Fertilizer Waste Research Articles

Review on Utilization of Plants for the Phytoremidiation Purpose on Heavy Metal Contaminated Soil

Heavy metal pollution in the soil has been the main environmental problems in recent years all over the world. Heavy metals that are commonly contaminating soil include lead, chromium, arsenic, zinc, cadmium, copper, mercury and nickel. The main sources of these metals are dust produced by energy, transport, metallurgy, production of construction materials; sanitary sewage, chemical wastewater, industrial mining wastewater and urban mining mixed sewage; mining and industrial solid waste contamination, Fertilizers and pesticides are important agricultural inputs for agricultural production and there is a growing public concern over the potential accumulation of heavy metals in soil owing to rapid industrial development and also the heavy metals pollution is one of the problems that arise due to the increased uses of fertilizers and other chemicals to meet the higher demands of food production for human consumption. Heavy metals exhibit toxic effects towards soil biota by affecting key microbial processes and decrease the number and activity of soil microorganisms. Even low concentration of heavy metals may inhibit the physiological metabolism of plant. Plants growing on these soils show a reduction in growth, performance, and yield. Uptake of heavy metals by plants and subsequent accumulation along the food chain is a potential threat to animal and poses serious health risks to humans. To overcome the problem phytoremediation using of plants to reduce the concentrations or toxic effects of heavy metal contaminants in the environments and relatively recent technology which perceived as cost-effective, efficient remedy of soils by improving phisico-chemical of the soil with cheap and practically acceptable techniques. Keywords: Contaminants, Heavy metal, Phytoremediation, Soil, Toxic DOI : 10.7176/JNSR/9-6-03

The Effectiveness of Heavy Metals Pb, Cd and Zn Reduction in NPK Fertilizer Waste Combined with Biofilters of Seaweed (Gracillaria sp.), Blood Clam (Anadara sp.), and Zeolite

The heavy metals Cadmium Cd, Pb and Zn in fertilizer factory waste in aquatic environment enables toxic level of metal concentration for the life of aquatic organism. The metal-polluted aquatic environment potentially affect is surroundings. This study aims to find out the effectiveness of the reduction of the heavy metals Cd, Pb and Zn by using a biofilter combination of seaweed (Gracillaria sp.), blood clamp (Anadara sp.) and zeolite. This study used biofilter combination between seaweed (Gracillara sp.), and blood clamp (Anadara sp.) with different concentration for each treatment. The result of this study shows that the proper use of biofilter combination can reduce the content of heavy metals Cd, Pb and Zn in NPK fertilizer factory waste. The initial contents of heavy metals Cd, Pb and Zn in NPK fertilizer factory waste were 0.01058 mg/L, 1.155 mg/L and 1.38 mg/L respectively, which were reduced into 0.0205 mg/L, 0.0736 mg/L and 0.0283 mg/L. Heavy metals Cd and Pb were best degraded at P2, while combined Zn were at P4.

PENGARUH PENGGUNAAN PUPUK DARI LIMBAH RUMPUT LAUT TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN TANAMAN BAYAM

This study aims to determine the effect of using seaweed waste fertilizer on the growth of spinach plants consisting of stem height, number of leaves, and leaf length. This study uses Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with media of seaweed waste concentration 25%, 30%, and 65%. Data were analyzed by variance (ANOVA) and continued with DMRT further testing. The results of this study indicate that the concentration of seaweed waste has a significant effect on changes in stem height, leaf number and leaf length which is the best treatment of soil concentration with seaweed waste is a concentration of 75-25% and shows 100% percentage of life.

