC50, 0.62 μll−1 air) against O. albidipennis. The toxicity of the oils increased for both insects by increasing the exposure time from 3 h to 48 h. A comparison of the essential oils' toxicity on the two insects showed a lower susceptibility of O. albidipennis to t...

Synergistic effects of Ferula gummosa and radiotherapy on induction of cytotoxicity in HeLa cell line.

Cervical cancer is the second most common type of cancer among women, worldwide; and for treatment of this type of cancer radiotherapy is commonly used. Ferula gummosa Boiss ("Barije" in Persian, from the family Apiaceae), (F. gummosa), is an extremely precious medicinal plant which naturally grows throughout the Mediterranean and Central Asia and is a native plant in Iran. The present study examined the cytotoxic effects of F. gummosa in terms of induction of apoptosis and radiosensitivity in HeLa cells. In order to determine F. gummosa cytotoxicity in HeLa cells, the cells were incubated with different concentrations of the plant resin (0-1000 µg/ml) for 24, 48 and 72 hr. Cytotoxicity was determined by MTT assay. The role of apoptosis in F. gummosa cytotoxicity was investigated using flow cytometry following propidium iodide (PI) staining of DNA. For radiosensitivity assessment, F. gummosa-treated cells were exposed to 2 Gy γ-rays, and cytotoxicity was determined in irradiated and non-irradiated (control) groups by MTT and the synergism factor was calculated. F. gummosa decreased cell viability in HeLa cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Flow cytometry analysis indicated that apoptosis is involved in F. gummosa-induced cytotoxicity. Co-administration of F. gummosa and radiotherapy, showed that this plant at non-toxic low doses, could result in almost 5-fold increment in sensitization of cells towards radiation-induced toxicity. The concurrent use of F. gummosa and radiation increases radiosensitivity and cell death. Therefore, F. gummosa can be considered as a potential radiosensitizer agent against cervical cancer.

Comparison of antimicrobial effect of Ziziphora tenuior, Dracocephalum moldavica, Ferula gummosa, and Prangos ferulacea essential oil with chlorhexidine on Enterococcus faecalis: An in vitro study

Different irrigating solutions with high antimicrobial activity have been introduced for cleaning of the root canal system. However, effects of Prangos ferulacea (PF), Ziziphora tenuior (ZT), Dracocephalum moldavica (DM), and Ferula gummosa (FG) on oral and dental pathogens have not been extensively evaluated due to their optimal biocompatibility and insignificant side effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial effects of essential oils of mentioned plants on Enterococcus faecalis. In this in vitro study the plants were collected from Zanjan Province, Iran. Analysis of the essential oil was carried out by gas chromatography/mass chromatography. Micro-broth dilution and disc diffusion methods were used for assessment of the antimicrobial activity, and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were evaluated. All the four essential oils had antibacterial effects on E. faecalis, and ZT had the greatest antibacterial activity. Assessment of the mean diameter of the growth inhibition zone showed higher antibacterial activity of PF and ZT than that of chlorhexidine. The MIC and MBC of ZT showed that the antimicrobial activity of ZT against E. faecalis was greater than that of other plants evaluated in this study. The results of this study indicated significant antibacterial effects of the mentioned plants on E. faecalis. The greatest antimicrobial activity belonged to ZT. The current study suggests extraction of effective compounds in these medicinal plants to use them in the clinical setting.

Mining Ferula gummosa transcriptome to identify miRNAs involved in the regulation and biosynthesis of terpenes

Ferula gummosa is a well-known medicinal and industrial plant for its oleo-gum-resin named galbanum. So far, there is no information about the role of miRNAs on the production of terpenes as the major secondary metabolite of galbanum. In the present study, RNA-seq data on the root and flower of the plant were used to predict miRNAs and their targets using computational approaches. Additionally, biological network analyses were used to unravel the direct or indirect regulatory effects of miRNAs on the targets involved in terpene biosynthesis. For the first time, 220 miRNAs from 94 families have been reported in F. gummosa. miR5658, miR1533, miR5021, miR414, and miR1436 are the top five miRNAs with high abundance. Gene ontology (GO) analysis of the identified targets showed that in the biological process category, the miRNA-regulated genes were highly involved in transcription. According to the KEGG and PlantCyc results, six miRNAs from five miRNA families including miR2919, miR5251, miR838, miR5021, and miR5658 were found to be related to the pathway of terpene biosynthesis. Moreover, network analysis showed that three terpene-regulating TFs namely SPL7, SPL11, and ATHB13 are putatively regulated by three miRNAs including miR1533, miR5021, and miR5658 respectively. Differential gene expression results showed that the expression levels of these miRNAs are negatively correlated to the expression levels of both TFs and their co-expressed terpene biosynthesis genes.

