Fertilization Process Research Articles

Effects of histamine on the contractility of the rat distal cauda epididymis

The motor activity of the epididymis duct is an essential process for male fertility and it is regulated by hormonal, neuronal and epithelial mechanisms. However, although there is evidence for the presence of histamine in the epididymis, its effects on epididymal motor activity are unknown. This study sought to evaluate the contractile effects of histamine on the rat distal cauda epididymis duct. Segments of the distal cauda epididymis duct from male Wistar rats were isolated and used in isolated organ bath experiments to evaluate the contractile effects of histamine in the absence or presence of antagonists of histamine receptors, α1-adrenoceptors and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. The effects of histamine on noradrenaline induced contractions were also investigated. Histamine was able to induce phasic contractions on rat distal cauda epididymis duct which were prevented by promethazine 10–1000 nM (H1 receptor antagonist), ranitidine 1–100 μM (H2 receptor antagonist), atropine 100 nM (muscarinic antagonist), and prazosin 100 nM (α1-adrenoceptor antagonist). In addition, histamine was also able to modify noradrenaline-induced contractions possibly via activation of H1 and H2 receptors. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that histamine can induce phasic contractions of rat distal cauda epididymis via H2 receptors and autonomic neurotransmitters. Histamine may also exert modulatory actions on contractions of rat distal cauda epididymis duct induced by adrenergic receptor agonists. Further studies are necessary to unveil the localization of histamine receptors within the epididymal duct and the consequences of manipulation of the histaminergic system on epididymal function and male fertility.

Effect of Seasonality for Optimization of Germ Cell Extraction from Mature Blue Catfish

AbstractXenogenesis is an innovative tool for hybrid catfish (female Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus × male Blue Catfish I. furcatus) seed production, accomplished by transplanting undifferentiated germ cells derived from a donor diploid fish into a sterile recipient, which then enables recipient fish to produce donor‐derived gametes. There is potential to collect donor‐derived germ cells from mature fish during certain times of the year depending upon seasonal temperature and serum sex steroid hormonal fluctuations. The objective of this study was to evaluate seasonal variations in germ cell counts and serum sex steroid hormonal profiles in mature Blue Catfish. Mature fish were collected monthly over the full annual cycle to quantify the number of live germ cells (spermatogonia A, oogonia), viability of germ cells, and levels of serum sex steroid hormones, including testosterone, 11‐ketotestosterone, and 17β estradiol. Extracted spermatogonia A counts were highest from April to June, whereas a significant decline was detected from July to November. Extracted live oogonia counts were highest in April and gradually decreased to zero over the months of May to August. Seasonal variations in serum testosterone, 11‐ketotestosterone, and 17β estradiol followed a similar pattern as the live spermatogonia A and oogonia counts. Even though spermatogonia A counts were relatively lower in mature than in immature Blue Catfish males, extracting spermatogonia A from mature Blue Catfish males during April to June provides an added advantage to the process of artificial fertilization, as it is required to sacrifice these fish to collect sperm.

Effect of Pregnancy Stages on Changes in Lipid Profiles

Defines Pregnancy is a physiological process occurring among women and female mammals; it usually begins with the process of fertilization of one egg or more, and the evolution of the atom inside the mother's womb is called a fetus or Embryo and continues the development of the fetus inside the mother until the birth. Usually, Pregnancy in women Aly40-36 continues)) almost a week after the end of the last menstrual cycle, more studies on Pregnancy in which women took the biggest in the research and investigation share, compared with studies conducted on female mammals. Pregnancy might result through a traditional male-female partnership or using cutting-edge medical technology. Nevertheless, the fetus grows and develops inside the mother's womb.
 Pregnancy is associated with major changes inside lipid profiles During Pregnancy. This study aimed to determine the level of triglycerides (T.G.), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), total Cholesterol (T.C.), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and VLDL levels in the third trimester of Pregnancy in Tikrit city pregnant women. Ninety blood samples were taken at various times throughout Pregnancy for this prospective investigation. The analysis of variance was used to look at the data, and a significance level of p 0.05 was used. The results showed that the concentration of Cholesterol increased significantly with the progression of Pregnancy, as it was higher in the second and third stages of Pregnancy compared to the first stage of Pregnancy, while no significant differences were shown in the concentration of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) with the progression of Pregnancy. In contrast, the first and last stages of Pregnancy were significantly superior in the concentration of VLDL and triglycerides (T.G.) compared to the second stage of Pregnancy. Delayed T.G. When high blood pressure in Pregnancy is combined with raised blood T.G. levels, a condition known as preeclampsia may develop. This correlation has the potential to provide light on the pathophysiology of preeclampsia and inform the design of interventions aimed at its early identification and prevention.

