Fertilizer Elements Research Articles

ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ МИКРОБНЫХ ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ ПРИ ПЕРЕРАБОТКЕ ОТХОДОВ ПТИЦЕВОДСТВА, ИСПОЛЬЗУЕМЫХ ДЛЯ ПОВЫШЕНИЯ ПЛОДОРОДИЯ ПОЧВЫ И УРОЖАЙНОСТИ ЯРОВОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ

The aim of research is to study the environmental safety and effectiveness of the influence of the product of enzymatic processing of biowaste of a poultry farm (biofertilizer) on individual elements of soil fertility and the yield of spring soft wheat. Objectives: to study the chemical composition of the fertilizer; to measure the number of microorganisms; to determine the content of nitrate nitrogen and phytotoxicity when adding microfertilizer to the soil; to evaluate its effectiveness in a field experiment when cultivating spring wheat. Field trials of the biofertilizer were carried out at the experimental site of the agrochemistry laboratory in the southern forest-steppe zone of the Omsk Region. The soil of the experimental site is meadow-chernozem, medium-deep, medium-humus, heavy loamy. The scheme of the field experiment was developed taking into account the dynamics of mineralization (20 %) of organic fertilizers in the year of their application: 1 – control (without fertilizers); 2 – application of nitrogen-phosphorus mineral fertilizers at a dose of N60P60 (equivalent in terms of N, P, K content in 10 tons of biofertilizer); application of biofertilizer at doses: 3 – 10 t/ha; 4 – 15 t/ha; 5 – 20 t/ha. The experiment was repeated three times. The area of the experimental plot was 18 m2. The experiment was set up, records were taken and observations were carried out using generally accepted methods. The laboratory experiment was set up using the accelerated composting method according to the following scheme: 1 – control (0); application of biofertilizer to the soil in doses of: 2 – 10 t/ha; 3 – 20 t/ha; 4 – 30 t/ha. A qualitative analysis of the biofertilizer showed that the concentration of pollutants in it did not exceed the permissible limits. It did not contain any pathogenic or disease-causing microorganisms. In terms of macronutrient content (NPK), it is not inferior to the main bioresources (cattle manure, sapropel, green manure). The narrow nitrogen to carbon ratio (3.6) in it ensures a short period of its biodegradation in the soil. The application of biofertilizer in doses of 10–20 t/ha has a positive effect on microbial homeostasis, while the toxicity of the soil substrate was not manifested, the nitrogen regime of plant nutrition improved, and the yield of spring wheat increased to 11 %.

СРАВНИТЕЛЬНАЯ АГРОТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ ОЦЕНКА ВОЗДЕЛЫВАНИЯ ЯРОВОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ В ЛЕСОСТЕПИ ОМСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

A comprehensive comparative agrotechnological assessment of the cultivation of spring soft wheat in a five-field grain fallow crop rotation in the forest-steppe agrolandscapes of the Omsk Region was carried out. In a stationary two-factor grain-fallow crop rotation, the importance of predecessors, tillage, chemicalization on the state of soil fertility, agrophytocenosis, yield and technological parameters of grain was revealed. It was established that repeated crops of the crop lead to a decrease in yield relative to the fallow predecessor by 1.18–1.44 t/ha with a decrease in gluten in the grain to 20.7–22.7 %. The negative impact of repeated crops on the water and nutrient regime of the soil, the growth of the weed component, root rot, leaf and stem infections in crops was revealed. The decrease in nitrate accumulation, yield and protein content of grain on the third wheat after fallow is also associated with a significant (1.7–3.6 times) decrease in nitrifying bacteria in the upper (0–20) soil layer. It is proposed to reduce the area of repeated and permanent crops of spring wheat in the region by 1.5–2 times, it is necessary to expand the set of productive predecessors. Cultivation of spring wheat using intensive technology helps to increase soil fertility and improve the phytosanitary condition of crops. Thus, the coefficient of water consumption for the formation of 1 ton of grain with intensive technology of cultivation of spring wheat decreases on average from 265 to 57 mm (4.6 times). Under the conditions of extensive agriculture and arid climate, the fallow field in the grain production of the region is still the basis for increasing the yield, technological properties of grain and seed quality. Thus, in the arid agrolandscapes of Western Siberia, the predecessors, the system of tillage in crop rotation, the use of intensification tools have a significant impact on the elements of soil fertility and the phytosanitary state of spring wheat crops.