Ferula gummosa gum induces apoptosis via ROS mechanism in human leukemic cells.

Ferula species known for its oleo-resins that are recognized valuable industrial crops and food products. In this study, we examined the level of cellular oxidants, cytotoxicity, apoptosis and differentiation induced by oleo resin gum from Ferula gummosa (30-250 µg/mL), as well as Arsenic trioxide (50 µM, as positive control), in leukemic (NB4 and HL-60 cells) and normal polymorph nuclear cells during 72 h. Resazurin assay was used to determine cell viability following treatment with F. gummosa (30-250 µg/mL). Intracellular reactive oxygen species was measured by fluorimetry using carboxy 2', 7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate. Apoptotic cells were evaluated using PI staining of DNA fragmentation by flow cytometry (sub-G1 peak). Differentiation of cells evaluated by Giemsa staining and Nitro Blue Tetrazolium reduction. F. gummosa showed a concentration-dependent suppression in cell survival with IC50 values of 41.8 µg/mL for HL60 and 59.2 µg/mL for NB4 cells after 72 h treatment. ROS formation and apoptotic cells were concentration-dependently increased following treatment with F. gummosa, similar to As2O3. F. gummosa did not induce differentiation of leukemic cells towards granulocytic pattern. The resin did not have toxic effect on PMN cells (&lt;800 µg/mL). In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that F. gummosa induced apoptosis through ROS mechanism on leukemic cells as a concentration and time dependent manner. The precise signaling pathway by which F. gummosa induce apoptosis needs further research.

Ecological and phytochemical attributes of endemic Ferula gummosa Boiss. at vegetative and generative stages

Abstract Objective This study was accomplished to find out the ecological as well as some biochemical and physiological properties of Ferula gummosa Boiss. Methods Soil samples were analysed. Different plant parts collected during different stages were analysed biochemically (catalase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase and total protein) and physiologically (proline, sugars, phenolic components and photosynthetic pigments). Results Soil analysis showed that pH, EC and phosphatase activity were approximately 6.5–6.8, 200 μS/cm and 890 μmol/min, respectively. Among measured elements in soil, only P and Na had significantly higher concentrations at generative and vegetative stages, respectively. The biochemical and physiological analyses of F. gummosa Boiss. leaves and roots showed that the content of proline, sugar and phenolic components were significantly higher at generative stage than vegetative stage, while the content of photosynthetic pigments and activities of catalase, peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase were significantly lower. Our qualitative analysis by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that the total protein bands of generative stage were more intensive than vegetative stage. Conclusion The phytochemical results strongly supported the idea that the metabolic changes were developmental-dependent.

Transcriptome and metabolome analysis of Ferula gummosa Boiss. to reveal major biosynthetic pathways of galbanum compounds.

Ferula gummosa Boiss. is an industrial and pharmaceutical plant that has been highly recognized for its valuable oleo-gum-resin, namely galbanum. Despite the fabulous value of galbanum, very little information on the genetic and biochemical mechanisms of its production existed. In the present study, the oleo-gum-resin and four organs (root, flower, stem, and leaf) of F. gummosa were assessed in terms of metabolic compositions and the expression of genes involved in their biosynthetic pathways. Results showed that the most accumulation of resin and essential oils were occurred in the roots (13.99mg/g) and flowers (6.01mg/g), respectively. While the most dominant compound of the resin was β-amyrin from triterpenes, the most abundant compounds of the essential oils were α-pinene and β-pinene from monoterpenes and α-eudesmol and germacrene-D from sesquiterpenes. Transcriptome analysis was performed by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) for the plant roots and flowers. Differential gene expression analysis showed that 1172 unigenes were differential between two organs that 934 (79.6%) of them were up-regulated in the flowers and 238 (20.4%) unigenes were up-regulated in the roots (FDR ≤0.001). The most important up-regulated unigenes in the roots were involved in the biosynthesis of the major components of galbanum, including myrcene, germacrene-D, α-terpineol, and β-amyrin. The results obtained by RNA-Seq were confirmed by qPCR. These analyses showed that different organs of F. gummosa are involved in the production of oleo-gum-resin, but the roots are more active than other organs in terms of the biosynthesis of triterpenes and some mono- and sesquiterpenes. This study provides rich molecular and biochemical resources for further studies on molecular genetics and functional genomics of oleo-gum-resin production in F. gummosa.

