Fertilizer Plant Research Articles

Source apportionment and evolution of N-containing aerosols at a rural cloud forest in Taiwan by isotope analysis

Abstract. Ammonium and nitrate are major N-containing aerosol components. The deposition of N-containing aerosols has impacts on regional ecology and the biogeochemical cycle. In this study, aerosols in a rural cloud forest (Xitou in Taiwan) were studied using 15N and 18O isotope analysis to assess the sources and formation pathways of the local N-containing aerosols linking to a metropolitan. Aerosol samples of different size ranges were collected using a micro-orifice uniform deposit impactor (MOUDI) on a half-day basis in December 2018. The chemical functional groups were analyzed using a Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR) technique, while the isotope analysis was performed using a gas chromatography–isotope ratio mass spectrometer (GC–IRMS). The average measured aerosol concentration (PM10) was 0.98 (ranging from 0.15 to 3.31) and 0.25 (ranging from 0.00 to 1.51) µg m−3 for NH4+ and NO3-, respectively. In general, a higher concentration than nighttime was observed during the daytime by a factor of 1.5–6, likely due to the transportation of pollutants from upper-stream urban and industrial regions through the local sea breeze combined with valley wind. The presence of fog can further elevate the concentration by a factor of 2–3, resulting from the stronger inversion and lower boundary layer height. The higher NH4+ concentration in fine particles under foggy conditions corresponds to submicron-sized NO3- formation via aqueous-phase dissolution with NH4+ neutralization. Furthermore, the higher RH during fog events shifted the mass distribution of aerosol functional groups to a larger mode size. By comparing the δ15N value directly or through the analysis using a statistical isotope mixing model, MixSIAR, NH4+ probably originated from the industries, coal-fired power plants (CFPPs), or fertilizer plants, while NO3- might be contributed from the CFPP, industrial or urban sources. The overall δ18O of NO3- is +72.66 ‰ ± 3.42 ‰, similar to that in other winter Asian studies, suggesting the major formation pathway via O3 oxidation (δ18O=+72.5 ‰ to 101.67 ‰). However, a lower δ18O (<+67 ‰) for particles less than 0.56 µm during foggy daytime suggests the local contribution via the peroxyl radical oxidation before partitioning into aerosol phase under foggy conditions. Overall, the δ15N and δ18O distribution profiles as a function of particle size in the studied rural forest site reveal the evolution of aerosol composition from remote coastal regions with chemical processes along the transport process, which can be further affected by weather conditions such as fog events.

Hurricane damages fertilizer plants

Hurricane damages fertilizer plants

Hurricane Ian deals a glancing blow to fertilizer plants

Hurricane Ian deals a glancing blow to fertilizer plants

Bir Sıvı Amonyak Depolama Tankının Elasto-Plastik Deformasyonu

This paper presents the elasto-plastic deformation of the inner bottom plate of a 10,000 tonnes capacity double wall liquid ammonia storage tank used in a chemical fertilizer plant. It has been determined that the problem encountered in the bottom plate of the tank where the raw material is stocked at -33°C is caused by the rapid cooling of the tank after the internal maintenance. Mechanical tests performed on the sample cut from the bottom plate showed that the plastic deformation occurred at a rate of 1.94%, but the toughness was at a level that did not require a change. Therefore, it is foreseen that the use of the bottom plate can be continued by complying with the 1°C/hour heating and cooling rule in accordance with the relevant standard API-620.