Sensitivity of Rhizoctonia solani to fertilizers and fungicides and their synergistic effects

AbstractRhizoctonia solani reduces yield and quality of potato worldwide and some studies report the appearance of resistant strains due to the extensive use of fungicides. To overcome this problem, we studied the effect of commercial fertilizers alone and in combination with fungicides on the in‐vitro growth of R. solani in order to manage the use of fungicides and reduce the risk of resistance development in this pathogen. First, the study of the effect of three fungicides, azoxystrobin, pencycuron and fludioxonil, on the in‐vitro growth of R. solani showed that fludioxonil (EC50 = 0.06 × 10−3 μg a.i./mL) and pencycuron (EC50 = 0.1 × 10−3 μg a.i./mL) were very effective in inhibiting the growth of this pathogen at very low concentrations; however, azoxystrobin showed less antifungal activity (EC50 = 74.85 × 10−3 μg a.i./mL). The effect of five commercial fertilizers, namely di‐ammonium phosphate, superphosphate, phosphoric acid, potassium sulphate and ammonium nitrate, at different concentrations (0, 0.01, 0.1, 1 and 10 mg of fertilizer element [P2O5, K2O or N]/mL) showed that all fertilizers reduced the in‐vitro growth of R. solani. Furthermore, the studied fertilizers, particularly phosphorus‐based ones, improved the antifungal activity of the three fungicides. For instance, superphosphate at 0.1 mg of P2O5/mL in combination with pencycuron reduced the diameter of the fungal colony by 76.7% in comparison to the fungicide alone. In addition, the antifungal activity of azoxystrobin was improved by the NPK fertilizers, indicating their effect in reducing the risk of resistance development in R. solani to this fungicide. This study demonstrates the usefulness of fertilizers in an integrated management programme to enhance fungicide efficacy against R. solani, reducing the risk of resistance development in this pathogen.

Wheat Crop Management and growth stage monitoring in some gypsiferous soil units using remote sensing

The study used remote sensing to manage and monitor wheat crop health in some gypsiferous soil units. Five sites cultivated with wheat and irrigated by a central pivot irrigation system were selected within gypsiferous soil units in some agricultural lands. Soil and plant samples were collected at the best spectral and vegetative growth stage (grain filling stage) from each site. Three samples of the plant and soil were collected with three replicates, resulting in a total of (5 × 3 × 3 = 45 samples for both soil and plant). Samples were prepared for conducting laboratory analyses Satellite imagery of the OLI type from the Landsat 8 satellite, acquired on 24/2/2020, was used to calculate the following spectral indices: NDVI, SAVI, OSAVI, GOSAVI, GDVI, NDMI, CMFI, LAI. The results showed a variation in the concentration of fertile elements in the soil and plants between the study sites, with the third site relatively outperforming the other sites. On the other hand, we observed a variation in the values of spectral indices between the study sites for all the spectral indices and an increase in values with the progress and increase in the size of the canopy cover to reach the best spectral growth stage at the stage of ear fullness, which is the stage of spectral stability and appropriate for monitoring crop productivity and assessing plant health. The results also concluded that NDVI and LAI are among the most important pieces of evidence that have a strong relationship with plant density and estimation of its general condition, as the relationship was strong logarithmic and linear with nitrogen, as the values of R2 reached 0.91 and 0.88, respectively, and the value of the coefficient of determination R2 reached with The phosphorus concentration was 0.67 and 0.67, respectively. Also, the use of spectral indices depends on the spectral bands that fall at the wavelength of 0.6-0.7 micrometers, which is the region where a high absorption process occurs if the vegetation cover is intact and healthy, especially the NDVI index.