Pemanfaatan Berbagai Jenis Limbah Rumput Laut terhadap Produktivitas Padi Sawah

Various ways have been made to increase the productivity of rice plants as a source of staple food of Indonesian society. One ofthem is the addition of nutrients in the soil (fertilization). Currently, the innovation use of seaweed as fertilizer is widely used in several countries in the world, because seaweed contains phosphorus, potassium, and some other micro elements. This study aimed to analyze the use of various types of waste seaweed to improve the productivity of paddy rice on the ground Vertisol. The study lasted from December 2014 through Sept. 2015, at Greenhouse, Teaching Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Hasanuddin Makassar. The research method is a randomized block design consisting of eight treatments and six replications (48 pot experiment). Each treatment is C0 (control), C1 (fertilizer N 300 kg / ha, P 100 kg / ha and K 100 kg / ha), G1 (Gracilaria 10 g / pot), G2 (Gracilaria 100 g / pot), S1 (Sargassum 10 g / pot), S2 (Sargassum 100 g / pot), K1 (Kappaphycus 10 g / pot), and K2 (Kappaphycus 100 g / pot). The addition of Sargassum seaweed fertilizer waste 100 g / pot and Kappaphycus dose of 100 g / pot can increase K-dd, Na- dd, base saturation, increase the value of N, P, K, and Ca-dd, but administration with concentrations of 100 g / no maximum pot for rice crop production by causing toxicity in plants. The addition of seaweed fertilizer waste treatment Gracilaria 100 g / pot is effective in improving Vertisol soil chemical properties and can provide maximum results for the productivity of rice plants

Desuckering effect of KH2PO4 mixed with paclobutrazol and its influence on banana (Musa paradisiaca AA) mother plant growth

Abstract This study investigated the desuckering effect of a 2:1 mixture of KH2PO4 (KDP) and paclobutrazol (PBZ) and its influence on banana mother plant growth, fruit yield, and quality. The mixed reagent was injected into suckers sprouting from 5-month-old banana (Musa paradisiaca AA) plants after removing the above-ground part of the suckers. Compared to control plants, treatment with the KDP/PBZ mixture significantly reduced superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase activities but increased malondialdehyde content at sucker growth points and in adjacent tissue after 1 d. There was evidence of damage to the cellular structure at sucker growth points after 2 d of treatment, with an increase in intercellular space as well as rupturing and death of most cells. All suckers died 3 d later, resulting in a mortality rate of up to 100%, and there was no subsequent regrowth of the dead suckers; indicating that a single application of the KDP/PBZ reagent is a viable desuckering practice. Relative to the control, the treatment of suckers also indirectly increased the height and stem diameter of mother plants, which was associated with increased fruit yield (yield per plant, weight per hand, weight per fruit, transverse and longitudinal diameters of fruit fingers) and enhanced nutritional quality of the fruits (edible fraction, soluble solid, titratable acidity, vitamin C, and moisture content). These results indicate that a 2:1 KDP/PBZ mixture can effectively remove banana suckers while improving fruit yield and the quality of the mother plant. The proposed desuckering practice can help to address challenges associated with banana production such as difficulties in desuckering and preventing sucker regrowth, minimizing fertilizer waste, and high costs.

Source-sink interactions lead to atypical reproductive stage phosphorus deficiency symptoms on the upper foliage of Capsicum annuum and Chrysanthemum × morifolium

Abstract Phosphorus (P) restriction has become more prevalent in floriculture production to control growth and reduce fertilizer waste. With low P fertilization practices, growers are more likely to develop P deficiency in their crops. Symptoms of a reproductive stage P deficiency were reported in which symptomology occurs on the foliage directly below the flowers or fruit. To induce and describe these symptoms, ornamental peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) and chrysanthemums (Chrysanthemum ×morifolium Ramat.) were grown initially with P fertilization, but half the plants were later restricted to 0 mg L−1 P upon floral initiation. Plants that were P restricted developed symptoms of chlorosis, olive green spotting, and necrosis on the upper foliage below the reproductive structures, while central foliage remained asymptomatic. ‘Crystal Misty Purple’ chrysanthemums developed unique symptoms of upper leaf purpling. Phosphorus movement within the plant was quantified via tissue division and analysis. The highest tissue P concentrations were in the flowers or fruit for both species, regardless of symptoms. Up to 80% of the total P in aboveground tissues was in the flowers and fruit of symptomatic plants. Vegetative tissue P concentrations were significantly lower in symptomatic plants compared to the asymptomatic controls, indicating that large quantities of P were translocated from vegetative tissues to the developing reproductive tissues. Remobilized P from the lower tissues appeared to bypass the upper foliage in favor of the flowers and fruit. Thus, the developing upper foliage was deprived of P, leading to P deficiency symptoms due to competition with the maturing flowers and fruit.