ANALISIS KELAYAKAN INVESTASI DALAM PENGAJUAN FASILITAS KREDIT PADA PT. XYZ

Abstract: PT. XYZ working in fertilizer trade to fulfill XYZ Group's fertilizer needs. The fertilizer supply is constrained by PT XYZ’s suppliers. In order to meet these fertilizer needs, PT. XYZ plans to build NPK plant located in Central Java. Investation is planned to use a bank credit facility. Based on the requirement in the credit application, an analysis of investment feasibility is carried out on the submission of PT. XYZ credit facilities. This research was conducted using a qualitative approach and a quantitative approach. A qualitative approach is used to examine non-financial aspects including review of the NPK fertilizer industry and business plan analysis. The quantitative approach is used to examine financial aspects including financial projections and sensitivity analysis. Review from NPK fertilizer industry, Indonesia have a market prospect of 4.8 million tons NPK fertilizer needs for palm oil plantation sector. The business plan for the construction of the NPK fertilizer plant includes a 300,000 MTPY capacity, chemical granulation based technology, fertilizer product with formulas 12-12-17 and 13-6-27, and Engineering, Procurement and Construction duration of project is 26 months. The results showed that the construction of NPK Fertilizer Plant was feasible in business and feasible to be financed with credit from creditors with an investment credit of Rp. 541,725,406,300 and working capital loans of Rp. 92,245,261,932, -. The feasibility of providing credit facilities is seen from the positive cash flow ability of NPK fertilizer sales and financial indicators, namely the Payback Period for 5.62 years, NPV (DF 11%) of Rp. 756,104,248,537, -, Internal Rate of Return 23.25%, Profitability Index 1.88.Keywords: NPK Fertilizer Industry, Business Plan Analysis, Financial Projection, Sensitivity Analysis, Payback Period, Internal Rate of Return, Net Present Value, Profitability Index

Recovery of high pure pyrolytic carbon black from waste tires by dual acid treatment

Pyrolytic carbon black (CBp) is one of the products from waste tires through the pyrolysis process having potential business prospects. However, any impurities in CBp tremendously limit its further applications, such as rubber reinforcers, fuels, and other functional materials. The existing processes for CBp purification suffer from low purification efficiency, high cost, and severe environmental pollution. In this work, hydrochloric acid (HCl) and the phosphate fertilizer acid (PFA) which is a by-product waste acid from the phosphate fertilizer plant are employed as leaching agents for recovery of high pure CBp. In this process, the former is used to remove metal and sulfur compounds, and the latter can effectively dissolve silicon oxide in CBp. The high purity (99.63%) of the treated CBp product is achieved, well meeting the standard of commercial carbon black (99.3%). Moreover, the HCl solution can be recycled and reused for several times, realizing the continuous enrichment of zinc ion in the leaching solution, while the used PFA can be directly transferred into value-added H2SiF6 as new production due to the desirable enhanced silicon amount. The obtained CBp shows the same internal structure and sulfur state as that of commercial carbon black, suggesting the possibility of application as rubber reinforcing filler. Therefore, this approach for the recovery of high-purity CBp is efficient, economical and suitable for large-scale production. Furthermore, an amplified production installation with 50 L scale was successfully designed and operated, verifying its good universality and stability with the proposed purification technology. This work provides a sustainable method to refine CBp derived from waste tires, contributing to the development of the upstream pyrolysis industry and effective utilization of solid waste resources.

PET plastics as a Trojan horse for radionuclides

Mismanaged plastic waste interacts with secondary environmental pollutants, potentially aggravating their impact on ecosystems and human health. Here we characterized the natural and artificial radionuclides in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles collected from the industrial littoral discharge of a phosphate fertilizer plant. The activity concentrations in littered bottles ranged from 0.47 (208Tl) to 12.70 Bq·kg-1 (226Ra), with a mean value of 5.30 Bq·kg-1. All the human health risk assessment indices (annual intake, annual effective dose, and excess lifetime cancer risk) estimated for radionuclides associated with ingestion and inhalation of microplastics were below international safety limits. Our results demonstrated that PET can be loaded with natural and artificial radionuclides, and potentially act as a carrier to transfer radionuclides to humans, posing a new potential health risk. Increased use, mismanagement and fragmentation of plastic waste, and continued interaction of plastic waste with radioelements may lead to enhanced radiation exposure in the future.