Determination of impurities in fertilizers purchased in Almaty (Kazakhstan)

Two solid (Double superphosphate and Phosphoric) and two liquid (Peat and Microfertilizer) fertilizers from Russia and Kazakhstan were evaluated with regard to macronutrients content (K, Ca), transition elements (Cr, Fe, Co, Zn, Hg), alkaline earth (Sr), semi-metals (As), rare earth elements (Ce, Eu, La, Nd, Sc, Sm, Tb, Yb) and Th and U. For analysis, the k0-INAA was used. For QA/QC purposes for k0-INAA the certified reference material BCR-320R channel sediment was used and irradiated together with the samples. The highest content of REEs was obtained in Double superphosphate, while in liquid fertilizers REEs were mostly below the limit of detection of the method used. Most elements in liquid organic fertilizers (Peat and Microfertilizer) were determined in insignificant level, except iron, which belongs to the essential micronutrients. The content of iron was at least 57 times higher in case of Peat fertilizer in comparison to Microfertilizer. Content of iron was higher in case of Phosphoric fertilizer than in Double superphosphate (about five times).

Цифровая оценка влияния удобрений на урожайность сельскохозяйственных растений

Based on previously published works, a digital assessment of the effect of fertilizers on the yield of various agricultural plants was carried out. The new technique involves the use of the growth factor action coefficient, which is numerically equal to the relative rate of yield increase with an increase in the amount of fertilizers (nutrients) in the soil. Calculations were carried out for different natural and climatic conditions and different types of plants. It has been established that nitrogen fertilizers have a stronger effect on the yield than phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. A new methodology for assessing the effect of fertilizers on the yield of agricultural plants can be used to calculate the optimal doses of different fertilizers for different plants and a proposed method – for determining doses of fertilizers based on laboratory, growing or field experiments based on the yield (growth) of a particular plant in certain soil and climatic conditions. Known methods for calculating doses of fertilizers for specific plants and soil-climatic conditions, such as ‘calculating doses of fertilizers based on the removal of nutrients, taking into account the properties of the soil’ not accounting the content of mobile forms of fertilizer elements in the soil and plants, as well as changes in the supply nutrients in the soil, etc., ‘determining doses of fertilizers based on data from field experiments’ are essentially “heuristic”. They do not take into account the physiological characteristics of the influence of fertilizers and other factors on plant growth and productivity. The formulas proposed here take into account only approximate functional connections obtained from experimental data. Unlike the well-known method of elementary balance for determining doses of fertilizers, or the method of calculating doses of fertilizers according to the amount of nutrients required to increase the yield by 1 centner, etc., the proposed method, firstly, takes into account the value of the yield obtained without fertilizing the soil, secondly, the maximum potential value of the yield is determined and taken into account and, finally, the supply of nutrients in the soil is taken into account.

Bison and cattle grazing increase soil nitrogen cycling in a tallgrass prairie ecosystem

Nitrogen (N) is a necessary element of soil fertility and a limiting nutrient in tallgrass prairie but grazers like bison and cattle can also recycle N. Bison and cattle impact the nitrogen (N) cycle by digesting forage that is consumed, and recycled back to the soil in a more available forms stimulating soil microbial N cycling activities. Yet we do not know how both grazers comparatively affect N cycling in tallgrass prairie. Thus, we investigated if bison and cattle had similar impacts on N cycling in annually burned tallgrass prairie relative to ungrazed conditions over a 3-year period (2020–2022) at the Konza Prairie Biological Station. We examined: soil pH, soil water content, mineralized N, nitrification potential, denitrification potential and extracellular enzyme assays. Interannual variability in precipitation controlled soil water and N cycling microbial activities but grazing effects had a stronger influence on N cycling. We found significant differences and increased soil pH, nitrification and denitrification potential and less N limitation in bison vs cattle grazed soils where bison grazed soils exhibited faster N cycling. Differences between the grazers may be attributed to the different management of bison and cattle as both can impact N cycling. Overall, these data provide some evidence that bison and cattle affect N cycling differently at this study site, and improve the ecological understanding of grazer impacts on N cycling dynamics within the tallgrass prairie ecosystem.