ANALISIS PENDAPATAN PETERNAKAN SAPI POTONG MELALUI PENGOLAHAN PUPUK ORGANIK (Studi Kasus Pada P4S Ramah Lingkungan Desa Galung Kecamatan Barru Kabupaten Barru Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan)

<p align="justify">This study aims to analyze the income of beef cattle farming through organic fertilizer processing in P4S Ramah Lingkungan, Galung Village, Barru District, Barru Regency, South Sulawesi Province. The research method used purposive sampling with the data of organic fertilizer income in 2018, 2019, and 2020. The results of the study show that the income of beef cattle farming through organic fertilizer processing in P4S Ramah Lingkungan, Barru Regency, South Sulawesi Province has increased from period to period. In 2018, the income was Rp. 24,038,547,-, in 2019 it was Rp. 25,928,667,-, and in 2020 it was Rp. 31,825,827,-. The R/C ratio analysis indicates that organic fertilizer processing business has a viable profit potential.</p><p><strong>Key words:</strong> Farm Income, Beef Cattle, Organic Fertilizer Processing.</p>

Pendapatan Usaha Tetes Tebu sebagai Pupuk Organik Cair di Desa Janti Kecamatan Papar Kabupaten Kediri

<p><em>The by-product of processing sugar cane into sugar is molasses. Molasses is used as an liquid organic fertilizer which is applied to corn in Janti Village, Papar District, Kediri Regency. In addition to the demand for molasses, the large area of corn causes an increase in the demand for labor outside the family to apply the fertilization process. This causes the business of providing molasses liquid organic fertilizer to be developed by adding fertilizing labor services. The request is an opportunity for molasses business owners so it needs to be equipped with an analysis of income calculations for future business development. The purpose of this study is to analyze the income of molasses business. The research location was determined purposively with the consideration that the location is the only distributor of molasses in the area. Based on the results of the analysis, it is found that the business is feasible to run. The R/C analysis shows the result of 5.27 which means that every one unit of cost incurred will generate the revenue. The results show that the business is feasible to be developed. Break Event Point (BEP) rupiah of molasses liquid organic fertilizer business can break even at the price of Rp 231.00 per liter with BEP production of 63,208.06 liters per season.</em></p>

Egg Development After In Vitro Insemination in Japanese Quail (Coturnix japonica).

In vitro fertilization has been widely used to produce offspring in several mammalian species. We previously successfully produced Japanese quail chicks using intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), whereas in vitro insemination was not successful. This may be due to the difficulties associated with mimicking the sperm-egg fusion process and subsequent events in physiological polyspermic fertilization in vitro. In the present study, we observed egg development after in vitro insemination and investigated the inactivation of metaphase-promoting factor (MPF) and cytostatic factor (CSF), which are downstream of the Ca2+ signaling pathway in the egg, due to fertilizing sperm. We found a sperm number-dependent increase in hole formation caused by sperm penetration of the perivitelline membrane, the extracellular coat surrounding the egg. Egg development was observed following in vitro insemination; however, the developmental rate and stages after 24-h culture were inferior to those of ICSI eggs, even when insemination was performed with a high number of sperm (2 × 104). We also noted the downregulation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor-1, ryanodine receptor-3, cyclin B1, and c-MOS, which are important regulatory components of MPF and CSF in the egg, which was dependent on the number of sperm used for insemination. However, the decreases observed in these components did not reach the levels observed in the ICSI eggs. Collectively, the present results suggest that a sperm number higher than 2 × 104 is required for the progression of the Ca2+ signaling pathway, which initiates subsequent egg development in Japanese quail.