Enhancing N uptake and reducing N pollution via green, sustainable N fixation-release model

The overuse of N fertilizers has caused serious environmental problems (e.g., soil acidification, excessive N2O in the air, and groundwater contamination) and poses a serious threat to human health. Improving N fertilizer utilization efficiency and plant uptake is an alternative for N fertilizers overuses. Enterobacter cloacae is an opportunistic pathogen, also used as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), has been widely presented in the fields of bioremediation and bioprotection. Here we developed a new N fixation-release model by combining biochar with E. cloacae. The efficiency of the model was evaluated using a greenhouse pot experiment with maize (Zea mays L.) as the test crop. The results showed that biochar combined with E. cloacae significantly increased the N content. The application of biochar combined with E. cloacae increased total N in soil by 33% compared with that of N fertilizers application. The N-uptake and utilization efficiency (NUE) in plant was increased 17.03% and 14.18%, respectively. The activities of urease, dehydrogenase and fluorescein diacetate hydrolase (FDA) was improved, the catalase (CAT) activity decreased. Analysis of the microbial community diversity revealed the abundance of Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Gemmatimonadetes were significantly improved. The mechanism under the model is that E. cloacae acted as N-fixation by capturing N2 from air. Biochar served as carrier, supporting better living environment for E. cloacae, also as adsorbent adsorbing N from fertilizer and from fixed N by E. cloacae, the adsorption in turn slower the N release. Altogether, the model promotes N utilization by plants, improves the soil environment, and reduces N pollution.

Effects of biochar and organic-inorganic fertilizer on pomelo orchard soil properties, enzymes activities, and microbial community structure.

Fertilizer management can influence soil microbes, soil properties, enzymatic activities, abundance and community structure. However, information on the effects of biochar in combination with organic-inorganic fertilizer after 3 years under pomelo orchard on soil bacterial abundance, soil properties and enzyme activities are not clear. Therefore, we conducted a field experiment with seven treatments, i.e., (1) Ck (control), (2) T1 (2 kg biochar plant–1), (3) T2 (4 kg biochar plant–1), (4) T3 (2 kg organic-inorganic mixed fertilizer plant–1), (5) T4 (4 kg biochar + 1.7 kg organic-inorganic mixed fertilizer plant–1), (6) T5 (4 kg biochar + 1.4 kg organic-inorganic mixed fertilizer plant–1), and (7) T6 (4 kg biochar + 1.1 kg organic-inorganic mixed fertilizer plant–1). The soil microbial communities were characterized using high-throughput sequencing of 16S and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) ribosomal RNA gene amplicons. The results showed that biochar combined with organic-organic fertilizer significantly improved soil properties (pH, alkali hydrolysable nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, and available magnesium) and soil enzymatic activities [urease, dehydrogenase (DHO), invertase and nitrate reductase (NR) activities]. Furthermore, soil bacterial relative abundance was higher in biochar and organic-inorganic treatments as compared to control plots and the most abundant phyla were Acidobacteria (40%), Proteobacteria (21%), Chloroflexi (17%), Planctomycetes (8%), Bacteroidetes (4%), Verrucomicrobia (2%), and Gemmatimonadetes (1%) among others. Among the treatments, Acidothermus, Acidibacter, Candidatus Solibacter and F473 bacterial genera were highest in combined biochar and organic-inorganic treatments. The lowest bacterial abundance and bacterial compositions were recorded in control plots. The correlation analysis showed that soil attributes, including soil enzymes, were positively correlated with Chloroflexi, Planctomycetes, verrucomicrobia, GAL15 and WPS-2 bacterial abundance. This study demonstrated that biochar with organic-inorganic fertilizer improves soil nutrients, enzymatic activities and bacterial abundance.