Сравнительная агротехнологическая оценка возделывания яровой пшеницы в южной лесостепи Западной Сибири

Abstract. Long-term (more than 20 years) studies were carried out on meadow – chernozem soil in the southern forest-steppe zone of Western Siberia. In a stationary grain-steam crop rotation (steam-wheat-wheat-wheat-barley), a comparative assessment of fertility, the state of agrophytocenosis, yield and quality of spring wheat grain, depending on the placement of the crop in the crop rotation, the tillage system, and complex chemicalization was carried out. The purpose of the research is to establish the influence and effectiveness of multi-level agricultural technologies of spring wheat on the elements of soil fertility, the state of agrophytocenosis, productivity and technological properties of grain in the southern forest-steppe of Western Siberia. Research methods. In the southern forest-steppe agricultural landscapes, the effectiveness of multi-level agricultural technologies of spring wheat cultivation has been established, with an increase in yield from 1.51 to 3.24 t/ha (2.1 times) and a decrease in technological parameters of grain. For the first time, the share contribution of chemicalization components in increasing the productivity of spring wheat cultivated by steam and in the grain-steam crop rotation has been established. Two-factor experience: factor A – tillage system (dump-plowing on the head of 20–22 cm, annually; combined-plowing in the fallow field and under the third wheat after steam for 20–22 cm and flat-cut on the head of 10–12 for the second wheat after steam barley; flat-cut on the head of 10–12 cm for all crops annually; minimal – in the fallow field cultivation on the 8–10 cm. in other fields without autumn treatment); factor B – means of intensification (control – without chemicals, the option of complex application of chemicals included the combined use of fertilizers (N24 P36 per 1 ha of arable land), recommended herbicides, fungicides and retardants). Results. It was found that intensive agrotechnology with the use of fertilizers and plant protection products makes the main contribution to increasing the yield and technological parameters of grain – 30–35 %, precursors – up to 20–25 %, weather conditions of the growing season – 18–20 %, the system of tillage in crop rotation – 10–12 %. The complex application of chemicals contributes to an increase in crop biomass to 2080 g/m2 (by 49 %), reduces water consumption to 73 mm per 1 t\ of grain (2.7 times), optimizes the nutrient regime of the soil and the phytosanitary state of agrophytocenosis, which ultimately increases yields from 1.51 to 3.27 t/ha while improving the technological properties of grain gluten content up to 26.4 – 29.4 %. Long-term rational use of chemicals does not lead to the accumulation of ecotoxicants in soil and grain. The scientific novelty was revealed for the conditions of Western Siberia with the long-term rational use of chemicals, the accumulation of ecotoxicants in the soil and grain was not observed.

Анализ факторов, определяющих величину экологического воздействия сельскохозяйственного производства на земельные ресурсы

Abstract. The purpose is to assess the impact of factors determining the magnitude of the environmental impact of agricultural production on land resources. Methodology and methods. In the course of the study, nonparametric statistical methods were used to identify dependencies in the data set. When constructing predictive models, ROC-analysis was used to find the values of the cut-off point. Results. The study made it possible to localize three groups of regions of the Russian Federation that differ quite significantly in terms of the environmental impact of agricultural production on land resources and are characterized by a high level of dispersion within the groups. The analysis of the interrelations between the parameters characterizing the level of environmental impact made it possible to identify factors that have a decisive influence on the indicators of reproduction of land fertility. In regions with a high negative environmental impact, only the yield value is crucial, the growth of which leads to an increase in the uncompensated removal of soil fertility elements, and, accordingly, to the progression of land degradation. In regions with an average level of negative environmental impact, its magnitude also depends on the amount of organic fertilizers applied, which forms a less high level of uncompensated removal of soil fertility elements and, accordingly, environmental damage in the regions included in this group. In the group with a positive environmental impact, it is the level of application of organic fertilizers that has a decisive influence on the reproduction of land fertility. The regression analysis showed that when approximating the values of the positive environmental impact on land resources, the amount of organic fertilizers can be the most reasonable variable. ROC-analysis regarding the application of organic fertilizers for grain crops as a potential predictive parameter of positive environmental impact showed that its threshold value at the cut-off point is 2.56 tons per 1 ha. The scientific novelty lies in the formation of the evidence base of the dependence of land fertility on the parameters of agroecological impact necessary to understand the mechanisms of building a system of rational land use in agriculture.

