Fertilizer Manufacturing Research Articles

Pemanfaatan Eceng Gondok Menjadi Pupuk Organik Cair Di Desa Batujai Kabupaten Lombok Tengah

Eceng Gondok in Batujai Dam, West Praya District, Central Lombok Regency is a serious problem for the government because of its rapid growth and can damage air sedimentation. The purpose of this activity is to provide counseling and training on the use of Eceng Gondok to become liquid organic fertilizer for the community in Batujai Village. The counseling and training activities were attended by 19 hamlet heads, community leaders, and village youth. This service activity is carried out in several stages, namely surveys, holding counseling as a form of learning assistance, training, and evaluation. This activity was carried out from April to July 2021. Counseling and training on the manufacture of liquid organic fertilizer with Eceng Gondok as raw material was carried out in the Batujai Village Office Hall. The results showed that the participants felt very helpful with the outreach activities regarding the importance of Eceng Gondok to be used as liquid organic fertilizer. Participants have more insight and skills in the Training of Making Organic Liquid Fertilizer (OLF). The resulting Liquid Organic Fertilizer product is applied to plants with an unquestionable level of testing and a Ph that is safe for plants. The introduction of this OLF product is a solution for the Batujai Village community to participate in the use of water hyacinth which is a weed as a government participation program in the form of Zero Waste.

Hazardous Spills at Retired Fertilizer Manufacturing Plants Will Continue to Occur in the Absence of Scientific Innovation and Regulatory Enforcement.

Hazardous Spills at Retired Fertilizer Manufacturing Plants Will Continue to Occur in the Absence of Scientific Innovation and Regulatory Enforcement.

PENGARUH JENIS BIOAKTIVATOR DALAM PEMBUATAN PUPUK ORGANIK CAIR DARI LIMBAH PASAR, DAUN KERING DAN AMPAS TAHU

Organic fertilizers contain a lot of residual organic matter that has been decomposed and is ready for consumption by plants. The raw materials for organic liquid fertilizer used in this study were market waste, dry leaves, and the addition of three bio activators (tofu wastewater, Stardec, and EM4). The selection of tofu liquid waste is done because it is easy to obtain, cheap, and reduces environmental pollution. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyze the quality and quality of the manufacture of liquid fertilizer using the tofu industry's liquid waste bio activator compared to other bio activators. The method used in this research is the experimental manufacture of liquid fertilizer with anaerobic fermentation, which is then applied to the growth of kale. The results of this study are the quality and quality of the manufacture of liquid fertilizer using a liquid waste bio activator tofu industry is quite good, although it still does not meet the minimum Technical Requirements for Organic Fertilizer standards issued by the Decree of the Minister of Agriculture of the Republic of Indonesia Number 261/KPTS/SR.310/M /4/2019. This can be seen from the average height of the kale plant which is not much different from the use of popular bio activators on the market (EM4 and Stardec), where the average height yield is 6.72 cm on the seventh day .

Pemberdayaan masyarakat kampung sayur perkotaan menjadi kampung wisata berbasis edukasi melalui implementasi Urban Farming

During the current Covid-19 pandemic, there are many problems that occur in various sectors such as tourism and food. To achieve food security during a pandemic, urban farming is one of the most appropriate options to implement. Besides being easy, urban farming has its own potential and attractiveness if it is developed into tourism. Visitors will be able to see and learn firsthand the hydroponic farming process from the beginning to processing harvested products. The location of this project is in Bausasran Village, Danurejan District, DIY. In its implementation, urban farming activities do not only focus on economic and ecological values ​​but also on educational values. The method of service activities is carried out online and offline to reduce the risk of the spread of Covid-19 so as to maximize agricultural potential, and improve the welfare of the residents of Kampung Sayur Bausasran and realize the village's ideals as an education-based tourism village. Various activities have been carried out and resulted in physical and non-physical changes in the target communities, including: 1) the establishment of a building and a nursery management system used by the local community as a location for seed cultivation, (2) training which includes training in the manufacture of liquid fertilizer from organic materials, training on fish farming in buckets, training on the manufacture of processed agricultural products from each farmer group and training on financial management and organizational.