Organics and phosphorus removal in circular flow corridor constructed wetland system

In the present study, the performance of a circular flow constructed wetland (CFCW)11CFCW: Circular flow constructed wetland. system was assessed for organics and total phosphorus removal from fertilizer plant effluent. The CFCW system has five media compartments containing gravel, slag iron, and a mixture of sand and zeolite as the media substrates. Synthetic fertilizer wastewater having initial COD 520.98 ± 8.27 mg/L, was fed to the wetland, maintaining hydraulic loading rate of 6.945 L/m2-h. Typha angustifolia was used as the wetland vegetation. The Phase 1 of the study included three cycles, with influent phosphorus concentrations 10, 20, and 30 mg/L, respectively without step feeding and effluent recirculation. The Phase 2 of the study included two cycles with influent phosphorus concentrations of 20 and 30 mg/L, and application of step feeding and effluent recirculation strategies. The average phosphorus removal efficiencies of the system in three cycles of Phase 1 were 85.16 %, 88 %, and 81.95 %, respectively, along with average COD removal of 87.48 %, 87.65 %, and 86.84 %, respectively. The average phosphorus removal efficiencies of the system in two cycles of Phase 2 were 89.01 % and 90.22 % respectively, along with average COD removal of 91.6 % and 91.23 %, respectively. The step feeding and effluent recirculation strategies have shown satisfactory improvement in organics and total phosphorus removal performance of the CFCW system. However, future long-term studies are recommended involving an unplanted control system, step feeding and effluent recirculation in varying compartments, and varying combination of media substrates for improving the design and performance of the CFCW systems.

Enhancement of growth and Cannabinoids content of hemp (Cannabis sativa) using arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.

This study aimed to investigate the efficiency of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) to promote growth and cannabinoid yield of Cannabis sativa KKU05. A completely randomized design (CRD) was conducted with six replications for 60 days. Two different species of AMF, Rhizophagus prolifer PC2-2 and R. aggregatus BM-3 g3 were selected as inocula and compared with two non-mycorrhizal controls, one without synthetic fertilizer and one with synthetic NPK fertilizer. The unfertilized non-mycorrhizal plants had the lowest performance, whereas plants inoculated with R. aggregatus BM-3 g3 performed best, both in terms of plant biomass and concentrations of CBD and THC. There were no significant differences in plant biomass and cannabinoid concentrations between non-mycorrhizal plants that received synthetic fertilizer and mycorrhizal plants with inoculum of R. prolifer PC2-2. Our data demonstrate the great potential for cannabis cultivation without risking deterioration of soil structure, such as soil hardening and increased acidity, which might be induced by long-term use of synthetic fertilizer.

PENGARUH KOMPOSISI BAHAN PUPUK ORGANIK CAIR DAN JARAK TANAM TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL JAGUNG MANIS (ZEA MAYS SACCHARATA L.)

Sweet corn (Zea mays saccharata L.) is an important food commodity with high economic value. Sweet corn has a high business opportunity because of its fast production age and high selling value. The experiment was conducted to study the effect of the interaction between the composition of liquid organic fertilizer and plant spacing on the growth and yield of sweet corn. The experiment has designed in a factorial randomized block design (RAK) with two factors and three repetitions. The first factor is the composition of liquid organic fertilizer consists of 4 levels, namely: cow urine 42%, coffee skin 58% (P0); cow urine 35%, coffee skin 65% (P1); cow urine 72%. coffee skin 28% (P2); cow urine 21%, coffee skin 79% (P3). The second factor is the spacing, which consists of 3 levels, namely: 20x20 cm (J1); 30x30cm (J2); 40x40 cm (J3). Data analysis used variance and continued with the smallest significant difference test (BNT) at 5% level if the results were significantly different. The combination of liquid organic fertilizer composition and plant spacing affects the number of leaves and the length of the cob. Sweet corn with POC (72% cow urine, 28% coffee husk) and 30x30 cm spacing was able to produce 12,933 leaves. Combination of POC ingredients (21% cow urine and 79% coffee skin); 40x40 cm resulted in the length of the cob an increase of 1.5%. There was an interaction between the composition of liquid organic fertilizer and plant spacing on plant height, but the results were not significantly different. Sweet corn plants using 21% POC from cow urine and 79% coffee husk with a spacing of 40x40 cm produced cobs weight per plot of 240.27 grams and 208.22 grams, respectively. Keywords: sweet corn, spacing, material composition, liquid organic fertilizer