Влияние бобовых культур и удобрений на продуктивность севооборотов и плодородие почвы

Abstract. The purpose of researches is influence legume crops and mineral fertilizers on crop rotation productivity and soil fertility elements in the conditions of Kaluga region. Methods. The research was carried out in a long-term stationary field experiment on gray forest medium loamy soil. The laying of field experience, observations, records and generalization of research results were carried out in accordance with generally accepted methodological recommendations. Results. It was found that the studied factors had an insignificant effect on the weed propensity, which, against the background of mineral fertilizers and with an increase in the share of legumes in the structure, was slightly higher. On average, during the fourth rotation, the highest crop productivity was obtained in a crop rotation with 40% saturation with legumes, both against the background of fertilization (38.6 c/ha of grain units) and without their use (32.6 c/ha of grain units). Applying of mineral fertilizers contributed to an increase in crop rotation productivity by 18–24 %. On average, for crop rotations, 6.4 c/ha of grain units or 22 % were obtained by applying mineral fertilizers in addition to a background without fertilizers. It’s noted that use of mineral fertilizers had a positive effect on the change some indicators of soil fertility. Availability of exchangeable forms potassium increased by 27 % and mobile phosphorus by 54 % compared to options without fertilizers. And in comparison with the initial state, the content of K2O without fertilizers increased by 17 and by 54 mg/kg of soil against the background of their use, and the content of P2O5 decreased by 27 mg/kg of soil and increased by 66 mg/kg, respectively. With an increase in the share of legumes in the structure of crop rotations from 30 % to 60 %, there was a slight increase in soil fertility, especially against the background of mineral fertilizers. Scientific novelty. The issues of influence legumes and mineral fertilizers on productivity of the fourth rotation of crop rotations and elements soil fertility were considered.

Properties of dark gray forest soil in the cultivation of cereals according to various basic processing systems

The purpose of the research is to establish the influence of various systems of basic dark gray forest soil processing with prolonged use on the transformation of the most important fertility elements. The results of prolonged (1988-2022) exposure to processing systems in the grain-steam crop rotation are presented: dead fallow, winter rye, spring wheat, spring barley, in the northern forest-steppe of the Tyumen region of the Russian Federation. The basic tillage systems were compared: dump, non-dump, combined, differentiated, flat-cut, surface. The peculiarities of the transformation of fertility elements under prolonged exposure to basic processing systems of varying intensification degrees are determined. It was found that the long-term use of basic treatment systems of varying minimization degrees in conditions of complex chemicalization ensured the formation of water-physical properties, nutritional conditions and phytosanitary conditions in their values slightly inferior or close to the control version of the dump processing system. Tillage systems with minimization elements reduced the energy efficiency coefficient in comparison with the dump system against the background of fertilizer application by 4.5‑11.5%, against the background without fertilizers – by 7.7‑18.4%. The lowest decrease in efficiency in comparison with the dump processing system for both nutrient backgrounds was for the combined processing system – 4.5‑7.7 %.

Biologization of oilseed fertilization systems in the conditions of the Rostov region

The article reflects the results of studies conducted in the dry steppe zone of the Russian Federation to evaluate fertilizer systems for oilseeds with the widespread use of biological preparations. The practical aspects of managing soil fertility and agrocenosis productivity in the form of an alternative fertilization system - without the use of mineral fertilizers and their limited use - are covered. The influence of biologized fertilizer systems on the elements of soil fertility, growth and development of oilseeds has been established. Data on recording biometric indicators when using the studied agricultural techniques are presented. Indicators of crop productivity were determined, and the obtained data on economic and energy assessment of the effectiveness of the studied elements of the oilseed biologization system were analyzed. A comprehensive positive effect of the studied agricultural practices on productivity has been established.

Environmental quality assessment of soil as a component of green spaces in parks of the megalopolis