Toxicity assessment of Ferula gummosa administration during pregnancy, lactation, and juvenile period in rat

Ferula gummosa is widely used in traditional medicine to treat a variety of ailments. This work evaluated the safety of F. gummosa root in pregnancy, lactation, and juvenile periods. This study was performed in three parts: (1) pregnant rats were received diet containing 0 (control), 150 , or 700 mg/kg of F. gummosa root during pregnancy; (2) Lactating rats were treated with diet containing the root (0, 150, or 700 mg/kg) during lactation period; (3) juvenile rats were received 4 weeks diet containing the root (0, 150, or 700 mg/kg). F. gummosa at both doses had no significant effects on the duration of pregnancy, maternal weight, and the number of delivered pups, but at dose of 700 mg/kg decreased birthweight of the pups. In lactation period, F. gummosa had no significant effects on mortality, body weight, body length, the weight of organs, and blood biochemical parameters of offspring. In juvenile rats, food consumption, body weight, and WBCs number were decreased in treated groups. No histopathological lesions were detected in the brain, heart, liver, lungs and kidney of offspring, and juvenile rats in treated groups. LC/MS/MS analysis confirmed systemic absorption of active constituents of the root by the oral route of administration. In conclusion, F. gummosa root did not produce significant toxic effects during pregnancy, lactation, and juvenile period. But, decrease in birthweight of delivered pups and in weight gain of juvenile rats should be considered in the long-term consumption of this plant.

The Evaluation and Comparing of Cytotoxic Effects of Ferula gummosa Gum, Scutellaria lindbergii, Kelussia odoratissima and Artemisia kopetdaghensis Extracts on ACHN Cell Line.

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is one of most fatal cancers. In most patients it is resistant to chemotherapy. Ferula gummosa gum, Scutellaria lindbergii, Kelussia odoratissima, and Artemisia kopetdaghensis are herbs about which there are some cytotoxic activity reports. In this study, cytotoxic and apoptotic activity of these four extracts on RCC cell line (ACHN) were evaluated and compared (ACHN) cells were treated with different concentrations of herbal extracts (15-500 μg/mL). Cell proliferation was determined after 24, 48, and 72 h. by MTT assay. Apoptotic cells were determined using PI staining of DNA fragmentation by flow cytometry. Cell viability decreased with all herbal extracts in ACHN cells by 24, 48, and 72 h. as compared with control. Extracts induced a sub-G1 peak in flow cytometry histogram of treated cells indicating apoptotic cell death is involved in extracts induced-toxicity. Results imply that four herbal extracts inhibit the growth of ACHN cells as a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Also, results show that apoptosis is proposed as the possible mechanism of action. So, four herbal extracts could be considered as good anticancer agents in RCC after further studies.

Production of Medicinal Herbs, an Approach to Sustain the Rural Economy (Case Study: Villages in Ghochan County)

Production of Medicinal Herbs, an Approach to Sustain the Rural Economy (Case Study: Villages in Ghochan County)

Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil from Oleo-gum-resin and Different Organs of Ferula gummosa

Galbanum is an aromatic oleo-gum-resin forms as a pharmaceutical and industrial product of the species Ferula gummosa Boiss. Until recently, the essential oil composition from different parts of the plant in comparison with the oleo-gum-resin remains mostly unclear. Therefore, the essential oil from galbanum, root, stem, flower, and leaf of the plant were extracted and investigated by GC-MS. Results showed that flower and leaf contain the most and the least amount of essential oil among four organs, respectively (1.2 and 0.1% v/w). The main constituents of the four oils were β-pinene and α-pinene. The other major components in the galbanum, root and flower were β-eudesmol (7.51, 8.87, and 8.38% respectively), in the stem limonene (3.71%), and in the leaf bornyl acetate (9.89%).

Phytochemical and Acaricidal Study of the Galbanum, Ferula gumosa Boiss. (Apiaceae) Essential Oil Against Tetranychus urticae Koch (Tetranychidae)

The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, one of the major pests of various agricultural plants, causes many problems with agricultural, horticultural and ornamental plants. In recent years, using plant-derived compounds such as essential oils and extracts were attended to their insecticidal and acaricidal properties. The galbanum, Ferula gummosa is a native plant of central Asia, was identified as an acaricide plant for the first time of this study. The composition of the essential oil was analyzed by GC-MS. The major components in the oil were β-pinene (50.1%), α- pinene (14.9%) and δ-3-Carene (6.7%). The impact on essential oil of this plant on fumigant toxicity, LT50, oviposition deterrent activity and repellency against T. urticae was studied at different concentrations. The results stated that F. gummosa oil had high toxicity on eggs and adults of two-spotted spider mite (LC50 was 6.98 and 6.52 μL L-1 for eggs and adults, respectively). In addition, all tested concentrations had oviposition deterrent activity and repellency on adults of this mite.

Effects of standardized extract of Ferula gummosa root on glutamate-induced neurotoxicity.