Respon pertumbuhan dan produksi tanaman Pakchoy (Brassica chinensis L.) akibat pemberian berbagai pupuk limbah organik

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of fertilizer application types such as wasted tea fertilizer, leaf litter fertilizer, and market wasted fertilizer on growth and yield of pakchoy mustard. The experimental design was Mono factorial Complete Randomized Design with 8 treatments and 3 replications. The treatments were without fretilization (A0), Tea Wasted fertilizer (A1), Leaf Litter fertilizer (A2), Market Wasted fertilizer (A3), Tea Wasted fertilizer + leaf litter fertilizer (A4), Tea Wasted fertilizer + Market Wasted fertilizer (A5), leaf litter fertilizer + Market Wasted fertilizer (A6), Urea fertilizer 300 kg/ha (A7). Each treatment was replicated in three times and produced 24 experimental units with experimental plots area of 1 m x 1.5 m. The observed parameters were plant height, number of leaves, leaf area index and fresh canopy production. Data were analyzed by Analysis of Variance and continuedby Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) 5%. The results showed that fertilizer treatment of various types of organic waste fertilizer Tea Wasted fertilizer, Leaf Litter fertilizer, Market Wasted fertilizer, Tea Wasted fertilizer + leaf litter fertilizer, Tea Wasted fertilizer + Market Wasted fertilizer, leaf litter fertilizer + Market Wasted fertilize resulted in plant height, number of leaves, fresh leaf canopy production significantly different from treatment without fertilization and urea fertilization. The best result of fresh canopy production was found in the treatment of market waste fertilizer weighing 2,778.47 g / m², the fertilizer application of market waste fertilizer and the combination treatment of tea and market waste fertilizer yielded the best plant height with 31.16 cm, the combination treatment of waste fertilizer Tea and market produces the best leaves as much as 12.44 leaflets, and fertilizer treatment of tea waste fertilizer, market waste fertilizer, tea waste fertilizer + market waste fertilizer, and leaf litter fertilizer + market waste fertilizer yield value index of leaf area 1.23. Keywords : Organic Fertilizer, Organic Wasted Fertilizer, Pakchoy

Pelatihan Pembuatan Pupuk Organik Cair dari Urine Sapi untuk Mengurangi Ketergantungan Pemakaian Pupuk Subsidi

Today the agricultural system that is widely used by farmers today is agriculture that still uses chemicals for both fertilizer and for pesticides. While now many fertilizers and pesticides are already using organic materials as raw materials .The purpose of this dedication is to provide knowledge to partners that the livestock wastes they produce can be used as raw material for the production of livestock waste fertilizer in the form of cow urine can be overcome and also can help the farmers in reducing the expenses incurred for farming that they also do.Evaluation based on participant's answer in the form of Pre Test and Post Test results with yes and no answer that participant's knowledge about making organic liquid fertilizer from cow urine increased significantly from only 11% when Pre Test increased to 100%, from Pre Test 0% to 100% at the Post Test. For the question of whether the participants know the required materials answer yes only 10% while the answer is not as much as 90%. But at the time of Post Test it has increased 100%, about the benefits gained from the use of liquid fertilizer that is, who answered yes as much as 8% while 92% others do not know. of cow urine can reduce the dependence of fertilizer subsidies.

Pemanfaatan Limbah Kulit Pisang Sebagai Pupuk Organik Cair dan Aplikasinya Terhadap Pertumbuhan Tanaman Kangkung Darat (Ipomea Reptans Poir)

Banana peel waste utilization as organic manure and its application has been made to the land kale plant growth (Ipomea reptans Poir). This paper aims to describe how to manufacture liquid organic fertilizer from the waste banana skin, determine the total nitrogen content of liquid organic fertilizer and the effect of liquid organic fertilizer waste banana skin on plant growth kale land (Ipomea reptans Poir). The method used was experimental at the stage of making a liquid organic fertilizer waste banana peel in fermentation, the determination of total nitrogen content and the application of the organic liquid fertilizer waste banana skin using a randomized block design (RBD) with 4 treatments include P0 (0 mL); P1 (20 mL); P2 (40 mL); and P3 (60 mL).The parameters measured were plant height (cm), the number of leaves (leaf) and wet weight (g). The growth data of the swamp cabbage land (Ipomea reptans poir) were analyzed by using the statistical test analysis of variance (ANOVA) then followed by Duncan test with significance level of 5%. The results showed that levels of total nitrogen of the organic liquid fertilizer waste was 0.032% and the application of the organic liquid fertilizer of banana peel waste on the growth of swamp cabbange land (Ipomea reptans poir) influence on plant height (cm) and wet weight (g) but have no effect on the number of leaves (leaf). Treatment P2 (40 mL) showed the best result for the average plant height (cm), the number of leaves (leaf) and wet weight (g) of the swamp cabbage land (Ipomea reptans poir).