An integrated Decision Support System for planning production, storage and bulk port operations in a fertilizer supply chain

Effective and efficient management of resources plays a crucial role in supply chains. This paper presents the bases of an integrated Decision Support System (DSS) for planning the operations of three successive echelons in the fertilizer part of a phosphate supply chain working in pull mode: production, vessel loading and storage where storage cannot constitute a decoupling point. Considering the whole perimeter of these planning operations within a monolithic optimization problem is much too huge to be solvable. Thus, the proposed DSS encapsulates an existing production scheduling model, an existing berth scheduling model, and a new model for the Storage Space Allocation Problem (SSAP). The latter provides a precise allocation of storage spaces for the fertilizers entering and leaving the hangars. Therefore, the proposed DSS aims to align production and storage decisions with vessel demands in a lean perspective, ensuring consistency in decision-making and keeping, if possible, the optimal solutions of production and port models. This approach is illustrated by several tests inspired by actual data provided by OCP Group on its operations at the Jorf Lasfar chemical platform in Morocco, but it is also valid for any other phosphate fertilizer producer that ships fertilizers in large batches from storage spaces directly linked to a fertilizer plant. This research yields several academic contributions in lean supply chain management and provides an original approach for modeling time in the SSAP.

The Effect of Different Nitrogen Fertilizer Rates, Sowing Density, and Plant Growth Regulator Application on the Quality and Milling Value of Triticum durum Desf. Grain

Agronomic treatments and environmental conditions of cultivation affect the nutritional value and technological quality of durum-wheat-based products. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of 18 agronomic treatments that differed in nitrogen rate, sowing density, and growth regulator application on variability in the quality and milling parameters of durum wheat grain, and the interrelationships between these parameters. The study demonstrated that the investigated parameters were modified by the agronomic treatments. However, environmental variance resulting from differences in soil characteristics and climatic conditions dominated in most cases (44–93%). The percentage of variance induced by differences between treatments in total variance was distinctly higher only in the case of the gluten index (59%). The treatments without nitrogen fertilization and with or without the application of the growth regulator, and the treatments with the application of the growth regulator and the nitrogen rate of 120 kg N ha−1, discriminated between the milling parameters associated with sifting (bran, type 1 semolina) and grading of milling products (flour, type 2 semolina, and type 3 semolina), respectively.

Plant Tissue Nutrient Concentration and Major Soil Nutrients Influenced by NPSB Fertilizer Rates and Plant Population of Maize (Zea Mays L.) at Bako, Oromia National Regional State

Plant nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulfur are the nutrients frequently limit the yields of maize over the world. Nutrient recommendation should be based on the optimum yield and environmental save that can be through plant tissue analysis and soil test. This experiment was conducted at Bako Agricultural Research Center west region of Ethiopia Gobu Sayo using split plot desighn with three levels of plant population 53.333,66,666 and 76,923 plants per hectare on main plot and five level 0,100,150,200,250 kg/ha of NPSB fertilizer rates on sub-plots. Soil sample was taken from the plots pre-harvesting for composite sample and post-harvest from each plot and analyzed at Bako soil laboratory and Ethiopia water work design Addis Ababa for soil fertility management. Nutrient in plant tissue was analyzed at Holota Agricultural Research Center soil laboratory. Collected data was analyzed using Genstat computer statistical soft-ware package. The result of pre planting soil analysis showed soil of the study area was categorized as clay soil with medium and stable organic matter and low organic carbon and low total nitrogen that shows low soil fertility. The ANOVA result showed addition of fertilizer reduced soil pH from 5.7 to 5.47 and bellow. 150 kg/ha of NPSB which gave economically feasible yield 9460kg/ha moderately acidified the soil. This soil analysis result showed that the level at which fertilizer boost yield of maize. Only percent of phosphorus was changed due to plant population density. Plant tissue concentration at silking was significantly influenced by fertilizer rates. Potassium is at sufficiency range for all level of supplied fertilizer. Sufficient range nitrogen at silkin was recorded from the plot received 100-150 kg/ha which gave economically feasible yield. It is better to use fertilizer rate of 150kg/ha which shows sufficiency range for nutrient concentration of soil and plant tissue in leaf at silking stage. This finding is not the end for the area and further research should be carried out for feature. Keywords: plant tissue, soil, Zea mays L., Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulfur, potassium DOI: 10.7176/JBAH/12-13-04 Publication date: July 31 st 2022