Environmental Assessment of Surface Water Body Quality (on the Example of the Psel River)

Purpose. To analyze the qualitative malt of the surface water body to determine changes in its ecological status. Methods. Statistical and systematic analysis of ecological status changes was performed according to the interactive map "Monitoring and ecological assessment of water resources of Ukraine" of the river Psel for 2012 - 2020 on the following indicators: nitrates, nitrites, phosphates, ammonium ions, sulfates, chlorides. Results. It was found that in the Psel River in 2019 there was a decrease in the total phosphate content from point Nr 1 to point Nr 6. At the same time, there is a significant increase near Bishkin village. The reason may be the placement of a fence post in a settlement where there are no treatment facilities. There is an increase in nitrate concentration, while in the Kaminne village and Velyka Bagachka urban-type settlement there is a decrease in nitrate concentrations, which may be associated with their consumption of phytoplankton, which should lead to increased turbidity and biological oxygen demand. The increased concentration of nitrites indicates the intensity of decomposition of organic matter, and the delay of oxidation of NO2– to NO3–, which clearly indicates the pollution of the reservoir. Nitrates and nitrites enter the water from the effluents of industrial and agricultural enterprises. The decrease in the ammonium ions concentration (the Chervone village) is most likely due to their oxidation, dissolved in water by oxygen, with the formation of nitrate ions. There is an increase in chloride content. The increase in chloride concentration near the Byshkin village and the Kaminne village is due to the pollution of surface water bodies with domestic wastewater. There is an increase in the sulfates content. For the manufacture of fertilizers or chemicals in the technological process at the enterprise sulfuric acid is used. Therefore, it can be assumed that the discharges of untreated water by the enterprise can be the reason for the increase in the content of sulfates in the river water. Conclusions. An analysis of changes in the ecological status of the Psel River on the basis of data «Monitoring and environmental assessment of water resources of Ukraine» for 2012 – 2020 was performed. It is revealed that the river Psel is under rgular technogenic impact, has a tendency to steady deterioration of its ecological condition.

Potential of Indigenous Microorganisms (IMO) from cow manure, elephant grass, Aloe vera, pineapple skin to the N, P and K content of organic cow manure

The manufacture of organic fertilizers can be accelerated by adding indigenous microorganisms (IMO) which function as decomposers. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of adding several types of IMO to the N, P, and K content of organic cow manure. This research used animal MOL, namely cow manure IMO and vegetable IMO, namely elephant grass IMO, Aloe vera IMO, pineapple skin IMO and dry cow manures. This study used an experimental method with a completely randomized design with five treatments and four replications. The treatments were A: addition of cow manure IMO, B : elephant grass IMO, C : Aloe vera IMO, D : pineapple skin IMO, E : combination IMO (A, B, C, D). The parameters were measured; the N, P and K content. The results showed that the addition of several types of IMO had a significant effect (P<0.05) on phosphorus content of organic cow manure but had no significant effect (P>0.05) on nitrogen and potassium content. The manufacture of organic cow manure with the addition of several types of IMO for 21 days gave the best results in the combination IMO treatment with 1.70% nitrogen, 0.65% phosphorus, and 1.78% potassium content.

Emerging architecture for heterogeneous smart cyber-physical systems for industry 5.0

Industrial process automation is becoming more advance due to the new technological revolutions like Industrial Internet of things (IIoT), Machine to Machine Communication (M2M), cloud computing, cognitive computing, artificial intelligence, and big little multicore-based ARM processors for embedded applications. Modern IP-enabled sensors, actuators, and controllers are transforming industrial automation into industry 5.0 compliances to attain full autonomy with minimal human intervention. With these emerging technologies, Smart Cyber-Physical System (SCPS) is the most important part of the fourth industrial revolution, where diffident programmed embedded systems are networked together to perform, computation, communication, control, and actuation. In this paper, we proposed a heterogeneous architecture for SCPS, where different electrical, pneumatic, and hydraulic processes can be integrated to execute hybrid process dynamics. The proposed architecture is enabled to separate all aspects like computation, control, communication, and actuation, of a process dynamic by estimating the process disturbances, sensor delay, actuator delay, and conversion delay. The allotment of computational embedded cores to different physical processes is done through voltage frequency islands (VFI) with high modularity which is different for different processes. All the mapped process dynamics are optimized through Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling (DVFS). The best implementation of the proposed architecture is the upcoming era of industry 5.0 where human intervention is also in a fold in various industries like petroleum, fertilizer, paper, cement, space exploration, and automobile manufacturing.