Intensive land degradation occurs under conditions of accelerated urbanization; it is strongly associated with the loss of soil natural capital, primarily animals, plant cover, and biological diversity in general. The creation and functioning of parks, in particular green spaces, in the urbanized areas is an effective mechanism for optimizing the ecological situation within the cities and preventing desertification. The soils of parks are an integral component of green infrastructure; they determine the conditions for the growth and development of both individual plants and green spaces as a whole. The soil buffering capacity actively participates in the mechanisms of implementation of the development and stabilization of soil fertility potentials. The buffering capacity determines the proportion of the soil potential that controls the processes of immobilization (deposition) and mobilization (release, loss) of a particular element of fertility: first of all, mineral nutrients for plant growth, productive moisture, thermal energy in soil, gas composition of soil air, and acidity. We collected soil samples beneath the crowns of trees growing in the territory of the Taras Shevchenko Central Culture and Leisure Park, as one of the largest parks in the city of Dnipro (Ukraine). The soil samples were collected in order to assess the soil acid-base (pH) buffering capacity (pHBC) and determine the direction of microbiological processes in urban soils of the park area afforested with stands from such introduced tree species as green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica), black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), northern red oak (Quercus rubra), tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima), Kentucky coffee tree (Gymnocladus dioica), and box elder (Acer negundo). The acid-base buffering capacity of the urban soil was determined using the Arrhenius method and estimated according to the buffering area within the acid-base range, calculated using the Simpson formula. Direction of microbial processes in the soil was determined according to the indexes of mineralization-immobilization, pedotrophicity, and oligotrophicity. The output was processed using statistical methods (arithmetic mean and standard deviation were calculated; the difference in the means was found according to the Tukey’s comparison test; interdependencies were determined by linear correlation). We have found significant, strong positive correlations between the pH level of urban soils in the rhizosphere area of the introduced species of park dendroflora and the buffering area within the acid and acid-base (total) range of external influence, as well as a strong negative correlation between pH and buffering area in the alkaline range of external influence. We identified weak mineralization signs according to the ratio of functional groups of microbiota in the studied sites forested with Fraxinus pennsylvanica and Acer negundo.

Revitalization of regular landscapes of the Arboretum exposition zone of the State Biotechnology University

Purpose. To substantiate the concept of revitalization of regular landscapes of the exposition zone of the dendrological park of the State Biotechnological University. Methods. Field, laboratory, geoinformation, computer modeling (QGIS 3.28.3-Firenze 2022-08-31, Realtime Landscaping Architect 2023.02, Trial Free Version and Sketchup). Results. The historical context of the creation of the arboretum, the agro-ecological status of the elements of soil fertility, its trace element status, the ecological-ameliorative and ecological-toxic state were studied. The selection of introducers was carried out for the 5A climatic zone of winter hardiness (USDA-zone). Geoinformation modeling of the studied space was carried out, relief isolines were created. A revitalization project of regular landscape compositions of the exposition zone of the dendrological park has been developed. Taking into account the soil and climatic conditions in the formation of plant compositions requires the use of introducers that do not require a high level of available nitrogen compounds, but respond well to an increased content of mobile phosphorus and potassium, do not lose decorativeness when grown without irrigation or with the use of minimal soil protective irrigation, with high resistance against diseases and pests and will serve to increase the biological diversity of the urban landscapes of Kharkiv and other cities of Ukraine located in the 5th winter hardiness zone (USDA zone). Conclusions. It is proposed to preserve the approach proposed by the founders of the dendrological park, that is, to restore the decorativeness and expressiveness of plant compositions, but in the context of making nature-oriented decisions, to enrich this approach with an ecological feature.

Study of the Chemical Composition of Soil in the Natural-Technogenic Territory Aidarken

The article presents the results of an analysis of the content of microelements in the soils of the biogeochemical territory of Aidarken. Soil samples for analysis were taken from the top layer of soil cover (0-20 cm) at 3 points in the study area. Chemical analyzes for fertility elements (gross content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, humus, absorption capacity, carbonate content, pH) and analysis for mechanical composition were carried out in the laboratory of the Republican Soil-Agrochemical Station of the Kyrgyzgiprozem State Research Institute under the Ministry of Agriculture and Mineral Resources of the Kyrgyz Republic. The soils of the studied areas belong to the following types: dark Turanian gray soils and mountain brown dry-steppe soils. Antimony, as an accompanying element of mercury, is above the maximum permissible concentration in all areas of the soil cover. High concentrations of individual heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Zn) were found in the tailings area.