Observation of the in vitro fertilization process in living oocytes using frozen–thawed sperm in rats

Previous studies have observed the fertilization process in rats using whole-mount preparation at different time-points after insemination. However, very few reports have described the various events during the fertilization process using an inverted microscope without whole-mount. Moreover, to the best of our knowledge, no reports have described the observation of changes in sperm motility associated with sperm penetration into oocytes. In this study, in vitro fertilization was performed using frozen–thawed sperm in various rat strains (SD, Wistar, LE, F344, and BN) and oocytes from the SD strain, and the process of sperm penetration into the oocytes and the subsequent development were observed. The sperm motility was assessed, and the correlation between the process of sperm penetration into the oocytes and sperm motility over time was examined. The motility of frozen sperm from the SD, Wistar, LE, and F344 increased at 2–3 h after thawing, at which time the sperm attached themselves to the zona pellucida. Sperm penetration into the zona pellucida occurred after 3–5 h, and pronuclei were formed in the cytoplasm of oocytes 5–9 h after insemination. The fertilities of frozen–thawed sperm from the SD, Wistar, LE, and F344 were 92.7%, 90.0%, 90.7%, and 68.7%, respectively. However, no increase in motility was observed after thawing of frozen sperm from the BN, and the fertility was only 21%. In addition, very few polyspermic oocytes were observed with use of frozen–thawed sperm of all strains. In summary, rats are suitable animals for the observation of sperm penetration into the oocytes, and we determined the timing of fertilization events in IVF using frozen–thawed rat sperm.

Online Rapid Detection Method of Fertilizer Solution Information Based on Characteristic Frequency Response Features.

Online rapid detection of a fertilizer solution's type and concentration is crucial for intelligent water and fertilizer machines to realize intellectual precision variable fertilization. In this paper, a cylindrical capacitance sensor was designed based on the dielectric properties of the fertilizer solution, and an online rapid detection method of fertilizer type and concentration was proposed based on the characteristic frequency response mode. Three fertilizer solutions, potassium chloride, calcium superphosphate, and urea, were used as test objects. Ten concentrations of each fertilizer solution in the 10~100 g/L range were taken as the test fertilizer solution. Then, under the action of a series of sine wave excitation signals from 1 kHz to 10 MHz, the sensor's amplitude-frequency/phase-frequency response data were obtained. The detection strategy of 'first type, then concentration' was adopted to realize rapid online detection of fertilizer type and concentration. Experimental results indicated that the maximum relative error of the sensor stability test was 0.72%, and the maximum error of concentration detection was 7.26%. Thus, the intelligent water and fertilizer machine can give feedback on the information of a fertilizer solution in real-time during the process of precise variable fertilization, thus improving the intelligence of water and fertilizer machines.

A Systematic Investigation of Lipid Transfer Proteins Involved in Male Fertility and Other Biological Processes in Maize

Plant lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) play essential roles in various biological processes, including anther and pollen development, vegetative organ development, seed development and germination, and stress response, but the research progress varies greatly among Arabidopsis, rice and maize. Here, we presented a preliminary introduction and characterization of the whole 65 LTP genes in maize, and performed a phylogenetic tree and gene ontology analysis of the LTP family members in maize. We compared the research progresses of the reported LTP genes involved in male fertility and other biological processes in Arabidopsis and rice, and thus provided some implications for their maize orthologs, which will provide useful clues for the investigation of LTP transporters in maize. We predicted the functions of LTP genes based on bioinformatic analyses of their spatiotemporal expression patterns by using RNA-seq and qRT-PCR assays. Finally, we discussed the advances and challenges in substrate identification of plant LTPs, and presented the future research directions of LTPs in plants. This study provides a basic framework for functional research and the potential application of LTPs in multiple plants, especially for male sterility research and application in maize.