Integrated Modelling of In-Bag Fertilizer Handling Process and Forklift Needs to Reduce Waste in Sales Warehouses of PT Petrokimia Gresik

PT. Petrokimia Gresik is one of the most outstanding fertilizer manufacturers with 5 sales warehouses. The Company organizes its distribution system to ensure adequate distribution to the right target. To plan the process of handling in-bag fertilizer, resources such as contract workers, forklifts, and trucks are needed. However, there are numerous wastes associated with the handling process, which is shown by forklift idle time due to the bagging, handling, and loading processes. Therefore, this research identifies the waste that occurs using the Value Stream Mapping (VSM) method with the 5 why’s tool. This research also uses simulation to analyze and validate the recommendations. Data obtained through questionnaires showed that waste occurs due to waiting time by 28.2% and unnecessary motion by 22.7%. The described Process Activity Mapping (PAM) tools show that fertilizer delivery has cycle times of 9030 seconds, with value-added activities of 66%. The analysis of 5 why’s tools shows that the low handling speed causes waste at the bagging and loading processes and the unnecessary motion of forklift-3. The recommendations according to the future state Value Stream Mapping (VSM) are adding the contract worker in the bagging process, removing forklift-3, and adding the contract worker in the loading process. Therefore, the value-added activity increases to 75.8% and accelerates the delivery cycle time to 7733 seconds. The validation results using the simulation shows that forklift-3 can be eliminated because it has a low utilization value of 16.4%, merging the activity of sewing services of 3% with a decrease in transfer time from 7.9 hours to 2.9 hours for one delivery cycle. In conclusion, the removal of all forklift-3 in 5 sales warehouse results shows that the company can save rental costs by Rp.4,772,376,000/year.

Community empowerment with the making of liquid organic fertilizer from banana slim stem

Banana is a plant that is not foreign to the community. Banana (Musa Pradisianca) comes from Asia and spreads in Spain, Italy, Indonesia and America. Banana plants can be used in liquid organic fertilizers, fertilizers are materials that are added to the soil to provide essential elements for plant growth. When viewed based on the source of the material used, fertilizers are divided into inorganic fertilizers and organic fertilizers. The banana plant is a plant that only bears fruit once in its lifetime and after that the banana tree will not bear fruit again. After that the tree will be left to die and even just left alone. In the stem of the banana midrib there are important elements needed by plants, the content of nutrients contained in the banana midrib, namely N (nitrogen), P (phosphorus), and K (potassium). The results of the implementation of the Banana Stem Liquid Organic Fertilizer Manufacturing program in Guyangan Village, Loano, Purworejo, Central Java, went smoothly. This program is considered very useful for the people of Guyangan Village in order to reduce environmental problems in the form of banana stem waste and improve the people's economy by utilizing useless banana stem waste into something that can be reused.

PENYULUHAN PEMBUATAN KOMPOS DARI LIMBAH RUMAH TANGGA DI DESA DELI TUA BARAT

Garbage has become a classic problem that is constantly discussed and never finished in Indonesia. The dense population and settlements make the amount of waste produced is also increasing, because the waste is the result of daily human activities. With the increasing number of residents and dense settlements, the amount of waste will also continue to accumulate, therefore we as a group that cares about the environment and is tasked with providing useful and informative information to the community conduct counseling about the importance of processing household waste independently, one of which is the manufacture of fertilizers. compost with a simple composter. It is hoped that this activity can increase public awareness about wise steps to dispose of waste and adapt the concept of zero waste in everyday life. The location of this community service is in the village of West Deli Tua, Deli Tua District, Deli Serdang Regency. North Sumatra. The location of West Deli Tua was chosen as the research location considering the dense population and the density of population activities in the West Deli Tua village which has the potential to produce a lot of waste, especially household waste.