Assessment of the soil buffer capacity in the green plantings of the megalopolis parks

Land degradation poses a serious challenge to food security, livelihood sustainability, ecosystem services and biodiversity conservation, while inefficient land management leads to widespread loss of soil biodiversity. The soil buffer capacity is actively involved in the mechanisms of implementing such an ecosystem service as the development and stabilization of soil fertility. Buffering determines the share of the soil potential that determines the processes of immobilization (deposition) and mobilization (release, loss) of a particular element of fertility – first of all, mineral nutrients required by plants, productive moisture, thermal energy of the soil, gas composition of soil air, acidity. The soils in parks on the territory of megacities are an integral component of them determining the conditions for the growth and development of green spaces. We assessed the acid-base (pH) buffer capacity of urban areas in a park area covered with tree stands of such introduced tree species as horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum), sugar maple (Acer saccharum), small-leaved elm (Ulmus parvifolia), common hackberry (Celtis occidentalis), honey locust (Gleditsia triacanthos) and Japanese pagoda tree (Styphnolobium japonicum) growing on the territory of the T. G. Shevchenko Park (Dnipro city, Ukraine). Soil samples were collected under the crowns of these tree species. The acid-base buffering capacity of urban soils was determined by the Arrhenius method, which includes adding certain volumes of acid and alkaline components to the sample, and further calculating the buffering area within acid and base intervals. Buffering areas were calculated using the Simpson formula. The results were processed with statistical methods (arithmetic mean and standard deviation were calculated, and the difference in means was found according to the Tukey's comparison test). Initially the samples of the studied soils were found to have mostly a slightly alkaline reaction of the soil solution. Within the acid range of external influences, the buffer capacity of urban soils under introduced tree species was determined to establish the following descending series: horse chestnut, common hackberry, small-leaved elm, honey locust, Japanese pagoda tree, sugar maple. The same series was established for the total acid-base buffering capacity. The results show the greater acid-base buffer capacity of soils sampled under horse chestnut, common hackberry, small-leaved elm and honey locust trees, and therefore these soils were resistant to degradation compared to the soils sampled under Japanese pagoda tree and sweet maple. The environment-forming role of introduced tree species in the implementation of buffer properties of urban soils in the park on the megalopolis territory can be assumed.

Interaksionisme Simbolik Makna Piduduk Dalam Kepercayaan Masyarakat Banjar di Desa Sungai Kupang, Kabupaten Banjar

The Banjar community in Banjar Regency, especially in Sungai Kupang Village, has a culture that is still maintained today, namely the piduduk tradition of carrying out marriages and melabuh buaya. The purpose of this research is to find out how the implementation and meaning contained in this tradition. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative. Data collection techniques using observation, interviews and documentation. The results of the research obtained in this study are that the piduduk tradition for marriage is carried out before the event takes place and for the piduduk melabuh buaya tradition it is held once a year. For the implementation of piduduk marriage, it can be carried out by anyone, but piduduk for melabuh buaya is only carried out by descendants. The meaning in the piduduk tradition is that both are a means of communication with supernatural beings, but the meaning in the content provided to piduduk has a different meaning. In the wedding ceremony, the contents of the piduduk are provided in the form of 3 liters of rice which is interpreted as a source of sustenance, boiled eggs which are interpreted as an element of fertility in marriage and one cup of brown sugar which is interpreted as a sweetener in husband-wife relations. The contents of piduduk in the melabuh buaya are bananas which are interpreted as crocodile teeth, sticky rice which is colored yellow is interpreted as crocodile stomachs and boiled eggs which are interpreted as crocodile navels. The conclusion is that the piduduk tradition in the beliefs of the Banjar people in Sungai Kupang Village, Banjar Regency is a tradition that has been carried out from generation to generation and is still maintained today.

A partner-specific critique of mistimed and unwanted fertility: Results from an analysis of the 2017-2019 United States National Survey of Family Growth.

Despite substantial critiques of retrospective measures of fertility intentions, researchers widely use the metrics of unwanted and mistimed pregnancies as tools for monitoring patterns and trends in reproductive health. However, in focusing exclusively on the timing and numeric elements of fertility these constructs ignore partner-specific desires, which may lead to considerable measurement error and threaten their validity. We use data on births in the last 5 years from the 2017-2019 United States National Survey of Family Growth to compare responses to the standard retrospective measure of fertility intentions with responses to a partner-specific question that asks respondents about whether they had ever desired a child with that partner. We find that women's responses to questions on retrospective fertility desires with and without reference to a particular partner vary in ways that suggest that women and researchers interpret these questions differently. Despite a long history in fertility research, the standard approach to measuring mistimed and unwanted fertility is both conceptually and operationally flawed. In the context of complicated sexual and reproductive lives that do not start and end with a single partner, researchers should reevaluate the usefulness of the constructs of mistimed and unwanted fertility. We conclude by offering recommendations for analysts and survey designers as well as by calling for a move away from the terms entirely to focus instead on the pregnancies that women themselves view as most problematic.