Characterization of proteases in the seminal plasma and spermatozoa of llama

Camelids' semen has peculiar characteristics that differentiate it from other species, including the highly viscous aspect of seminal plasma that greatly difficult sperm manipulation and the development of techniques such as cryopreservation, artificial insemination, and/or in vitro fertilization. The presence of proteases in the seminal plasma is responsible for semen liquefaction, and sperm functionality to achieve fertilization. The enzymatic and molecular composition of the semen of llama remains unknown. Therefore, the goal of the study was to characterize the protease activity and composition of the seminal plasma and sperm of llama semen. The proteolytic activity was performed using gelatine zymography and the composition by mass-spectrometry.Metallo-proteases were the major source of gelatinolytic activity in seminal plasma, while serine-peptidases were the main enzymes of sperm cells. Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) was the most prominent metallo-protease of llama seminal plasma characterized under the exposure of different inhibitors (EDTA and benzamidine) and by a specific immunodetection. Moreover, the prostate and epididymis were identified as potential sites of its synthesis and secretion.Outstandingly, this metalloproteinase was undetectable in llama sperm. Regarding, the molecular composition of semen by mass-spectrometry, 4 metallo-, 9 serine-, 8 threonine-, and 1 aspartic-peptidases were identified alongside 15 regulators in the sperm cell; where 24 were directly or indirectly interacting. Whereas 6 metallo-, 12 serine-, 3 cysteine-, and 1 aspartic-peptidases were identified, besides 7 inhibitors and 5 regulators in llama seminal plasma where 30 of them were directly or indirectly interconnected. This is the first study describing a partial degradome of llama seminal plasma and spermatozoa suggesting significant differences especially the absence of MMP2 in spermatozoa in contrast to data observed in other species. The characterization of proteases in llama semen will provide a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the in vivo or in vitro fertilization process in this species.

Do egg cell‐secreted aspartic proteases promote gamete attachment?

During the double fertilization process of flowering plants (angiosperms), pollen tubes transport a pair of immobile sperm cells towards and inside the embryo sac for fusion with egg and central cell, respectively. Male-female gamete interactions during fertilization are critical for reproductive success and seed development, and thus have interested biologists since decades. Compared to animals, little is known about gamete interaction mechanisms in angiosperms. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Pengenalan penggunaan teknologi kedirgantaraan drone untuk meningkatkan mutu siswa SMK Muhammadiyah Sentolo dalam bidang agroindustri

Sentolo Muhammadiyah Vocational School is located in the Kulon Progo area, more precisely on Sentolo-Magelang, Ngeplang, Sentolo, Kulon Progo roads. His areas of expertise are Motorcycle Business Engineering (TBSM), Automotive Light Vehicle Engineering (TKRO), Computer Network Engineering (TKJ). SMK Muhammadiyah Sentolo continues to carry out the process to improve and develop itself. One of them is by creating a Plus Program with the aim of preparing graduates who have resilience and independence. One of the plus programs is agroindustry Therefore, it is necessary to introduce agricultural processing methods using technology, especially technology that supports the fertilization process using liquid fertilizer. This Community Service Activity will introduce the use of fertilization technology using liquid media with the help of drones . The result of this service activity is that students know that the use of drones to help the fertilization process is meaningful for farmers, so students feel eager and enthusiastic to learn how to use the drone. On the farmer's side, they feel that the presence of drones applied by SMK Muhamaadiyah Sentolo students is a new hope that will be useful for helping farmers

Effect of method and media type for in vitro fertilization on equine (Equus ferus caballus) embryo development

Demonstrating the role of in vitro fertilization in the equine family, the current study aimed to monitor the rates of equine in vitro-fertilized and cleaved oocytes based on microdroplet and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) methods. The fertilization process was carried out in four main media consisting of Tyrod?s albumin lactate pyruvate and TCM-199 (1:1): F (TCM-199); assigned for the ICSI method, FI (contained 0.01 mg/ml heparin + 0.01 ng/ml hypotaurine), FII (contained 0.3 mg/ml calcium chloride + 0.1 mg/ml magnesium chloride) and FIII (contained 0.05 mg/ml hypotaurine-epinephrine). The results indicated an increase in the fertilization rate by the ICSI method (65.71%) compared to the microdroplet method (39.25%) (p 0.04). The rates of unfertilized and degenerated oocytes in the ICSI method decreased, compared to the microdroplet method, to 8.57% and 25.72%, respectively; p< 0.001. The rate of fertilized oocytes in the FI medium increased to 47.61% (p< 0.05) compared to oocytes of FII and FIII treatments (37.64% and 30.00%, respectively). On in vitro culture, the rate of cleavage increased to 74.62% in the CI medium (SOF) compared to those in the CII medium (DMEM-F12) (61.29%); p <0.001. Zygotes cultured in the CII medium achieved a higher rate of blastocyst formation (30%) compared to those in the CI medium (26.31%); p< 0.001. Applying the ICSI method and SOF culture media led to high yields of equine embryos.