تلوث الهواء والعوامل والمخاطر البيئية المؤثرة الناتجة عنه

The research deals with the most important axes of the sources and damages of air pollution, and these sources included natural and human ones. Where the study of the air pollutants in different sections: gas, solid and micro-organisms. In addition to explaining the most important and the most dangerous factors affecting the density of environmental pollutants that result in phenomena related to the pollution of the atmosphere (air) directly,and especially the most important damage caused by these different pollutants to human health (and identify the target member of the human body), through the presentation of each element of pollution. The study also briefly presented the methods used to monitor the spread of pollutants and the standards and specifications of urban air. Finally preventive measures to maintain air safety. The study concluded that the human sources of air pollution due to the abuse of natural resources are more dangerous than natural sources, namely harmful emissions from industrial facilities, waste and waste of nuclear facilities and nitrogen fertilizers.

Innovation Design of Fertilizing Mechanism of Seeder Based on TRIZ Theory

In order to improve the mechanical performance and automation of the planter’s fertilization device, this article uses the TRIZ theory for innovative design and guidance. It uses two screens, function analysis and two TRIZ tools to complete the design of the model, structure model and function model. Analyze many contradictory issues such as technical contradiction analysis and material field analysis to solve many problems. Finally, through the rational design of the electronically controlled part and the mechanical device structure, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are automatically mixed and fertilized. It improves the utilization of nitrogen in China and avoids the waste of fertilizer, has high control precision, high reliability, saves costs, increases productivity, and achieves precision agriculture. Lay a good foundation for the realization of the modernization of agriculture.

Pengaruh Pupuk Organik Limbah Biogas Kotoran Sapi Terhadap Pertumbuhan Dan Produksi Tanaman Cabai Merah Keriting (Capsicum annum var. Longum)

This study aims to determine the effect of organic fertilizer waste biogas cow dung on the growth and production of red curly chili plants. The experiment was carried out at Mariyat Village Farmer Land, Mariat District, Sorong District, from August to October 2016. The experiment used 4 treatment of organic fertilizer of cow dung biogas waste with dosage 0, 6, 9, 12 kg / plot, designed using random block design with repeated three times. The results showed that, the application of organic fertilizer biogas waste cow dung affect the plant height, the number of productive branches, the age of flowering, the number of fruit, fruit length, fruit weight per plant and the production of red curly pepper plants. Giving at a dose of 12 kg per plot gives a better effect than with a lower dose.

Phytochemical properties and heavy metal accumulation in wheat grain after three years’ fertilization with biogas digestate and mineral waste

Non-standard materials used for plant fertilization, require characterization to reduce any possible undesired effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of fertilization with biogas digestate (BD) and mining waste (carboniferous mudstones (MS) from coal mine) on wheat yield quality and the bioaccumulation of heavy metals in wheat grains in relation to conventional fertilization (NPK) and no fertilization. Using the co-application of waste (MS+BD), the highest yield was obtained in the first and second year, but in the third year, a slight decrease in yield was observed compared to NPK. In all years, BD and MS+BD fertilization increased the content of protein, wet gluten, and phenols in wheat grain compared to NPK and no fertilization. Waste fertilization had a positive effect on the antioxidant capacity index of grain but only in the first year. The bioaccumulation index (BAI) demonstrated that NPK decreased BAI for Zn, B, Cd, and Mn, whereas MS+BD decreased BAI for Cu, Sr, Pb, Co, Ba, and Cr.