The contribution of perennial fodder crops to the nitrogen balance of agroecosystems in Western Siberia

The article presents the results of experiments obtained in stationary experiments on the basis of grain-fallow and grain-grass crop rotations on meadow-chernozem soil in the Omsk region. The influence of spring wheat precursors (alfalfa of the 3rd year of life and fallow) on individual elements of soil fertility and crop yield has been established. It was revealed that when cultivating spring wheat by fallow in the grain-fallow crop rotation, the nitrogen balance (-28 kg/ha) is negative with an intensity of 66 %. When sowing wheat in grain-grass crop rotation on a layer of perennial grasses, the nitrogen balance is positive (+21.0 kg/ha) and the intensity is 119 %. The favorable effect of the legume component in the crop rotation on the nitrogen regime of the soil significantly increased the yield of spring wheat by 0.5 t/ha in comparison with wheat cultivated in the field crop rotation by bare fallow. Under similar conditions, studies were carried out on irrigated meadowchernozem soil in an eight-field stationary grain-grass crop rotation. The removal of nitrogen by the yield of various perennial grasses, as well as the responsiveness of alfalfa, bromus and sweet clover with productivity parameters to the level of nitrogenphosphorus nutrition, were studied. The current mobilization of nitrogen under these conditions under the vegetative brome without fertilizers was 76 kg/ha. When optimizing the phosphate regime of the soil, this indicator increased to 99 kg/ha. The removal of nitrogen by alfalfa on similar agricultural backgrounds increases due to symbiotically fixed nitrogen, by 89 and 193 kg/ha, respectively, or 2.2 and 2.9 times. Alfalfa and sweet clover responded positively to the improvement of mineral fertilizing conditions (P60N60-160). In alfalfa of the 1-5 year of life the collection of green mass and fodder units increased to 40.56 and 7.00 t/ha, respectively, or by 86 and 54 % relative to the control without fertilizers, with 82.76 GJ of exchange energy per hectare. The productivity of sweet clover of the 2nd year of life increased up to 30.85 t/ha of green mass and 2.83 t/ha of fodder units or by 37 and 17 % relative to the control.

Regulation of the fertility of gray forest soil in a long-term stationary experiment under different fertilization and liming systems

Aim. To study the influence of the application of periodic liming, its effect and aftereffect under different systems of fertilization and saturation with agricultural crops in a 7-field crop rotation on the state of potential and effective fertility of gray forest soil. Methods. Field experiment, laboratory, analytical, mathematical-statistical, calculation-comparative. Results. The scientific substantiation of agrotechnological measures for reproduction and regulation of the fertility of gray forest soil for long-term (30 years) agriculture is presented. The types and forms of manifestation, reproduction factors, potential regulation, and effective fertility were highlighted in the article. The analysis of changes in physicochemical and agrochemical properties under the influence of periodic liming and the use of various fertilizer systems for completed four rotations of a 7-field crop rotation was carried out. During rotations, I and II, the balance of calcium and magnesium in the soil were calculated for various organomineral fertilizers against the background of the use of limestone and dolomite flour. For rotations, I, II, III, and IV, the dynamics of humus content are reflected, and the optimal parameters of its reserves and ways to achieve a consistently high level with different mineral fertilizers are determined when using 10 t/ha of manure in rotations I and II, and in rotations III and IV for lack of dung from the use of green manure (up to 5 t/ha) and by-products (up to 5 t/ha) of crops of a 7-field crop rotation against the background of repeated liming. Based on thirty years of research, the main issues of conducting periodic chemical reclamation in combination with organic and mineral fertilizers are considered and the effectiveness of its action and aftereffect is proved, as well as the effectiveness of the use of a one-and-a-half dose of the ameliorant with prolonged intensive mineral load in agrocenoses is substantiated. The productivity of agrocenoses was given for the completed four rotations of a 7-field crop rotation on gray forest soil. A set of agrotechnological measures aimed at preventing the manifestation of degradation processes in arable gray forest soils and the full reproduction of their fertility elements in agrocenoses with various technologies for growing crops is substantiated.