Effect of bovine viral diarrhea virus biotypes exposure on bovine gametes in early embryonic development in vitro.

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is an important viral agent causing reproductive failure in cattle. The objectives of the current study were to investigate the interaction between two BVDV biotypes, cytopathic (CP) and Non-cytopathic (NCP) and bovine gametes during in vitro fertilization (IVF) processing, the existence of the virus within embryonic cells and early embryonic development rates. Sperm and ova were exposed separately to CP and NCP BVDV at two concentrations of 104.5 and 105.5 tissue culture infectious dose 50.00% (TCID50) mL-1 prior to IVF, respectively. After five days post-IVF, early embryonic development rates of infected groups were assessed. Several embryos of each group, normal and degenerated, were selected for a viral assay using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction technique. The result showed that the early embryonic development rates were decreased in treatment groups. The rates in the CP groups were lower than the NCP groups. In the CP groups, the proportions were, respectively, 10.00, 6.00 and 11.00, and 6.00% in the infected sperm and oocyte groups (104.5 and 105.5 TCID50 mL-1) that were higher than 50.00% in the control group. In NCP groups, the rates were, respectively, 25.00, 18.00 and 24.00, and 21.00% in the infected groups compared to 48.00% in the control group. In the CP groups, no BVDV was detected in normal embryos, whereas, all degenerated embryos were completely virus-positive. In the NCP groups, the virus was detected in both normal and degenerated embryos. In conclusion, this study supported detrimental impacts of CP and NCP BVDV on early embryonic development and the role of sperm and the zona pellucida layer as carriers of the virus.

Physiological and Cytological Features of Fertilization, Formation of the Embryo and Endosperm During Interspecies Hybridization of Cotton

The article presents the data of physiological and cytological studies on the study of the features of the process of fertilization, the formation of the embryo and endosperm in the distant interspecific hybridization of cotton. Normally, the influx of hormones that regulate the division of the endosperm occurs in the opposite direction of the movement of phloem and xylem nutrient flows, which cause the movement of division waves and end by the 8th-9th day with the cell formation of the nuclear endosperm, which occurs by delimiting the cytoplasm around the nuclei through the formation of chains of vesicles emerging cell walls, followed by the formation of cell walls. And in the process of formation of a distant interspecific endosperm, a massive multiple formation of abnormal nuclei occurs, which remain viable due to the total metabolism and only in the common cytoplasm of a multinuclear cenocyte. It was revealed that the imbalance of the chromosomal composition of the nuclei in the common nuclear coenocyte leads to the death of its nuclei before the stage of cell formation and, therefore, when interspecific embryos switch to endosperm nutrition, they lose it, which blocks further growth and development of interspecific embryos inside the forming seed.

Is the Mock Transfer Enough Reliable to Evaluate Hysterometry for Embryo Transfer?

Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the reliability of the mock transfer during in vitro fertilization process Method: A case-control study was conducted on 134 patients included in IVF/ICSI cycles. From the hysterometry obtained during the mock transfer, the ideal embryo replacement site, i.e. two cm from the uterine fundus has been determined. Results: Significant differences were noted between the area estimated from the mock transfer and the area where the embryo was deposited during the actual embryo transfer. In fact, 15.9% of the patients had a difference between four and six cm, and 32% of the patients returning for a subsequent transfer had at least 2 cm of difference between the embryo deposit zones. This difference was significant (P 0.00) Conclusion: More than ultrasound guidance, the challenge with embryo transfer is to be able to minimize variations in the length of the uterus. This would make it possible to determine the ideal transfer depot area without multiple manipulations.

Fertility and Reproductive Attitudes of the Population Before and After the Epidemiological Situation Worse