Physical Modeling of the Projected Marine Terminal of the Nakhodka Mineral Fertilizer Plant

Physical Modeling of the Projected Marine Terminal of the Nakhodka Mineral Fertilizer Plant

Temporal variations in rill erosion resistance following incorporated wheat straw returning combined with nitrogen and polyphenols

The widely implemented wheat straw incorporation returning combined with nitrogen fertilizer and newly-developed secondary plant metabolites such as polyphenol, could result in variations of rill erosion resistance, and then soil detachment and channel scour. However, the variation pattern and its key influencing factorsremain unclear. Taking a silt loam soil as the research object, this study used the orthogonal table of L9 (34) to arrange four influencing factors at three levels: straw length (2, 5, 8 cm), straw returning amount (2000, 4000, 8000 kg h m−2), nitrogen amount (100, 140, 180 kg hm−2), and polyphenol amount (0, 40, 80 kg hm−2). Rill erodibility (kd) and soil critical shear stress (τc), representing the soil resistance to rill erosion, were measured twice by submerged jet equipment in August 2020 and 2021. The results presented significant temporal variations in kd and τc with changes in straw decomposition and soil properties after straw incorporation. Compared with the results on day 60 following straw incorporation, kd and τc decreased by 57.07% and 25.11% on day 425, respectively. On day 425, the straw length, straw returning amount, and nitrogen amount had significant effects on kd (P < 0.05), with the contributions of 7.97%, 42.06%, and 7.62%. Conversely, the straw returning amount and polyphenol amount had significant effects on τc, with respective contributions of 50.88% and 11.24%. The variation of kd and τc could be linearly fitted by the soil aggregate greater than 0.25 mm, with R2 values of 0.71 and 0.87, respectively, which could be used to estimate rill channel scour depth in the Soil and Water Assessment Tool in the absence of measured data on soil resistance to rill erosion.

Spatial-Temporal Distribution, Morphological Transformation, and Potential Risk of Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen in the Contaminated Unconfined Aquifer from a Retired Nitrogenous Fertilizer Plant.

The accumulation of nitrogen in groundwater in the industrial plots, especially the high ammonium, can result in a serious threat to the groundwater system in the urban area. This study monitored the dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) of the polluted groundwater four times in one year in a retired nitrogenous fertilizer plant site with a production history of nearly 40 years, to analyze the spatial-temporal characteristics of DIN species (NH4+-N, NO3−-N, and NO2−-N) and the effects of groundwater environment on their transfer and transformation. The results showed that NH4+-N (<0.025 to 1310 mg/L) was the main DIN species (61.38–76.80%) with low mobility, whereas the concentration of NO3−-N and NO2−-N was 0.15–146 mg/L and <0.001–12.4 mg/L, accounting for 22.34–36.07% and 0.53–2.83% of total DIN, respectively. The concentration and proportion of NO3−-N and NO2−-N showed an upward trend with time, posing a threat to the safety of surrounding groundwater, and their high spatial-temporal variation was related to the morphological transformation and the transport. In the wet season, the pH and redox condition benefited the nitrification, and NO3−-N easily migrated from the deep soil solution to groundwater, hence the NO3−-N can be accumulated. Therefore, the analysis of species and behaviors of DIN in shallow groundwater is indispensable for environmental risk assessment.