Convergence, Development, and Energy-Intensive Infrastructure in Africa: A Review of the Evidence

The structural changes in an economy that accompany its growth to high-income status have been predictable in Europe, the United States, and Asia, characterized by declining employment in agriculture and rising levels of urbanization driven by jobs in the modern industrial sector. As agricultural productivity rises, the share of people employed in agriculture declines, and both urbanization and employment in manufacturing increase. Food prices fall relative to wages, causing the share of income spent on food to decline to very low levels. Asian countries have followed a similar path, although at a much faster pace. Africa, however, is different. Despite a high share of the population in urban areas, most African countries have yet to see significant increases in agricultural productivity that might drive industrial growth and jobs. The rising share of urban population has not been matched by increases in agricultural productivity, falling food prices, or the emergence of a viable industrial sector. Available evidence shows that agricultural yields in Africa are low and food is costly, while the share of employment in agriculture remains high. For the process of structural transformation to get underway, African countries must invest in the manufacture of fertilizer, develop better methods of water control, improve transportation, and invest in cold storage. Each of these interventions requires significant amounts of energy, including energy from fossil fuels, and they are not replaceable—countries have managed structural transformation in different ways but to date none have leapfrogged the process.

Manufacturing of NPK nano fertilizer and its effect on growth and of cut flowers production in two types of Rosa spp

NPK was made from the compound fertilizer ProSol (20: 20: 20) using an urgent mortar with 5 gm crushing for two hours until the conversion to nano size. nanoparticles size of the powder produced was measured by an X-ray diffraction meter XRD and the size of the produced was 54.13 nm. A field experiment was carried out using RCBD to study two factors, first type of fertilizer used with three levels of spraying with nutritious fertilizer ProSol at a concentration of 1.5 g. L-1 and spraying with NPK nano fertilizer at a concentration of 0.5 g. L-1 in addition to control treatment, second factor two types of rose damascene and Legend belongs to the Hybrid Tea Rose. results showed that the treatment of spraying with nanoparticles was superior in all the studied characters, and it gave the highest number of flowering plants at 14.24. It also gave the highest concentration of nutrients in the leaves of 2.6 % nitrogen and 1.97 % for potassium. Legend superior to R. Damascena in number of flowers and carbohydrate content, while Damascena was superior in weight and flower diameter. The highest vase life recorded at 13.82 days for the treatment of interaction between spraying with nano fertilizer and Legend cultivar.

Phosphate Rock Frontiers: Nature, Labor, and Imperial States, from 1870 to World War II

This comparative historical study examines the three main frontier regions of phosphate rock from the period after the US Civil War until World War II: the American South, French North Africa, and the South Pacific. Imperial states mobilized nature, labor, and capital in the frontier regions to cheapen the rock enough to galvanize fertilizer manufacturing and the budding chemical industry in the metropoles. The unit of analysis of nineteenth-century chemical fertilizer is the international division of labor—of a generalized wage labor force in the metropolitan centers and coerced labor in the frontier regions and of energy flows from the commodity frontiers to the metropolitan farming regions and the buildup of life chemicals in soils and waterways generations later. In the post-2009 era of food security fears with volatile fertilizer prices, this article addresses the question of how and why commercial agriculture systems began to use and depend on phosphate fertilizers.