Effects of soil type and organic fertilizers on fatty acids and vitamin E in Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer)

This study examined the effects of soil type and fertilizer regimes on variations in fatty acids (FAs) and vitamin E (Vit-E) in 6-year-old ginseng roots. We observed significant variation in both FA and Vit-E contents owing to the type and quantity of organic fertilizer used in each soil type during cultivation. Unsaturated FAs were approximately 2.7-fold higher in ginseng than in saturated FAs. Linoleic, palmitic, and oleic acids were the most abundant FAs detected in ginseng roots. Additionally, α-tocopherol was the major Vit-E detected. In particular, the increased application of rice straw compost or food waste fertilizer elevated the quantity of nutritionally desirable FAs and bioactive Vit-E in ginseng root. Partial least square-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) score plots showed that soil type might be the main cause of differences in FA and Vit-E levels in ginseng. Specifically, the PLS-DA model indicated that palmitic acid is a suitable FA marker in determining whether ginseng plants were grown in a paddy-converted field or an upland field. Moreover, linoleic acid levels were highly correlated with α-linolenic acid (r=0.8374; p<0.0001) according to Pearson's correlations and hierarchical clustering analysis. Hence, these preliminary results should prove useful for the reliable production of ginseng containing high phytonutrient quantities according to cultivation conditions.

Chemical Waste and Allied Products.

This review of literature published in 2016 focuses on waste related to chemical and allied products. The topics covered include waste management, aerobic waste treatment, anaerobic waste treatment, air emission, biological waste treatment, groundwater remediation, water recycle, water analysis, water reuse, soil remediation, sorption, physicochemical treatment, ozonation, and fertilizer waste. Future topics include the pollution effect on the environment, especially, to the ecosystem and human as well as improved treatment processes to alleviate the detrimental effects.

Best Practices of Russia and Finland in Extracting REE from Fertilizer Waste

&lt;p&gt;In the production of fertilisers and commodity metals large amounts of stabilised waste is generated. Conventionally, manufacturing is targeted at the recovery of economically and technically most attractive key elements while the inorganic waste stream will gather all the other added-value chemical quantities. For example, substantial amounts of &lt;em&gt;rare earth metals&lt;/em&gt;, which are increasingly used in various modern technologies including cleantech and photonics are present in &lt;em&gt;phosphogypsum&lt;/em&gt;, the voluminous waste of the worldwide fertiliser industry. The waste heaps, while generally stabilised against weathering, appear usually granular or even as powder-like fines. Thus they represent a readily comminuted raw material for innovative mechanical, hydrometallurgical, biohydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical techniques to recover considerable amounts of valuable metals and metal concentrates.&lt;/p&gt;

EFFECT OF FERTILIZER FACTORY WASTES ON SEED GERMINATION, PLANT GROWTH AND ROOT-KNOT DISEASE DEVELOPMENT IN TOMATO (Lycopersicon lycopersicum L.) PLANTS

In the present research paper studies have been made on fertilizer factory wastes on percent seed germination, root and shoot length of plants and development of root-knot galls by Meloidogyne incognita in five cultivars of tomato. Though all the cultivars showed almost similar impact of fertilizer wastes on seed germination, plant growth and resistance for root-knot disease with little variation. Percent germination of seeds and plant growth was found decreased while the root-knot index was increased along with the increase in concentration of fertilizer wastes.

Long-term Effects of Organic Waste Fertilizers on Soil Structure, Tracer Transport, and Leaching of Colloids.

Organic waste fertilizers have previously been observed to significantly affect soil organic carbon (SOC) content and soil structure. However, the effect of organic waste fertilizers on colloid dispersibility and leaching of colloids from topsoil has not yet been studied extensively. We investigated how the repeated application of different types of agricultural (liquid cattle slurry and solid cattle manure) and urban waste fertilizers (sewage sludge and composted organic household waste) affected soil physical properties, colloid dispersion from aggregates, tracer transport, and colloid leaching from intact soil cores. Total porosity was positively correlated with SOC content. Yearly applications of sewage sludge increased absolute microporosity (pores <30 μm) and decreased relative macroporosity (pores >30 μm) compared with the unfertilized control, whereas organic household waste compost fertilization increased both total porosity and the absolute porosity in all pore size classes (though not significant for 100-600 μm). Treatments receiving large amounts of organic fertilizers exhibited significantly lower levels of dispersible colloids compared with an unfertilized control and a treatment that had received moderate applications of cattle slurry. The content of water-dispersible colloids could not be explained by a single factor, but differences in SOC content, electrical conductivity, and sodium adsorption ratio were important factors. Moreover, we found that the fertilizer treatments did not significantly affect the solute transport properties of the topsoil. Finally, we found that the leaching of soil colloids was significantly decreased in treatments that had received large amounts of organic waste fertilizers, and we ascribe this primarily to treatment-induced differences in effluent electrical conductivity during leaching.