Integrated Nutrient Management: A Long-term Approach towards Sustainability

Increased global food demand, as well as the need for an environmentally acceptable approach for a sustainable soil-plant-microbe-environmental system, necessitate special attention when it comes to agricultural productivity. Chemical fertilization is one approach to increase crop productivity as happened during the Green revolution. Food grain output in India increased from 115.6 million tonnes in 1960-61 to over 281.37 million tonnes in 2018-19 as a result of chemical fertilization. Similarly, yearly fertilizer use jumped from 0.07 million tonnes in 1951-52 to over 25.95 million tonnes in 2016-17.But due to injudicious use of chemical fertilizers soil, plant, human and animal health are at stake. Also, increased soil compaction and widespread multinutrient deficits have emerged as important restrictions limiting crop productivity and farm income. Because a major rise in fertilizer consumption is unlikely in the near future for economic and environmental reasons, there is a need to improve nutrient use efficiency through integrated and balanced fertilizer. On the other hand, organic manures, are unable to fulfill all of a crop's nutritional needs. Integrated nutrient management (INM) was created as a result of the aforesaid factors being taken into account. In this paper,role of INM in overcoming these difficulties is discussed, as it has been offered as a promising solution for tackling these issues. Plant performance and resource efficiency can be improved in a variety of ways with INM while also allowing for environmental and resource protection quality. With the use of advanced INM procedures, chemical fertilizer inputs are reduced, resulting in fewer human and environmental costs without any negative impact on crop production.Long-term research in various soil-crop situations have demonstrated the advantages of integrated nutrient management (INM), which includes the utilisation of organic and biological resources as well as fertilizers. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the effect of various INM components on Physical, chemical, and biological properties of soil, nutrient use efficiency, crop productivity and the role of these components in improving soil health. The majority of INM research has been done using dominant crop rotations of main field crops cultivated in the subtropical North Western states of India and most of the experiments revealed that INM leads to long term sustainable production along with providing nutritional security and also reduces pollution and enhances soil health by improving various physical, chemical and biological properties of soil.

Response of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to NP Fertilizer Rates and Plant Population Density at Jimma Zone, Southwest Ethiopia

F Field experiments were carried out for 2018-2020 main cropping seasons at kersa and Omonada Jimma on farmers’ fields. The treatments consisted of factorial combinations of 23/23, 23/46, 46/46 and 69/69 NP kg ha-1 levels with inter and intra (333333, 250000, 200000 and 166667 plant density ha-1) respectively laid down in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications using (Nassir) common bean variety. Across season and location data analysis of ANNOVA showed that all parameters were significantly affected by different densities and NP fertilizer rates including above ground biomass, harvest index and grain yield except harvest index was not affected by NP fertilizer rates. The highest plant height (72.51cm) was recorded from the highest (69/69 kg ha-1) NP fertilizer rate. The highest above ground biomass and grain yield of 6.40 and 2.45 t ha-1 were obtained from the highest (333333) plant density ha-1. Also, it showed still there was an increase in plant density increases with 26.29 and 6.52% grain yield advantage over the lowest density and control recommendation respectively. Also from economic and sensitivity analysis results treatments (333333) ha-1 plant population density, (23/23) and (46/46) kg/ha NP fertilizer rates gave the highest yield response and net benefit with MMR 1035, 111 and 224% respectively. In conclusion, intra and inter row spacing 3*10cm or equivalent (333333) ha-1 plant population density with applications of one of the two (23-23) or (46/46) kg/ha NP fertilizer rates based on their resource was recommended to farmers of study areas and similar agro ecology.