Rare earth element distributions in salt marsh sediment cores reveal evidence of environmental lability during bioturbation and diagenetic processes

The distribution and accumulation of rare earth elements (REE) in the labile fraction of sediment cores collected from salt marshes in the Patos Lagoon estuary from southern Brazil were investigated. Sediment cores (ca. 40 cm) were obtained from three locations within the estuary to capture possible changes in REE content across the salinity gradient (i.e., where saline, brackish, and freshwater dominate). Salt marsh sediments from all three coring locations were enriched in the light REE (LREE) over the heavy REE (HREE) when normalized to the North American shale composite (NASC). Shale normalized values for the LREE of marsh sediments from sites M2 and M3 in the mid- and upper estuary commonly approximates unity indicating these sediments chiefly exhibit a terrigenous signature. In contrast, all 14 naturally occurring REE are depleted in the sediments from the M1 coring location in the lower estuary compared to shale. Sediments from the mid-estuary (M2 core location) where typical salinity values are ca. 10 practical salinity units, exhibit the greatest shale normalized LREE enrichments. The higher LREE contents of the M2 sediments likely reflect preferential removal of LREE from the water column owing to salt-induced coagulation of river-borne colloids that occurs during estuarine mixing processes. Sediments samples collected from the salt marsh in the lower estuary nearer the Atlantic Ocean (i.e., M1), have substantially lower REE contents than salt marsh sediments from sites M2 and M3 in the mid- and upper estuary, respectively. The more sand-rich lower estuary sediments are exposed to higher salinity water from the South Atlantic compared to the generally finer grained sediments from the mid- and upper estuary, which are dominated by brackish and freshwater conditions, respectively. Negative Ce-anomalies (i.e., Ce/Ce* < 1) in marsh sediments from depths generally greater than 27 cm support the occurrence of early diagenetic reactions consistent with suboxic to anoxic conditions whereby reductive dissolution of ferromanganese oxide/oxyhydroxide carrier phases, and/or Ce(IV) phases, release Ce(III) to the marsh pore waters. The negative Ce anomalies suggests that a suboxic or anoxic environment predominates to a depth of 9 cm, and then again below 27 cm depth in sediments from the M2 salt marsh core, and below a depth of 13 cm in the upper estuary marsh sediments (i.e., M3). In contrast, positive Ce anomalies (Ce/Ce* > 1) for much of the sediment from the M1 core, the mid depths of core M2 (i.e., 9 cm to 27 cm), and shallower than 13 cm in sediments from core M3 support oxic conditions where Ce is enriched in sediments from these depths by preferential scavenging from pore waters onto Fe/Mn oxides/oxyhydroxides. These trends in Ce/Ce* with depth in each sediment core are also consistent with known bioturbation that occurs within these marsh sediments. The relatively high REE contents of the sediments from location M3 are also related to the fact that these sediments are dominantly composed of clay-silt deposits that are enriched in organic matter. Finally, we find no conclusive evidence that the studied salt marsh sediments have been impacted by addition of REE from the local fertilizer manufacturing industry.

Process Behavior and Product Quality in Fertilizer Manufacturing Using Continuous Hopper Transfer Pan Granulation—Experimental Investigations

Fertilizers are commonly used to improve the soil quality in both conventional and organic agriculture. One such fertilizer is dolomite for which soil application in granulated form is advantageous. These granules are commonly produced from ground dolomite powder in continuous pan transfer granulators. During production, the granulator’s operation parameters affect the granules’ properties and thereby also the overall performance of the fertilizer. To ensure product granules of certain specifications and an efficient overall production, process control and intensification approaches based on mathematical models can be applied. However, the latter require high-quality quantitative experimental data describing the effects of process operation parameters on the granule properties. Therefore, in this article, such data is presented for a lab-scale experimental setup. Investigations were carried out into how variations in binder spray rate, binder composition, feed powder flow rate, pan inclination angle, and angular velocity affect particle size distribution, mechanical stability, and humidity. Furthermore, in contrast to existing work samples from both, pan granules and product granules are analyzed. The influence of operation parameter variations on the differences between both, also known as trajectory separation, is described quantitatively. The results obtained indicate an increase in the average particle size with increasing binder flow rate to feed rate and increasing binder concentration and the inclination angle of the pan. Compressive strength varied significantly depending on the operating parameters. Significant differences in properties were observed for the product and the intermediate (pan) samples. In fact, for some operation parameters, e.g., binder feed rate, the magnitude of the separation effect strongly depends on the specific value of the operation parameter. The presented concise data will enable future mathematical modeling of the pan granulation process, e.g., using the framework of population balance equations.