<i>Glutamate is one of the major excitatory neurotransmitters in the central nervous system. Increasing glutamate leads to neurodegenerative disease. Nowadays, plant medicine plays a role in the treatment of some disorders. In this research, we investigated the neuroprotective effect of <I>Ferula gummosa</I> root extract against glutamate-induced oxidative stress in the rat adrenal pheochromocytoma (PC12) and mouse neuroblastoma (N2a) cell lines. The cells were pretreated with extract for 2 h and then exposed to glutamate for 24 h. After 24 h the level of malondialdehyde (MDA), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and apoptotic cells were determined in both cell lines. Glutamate increased lipid peroxidation, ROS, and apoptotic cells in both cell lines. The extract significantly increased the cell viability and decreased the ROS generation under glutamate-induced oxidative stress in these cells. Also, the extract decreased the MDA level and apoptotic cells. The results showed that <I>Ferula gummosa</I> root may have a protective effect on glutamate-induced toxicity, suggesting that the extract protects neuronal cells from glutamate-induced oxidative stress.</i>.

Laboratory cage studies on the efficacy of some medicinal plant essential oils for controlling varroosis in Apis mellifera (Hym.: Apidae)

Varroosis is a disease of Apis mellifera L. caused by the mite Varroa destructor Anderson and Trueman. Essential oils and their chemical constituents offer a safe alternative to synthetic acaricides for the control of this mite in bee hives. The present study was conducted to evaluate anti-parasitic activity of essential oils from Thymus kotschyanus Bioss &amp; Hohen., Mentha longifolia L., Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh., and Ferula gummosa L. at concentrations of 1, 2.5, 4, and 5.5 µl/l air for 5 and 10 h. Findings indicated that mite mortality increased as oils concentration and exposure time increased. T. kotschyanus oil at 5.5 µl/l air caused a mite mortality rate of 54.4% and 84.43% after 5 and 10 h fumigation, respectively. At the same concentration and exposure time, the honey bee mortality was 0% and 7.2%, respectively. Application of M. longifolia and E. camaldulensis oils at 5.5 µl/l air resulted in 65.53% and 71.06% mortality in Varroa mites and 10.13% and 12% mortality in honey bees after 10 h exposure. Despite moderate acaricidal activity of F. gummosa oil against Varroa mite (49.69%), it was highly toxic to honey bee (30%). Also, GC/MS analysis of the oils showed that carvacrol (47.99%) and thymol (30.61%) in T. kotschyanus oil, piperitenone (36.86%), piperitenone oxide (27.53%),Cispiperitone epoxide (22.21%), and pulegone (8.38%) in M. longifoliaoil, 1,8-cineol (74.7%) and α-pinene (8.35%) in E. camaldulensis oil, and β-pinene (87.29%) in F. gummosa oil were the main chemical constituents. Collectively, our results led to a conclusion that T. kotschyanus, M. longifolia, and E. camaldulensis oils have enough potential to play an important role in integrated control programs of varroosis in apiaries.

331P Synergistic effects of ferula gummosa and radiotherapy to induce cytotoxicity and apoptosis in the hela cell line

331P Synergistic effects of ferula gummosa and radiotherapy to induce cytotoxicity and apoptosis in the hela cell line

331P Synergistic effects of ferula gummosa and radiotherapy to induce cytotoxicity and apoptosis in the hela cell line

331P Synergistic effects of ferula gummosa and radiotherapy to induce cytotoxicity and apoptosis in the hela cell line

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF SOME ESSENTIAL OILS ALONE AND IN COMBINATION WITH AMIKACIN AGAINST ACINETOBACTER SP

Acinetobacter sp. as gram negative bacilli is one of the most problematic bacteria in hospital environments. The emergence of multi-drug resistant isolates of Acinetobacter sp. encourages the scientists to find the new antimicrobial agent with less side effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Cymbopogon olivieri, Heracleum persicum, Juniperus comminus, Azillia eryngioides, Dacus carrota, Ferula gummosa, Acorus calamus, Mentha pulegium, Achillea biebersteinii, and Chaerophyllum macropodum essential oils against clinical trials of Acinetobacter sp. by disc diffusion and micro broth dilution assays. The synergistic effect of these essential oils and amikacin (AMI) were determined. The higher inhibition zone diameters were for 2 µl of C. macropodum (15.3±0.48 mm). The lower MIC and MBC values were for C. olivieri (1.4 and 1.9 µl/ml) and J. comminus (1.9 and 2.6 µl/ml), followed by C. macropodum (2.01 and 3.2 µl/ml), D. carrota (2.1 and 3.8 µl/ml), A. eryngioides (2.3 and 3.1 µl/ml) essential oils and F. gummosa (2.4 and 4 µl/ml). AMI showed synergistic effect with all of the essential oils. D. carrota and A. eryngioides showed the best synergistic effect with AMI, followed by C. macropodum, A. biebersteinii, J. comminus and F. gummosa essential oils.