Heavy Metal Leaching as Affected by Long-Time Organic Waste Fertilizer Application.

The recycling of urban waste products as fertilizers in agriculture may introduce contaminants such as heavy metals into soil that may leach and contaminate groundwater. In the present study, we investigated the leaching of heavy metals from intact soil cores collected in the long-term agricultural field trial CRUCIAL. At the time of sampling, the equivalent of >100 yr of urban waste fertilizers following Danish legislation had been applied. The leaching of Cu was significantly increased in the treatments receiving organic waste products compared with the unfertilized control but remained below the permissible level following Danish drinking water guidelines. The leaching of Cu was controlled primarily by the topsoil Cu content and by the leaching of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) but at the same time significantly correlated with leaching of colloids in soils that had not received fertilizer or had received an organic fertilizer with a low concentration of Cu. The leaching of Zn, Cd, and Co was not significantly increased in urban waste-fertilized treatments. The leaching of Mo was elevated in accelerated waste treatments (both agricultural and urban), and the leaching of Mo was linked to the leaching of DOC. Since leaching of Cr and Pb was strongly linked to the level of colloid leaching, leaching of these metals was reduced in the urban waste treatments. Overall, the results presented should not raise concern regarding the agricultural use of urban waste products in agriculture as long as the relevant guidelines are followed.

Increase Banana Production with Various Applications of Organic Fertilizers

Banana is a fruit that must be present in every activity of the Balinese people. Almost in every cultural and religious activity it is compulsory to present the banana fruit, even more Bali as a tourism area really need fruits including bananas. Therefore the need of bananas is highly demanded in traditional markets or supermarkets in Bali. Until now, the banana production in Bali is far below demand, therefore we still import form places outside of Bali. Banana has a high nutrient value due to nutrients found in it such as potassium and folic acid that is needed by the body. It is also a good so urce of calcium, phosphor, nitrogen, and vitamins such as vitamin A, vitamin C, and B complexes which helps to repair and regenerate tissues of the body. Banana plants can grow in many places, from low grounds until highlands and in various types of soil. Nevertheless for the optimal growth; fertile soil, crumbly thick, lots of humus, aeration, and a good drainage as well as enough water is all needed. By optimizing land use, banana plants are often planted as a sideline plant for plantatio n of coconut, cocoa, and coffee, as well as sideline plants for many other in-between plantations. The way of planting the banana is a conventional method that is commonly used by local farmers including those in the Angkah village. For growth of banana plants we must consider and ensure before planting a crumbly soil when it is solid, to make drainage, and to make levels in slopes. During plantation organic/compost fertilizers is needed as much as 15-20 kg for each hole for plantation. Organic fertilizers that are added influences the good production for both quantity and quality which makes the fruit tastier and has a higher nutritional value. There are some types of organic fertilizers that are used in this research that are: cow waste organic fertilizer, chicken waste organic fertilizer, pig waste organic fertilizer, goat waste organic fertilizer, and compost fertilizer with a dosage of 15 kg per plant. The placement of fertilizers for each places of treatment is conducted b y using a Random Group Design (RGD). The total treatments are 6 and are repeated 3 times. Planting is conduct ed on the 7th of July 2016 with a ground hole size of 60cmx60cm and a depth of 50 cm. The seedlings that are used are decedents that are 50-65cm in height. The specific aim that is wished to be achieved is the increase production of banana as sustainable food in Indonesia. The result up to the progress of this research was found that treatment with chicken waste fertilizer has given the best influence for growth of the banana plant, increased number of leaves, as well as increased height of the plants, all compared to the controlled. The increment of banana plant with chicken waste fertilizer was 63.33 cm for 3 months.Keywords: Banana, Nutritional Values, Production, Organic Fertilizer