Biodegradation of Keratin-Rich Husbandry Waste as a Path to Sustainable Agriculture

Every year, the size of the human population grows; with it, the need for agricultural products increases. This leads to an increment in the volume of waste, including hard-to-degrade keratin-rich ones, such as feathers. Currently, most of the agro-industrial complex protein by-products are utilized by incineration, landfilling, and chemical hydrolysis. Such methods do not meet modern trends in the development of a sustainable economy, negatively affecting the environment and humans, and preventing the reusing of waste. An alternative is biodegradation, which consists of the application of living organisms and their enzymes to recycle by-products. This approach is not only sustainable, but also makes it possible to obtain products of waste hydrolysis that are in demand for the manufacture of fertilizers and feed additives. This brings the development of agriculture closer to a circular economy and makes the recycling process more profitable. This review article emphasizes the significance of keratinolytic microorganisms and keratinases for the improvement of green methods for processing hard-to-degrade protein waste of the agro-industrial complex, which is necessary for sustainable economic development.

Long-term trajectories of the C footprint of N fertilization in Mediterranean agriculture (Spain, 1860–2018)

Synthetic nitrogen (N) fertilization has helped boost agricultural yields, but it is also responsible for direct and indirect greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Fertilizer-related emissions are also promoted by irrigation and manure application, which has increased with livestock industrialization. Spanish agriculture provides a paradigmatic example of high industrialization under two different climates (temperate and Mediterranean) and two contrasting water management regimes (rainfed and irrigated). In this study, we estimated the historical evolution of the C footprint of N fertilization (including all the life cycle GHG emissions related to N fertilization) in Spanish agriculture from 1860 to 2018 at the province level (50 provinces) for 122 crops, using climate-specific N2O emission factors (EFs) adjusted to the type of water management and the N source (synthetic fertilizer, animal manure, crop residues and soil N mineralization) and considering changes in the industrial efficiency of N fertilizer production. Overall, N-related GHG emissions increased ∼12-fold, up to 10–14 Tg CO2e yr−1 in the 2010s, with much higher growth in Mediterranean than in temperate areas. Direct N2O EFs of N fertilizers doubled due to the expansion of irrigation, synthetic fertilizers and liquid manure, associated with livestock industrialization. Synthetic N production dominated the emissions balance (55%–60% of GHGe in the 21st century). Large energy efficiency gains of industrial fertilizer production were largely offset by the changes in the fertilizer mix. Downstream N2O emissions associated with NH3 volatilization and NO3 − leaching increased tenfold. The yield-scaled carbon footprint of N use in Spanish agriculture increased fourfold, from 4 and 5 Mg CO2e Mg N−1 to 16–18 Mg CO2e Mg N−1. Therefore, the results reported herein indicate that increased productivity could not offset the growth in manufacture and soil emissions related to N use, suggesting that mitigation efforts should not only aim to increase N use efficiency but also consider water management, fertilizer type and fertilizer manufacture as key drivers of emissions.

Pengenalan Budidaya Sayuran Hidroponik dan Pembuatan Pupuk Organik Fermentasi pada Kelompok Tani di Kecamatan Pelaihari

Agricultural technology with a hydroponic system is an alternative in the use of narrow land to increase the availability of vegetables to be fulfilled in Pelaihari Sub-District, Tanah Laut Regency. Most of the land in Pelaihari District has a low level of fertility and the lack of knowledge of farmers in increasing soil fertility. Therefore, efforts to increase soil fertility are needed through counseling and training in the manufacture of fermented organic fertilizers made from agricultural waste, it is hoped that fertility will increase and agricultural waste can be utilized. This activities uses lecture methods, discussions and direct practice in the field based on the results of initial observations as the basis for determining the level of understanding and insight of farmers. Before the extension activities were carried out, a list of questions (questionnaires) was distributed and after the activity was completed, this list of questions was distributed again. Community service activities in the form of counseling and training on hydroponic system vegetable cultivation and the manufacture of fermented organic fertilizers. Based on the results of the pre-instruction and post-training questionnaires, it was found that an increase in the knowledge of activity participants was 12.73%. The hydroponic system used in this community service is a wick system and also a technique for making fermented organic fertilizer (bokashi) made from agricultural waste and livestock waste.

How silicon fertilizer improves nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient availability in paddy soil?

In order to reveal the mechanism of silicon (Si) fertilizer in improving nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) nutrient availability in paddy soil, we designed a series of soil culture experiments by combining application of varying Si fertilizer concentrations with fixed N and P fertilizer concentrations. Following the recommendations of fertilizer manufacturers and local farmers, we applied Si in concentrations of 0, 5.2, 10.4, 15.6, and 20.8 μg/kg. At each concentration of added Si, the availability of soil N and P nutrients, soil microbial activity, numbers of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and P-decomposing bacteria which means that the organic P is decomposed into inorganic nutrients which can be absorbed and utilized by plants, and urease and phosphatase activity first increased, and then decreased, as Si was added to the soil. These indicators reached their highest levels with a Si application rate of 15.6 μg/kg, showing values respectively 19.78%, 105.09%, 8.34%, 73.12%, 130.36%, 28.12%, and 20.15% higher than those of the controls. Appropriate Si application (10.4 to 15.6 µg/kg) could significantly increase the richness of the soil microbial community involved in cycling of N and P nutrients in the soil. When the Si application rate was 15.6 μg/kg, parameters for characterizing microbial abundance such as sequence numbers, operational taxonomic unit (OTU) number, and correlation indices of microbial community richness such as Chao1 index, the adaptive coherence estimator (ACE) index, Shannon index, and Simpson index all reached maximum values, with amounts increased by 14.46%, 10.01%, 23.80%, 30.54%, 0.18%, and 2.64%, respectively, compared with the control group. There is also a good correlation between N and P mineralization and addition of Si fertilizer. The correlation coefficients between the ratio of available P/total P (AP/TP) and the number of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, AP/TP and acid phosphatase activity (AcPA), AP/TP and the Shannon index, the ratio of available N/total amount of N (AN/TN) and the number of ammoniated bacteria, and AN/TN and AcPA were 0.9290, 0.9508, 0.9202, 0.9140, and 0.9366, respectively. In summary, these results revealed that enhancement of soil microbial community structure diversity and soil microbial activity by appropriate application of Si is the key ecological mechanism by which application of Si fertilizer improves N and P nutrient availability.

Environmental Development Strategies for an Industrial Area (Kochi Industrial Belt)

Discharging of wastes and toxic pollutants produced by the industrial activities into the natural environment which consist of air, water and land implies the term Industrial Pollution. It has serious consequences on human life and its health along with several ways of negative impacts on the environment and nature. As far as our nation is concerned most of the major cities are filled with these large-scale industries which place a crucial role financial development of a country. Strictly hindering the development of industries cannot be done as it is vital for the Socio-Economic progress of a country. Yet it is our duty to protect our natural environment by limiting the pollution due to industries. This Study consist of the issues occurred in Eloor- Kadungalloor region as result of the industrial pollution followed by policies for a development plan to enhance the natural and environmental conditions with a planning approach at micro study level. As far as the Kerala context is considered, the major spot which is mostly affected by the industrial pollution is the ‘Edayar Industrial belt’ which is the largest industrial belt in Kerala. This became one of most noted spot because of the continuous dumping of dangerous chemical pollutants from adjacent industries (pesticide and fertilizer manufacturing). It has also resulted in health issues for the inhabitants of the site. Though many complaints have been filed against the companies, there has no proper laws or schemes for taking measures for reduction of pollution have come up so far. Hence this paper deals with the application of technical solutions and strategies for an Environment Improvement plan development for an industrial as well as studying on the issues of sire and its inhabitants.