Introduction. The preservation and growth of the population is a key task of the Russian Federation Demographic Policy Concept until 2025. Nevertheless, in recent years, the achievement of this task has been difficult due to escalation of socio-economic and demographic problems. The purpose of the article is to determine and compare birth rates and reproductive attitudes of the population in various periods after the beginning of the 2000s, which differ in the socio-economic context and the list of demographic policy measures, including under the latest circumstances – the worsening epidemiological situation. Materials and Methods. The study is based on a statistical analysis of time series data indicators for conditional generations that reflect the demographic situation of fertility in Russia and the Komi Republic – crude and total fertility rates, natural population growth (decline), the number of women in reproductive age (15–49 years) in total structure of the female population, the number of women aged 15–24 in the structure of the female population of reproductive ages. Also, the methodological basis of the presented work is based on the results of three sociological studies, conducted by a team of scientists of The Institute for Social Economic and Energy problems of the North of the North Federal Research Center Komi Science Centre UB RAS in 2008, 2013 and 2020 among the population of the Komi Republic. Results. It is revealed that the most successful period of demographic development in Russia was 2013–2016 and in the Komi Republic in 2011–2016, which consists in achieving natural population growth. Further, there was a decrease in the birth rate. It is determined that the situation in the field of population reproduction has worsened in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia and the Komi Republic. The study reveals that reproductive attitudes in all generations are the best in 2013. The significant success in this period is the growth of reproductive attitudes even among young cohorts. Further in 2020, the expected number of children decreased in all age cohorts. In 2020, the pattern remains – the lowest reproductive orientations are in the two youngest age cohorts of 1996–2000 and 2001–2005 birth. Discussion and Conclusion. The main result of the work was the confirmation on the example of the northern region of Russia the thesis that the growth of the standard of living is accompanied by an increase in the reproductive attitudes of the population and the birth rate, and vice versa. From a theoretical point of view, the usefulness of the article lies in the description of the processes of fertility and the dynamics of the reproductive attitudes of the population, taking into account the changing socio-economic and epidemiological conditions. From a practical point of view, the information obtained can be useful as an assessment of future fertility prospects and confirmation of the high role of the socio-economic well-being of the population in addressing the issue of increasing the level of children in the families.

From a Passive Conduit to Highly Dynamic Organ. What are the Roles of Uterine Tube Epithelium in Reproduction?

It is well known that the mammalian uterine tube (UT) plays a crucial role in female fertility, where the most important events leading to successful fertilization and pre-implantation embryo development occur. The known functions of these small intra-abdominal organs are: an uptake and transport of oocytes; storage, transportation, and capacitation of spermatozoa, and finally fertilization and transport of the fertilized ovum and early embryo through the isthmus towards the uterotubal junction. The success of all these events depends on the interaction between the uterine tube epithelium (UTE) and gametes/embryo. Besides that, contemporary research revealed that the tubal epithelium provides essential nutritional support and the most suitable environment for early embryo development. Moreover, recent discoveries in molecular biology help understand the role of the epithelium at the cellular and molecular levels, highlighting the factors involved in regulating the UT signaling, that affects different steps in the fertilization process. According to the latest research, the extracellular vesicles, as a major component of tubal secretion, mediate the interaction between gametes/embryo and epithelium. This review aims to provide up-to-date knowledge on various aspects concerning tubal epithelium activity and its cross-talk with spermatozoa, oocytes and preimplantation embryo and how these interactions affect fertilization and early embryo development.

Aplikasi Penambahan Pupuk Organik Padat dan Cair Terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Produksi Tanaman Brokoli (Brassica oleracea L)

Broccoli ( Brassica oleracea L.) is one of the vegetables that has high selling power and is quite promising for cultivation. This plant can grow in fertile soil conditions, loose and rich in organic matter that is able to meet the nutrient needs of broccoli plants. The fertilization process is very important in determining the quality of cultivated plants. Fertilization using organic fertilizers is believed to be able to produce much higher production than expected by farmers and is environmentally friendly. The application of adding solid and liquid organic fertilizers to broccoli plants is expected to increase growth and production. The research design used was a Factorial Randomized Block Design consisting of two factors. The first factor is doses of solid organic fertilizer which consists of three levels, namely 0%, 25% and 50%. The second factor is doses of liquid fertilizer which consists of four levels, namely 0 ml, 10 ml, 20 ml and 30 ml. The results showed that the addition of solid and liquid organic fertilizers had a significant effect on the parameters of plant height, number of leaves, crop diameter and production of broccoli plants with the highest production in the treatment of 50% solid organic fertilizer with 10 ml of liquid organic fertilizer of 87.4 g.

Momengi Dan Perannya Sebagai Kontributor Utama Pengembangan Ekonomi Dusun Tumba Desa Pongongaila

Momengi (corn farming) is the main occupation of the residents of Tumba Hamlet, Pongongaila Village, Pulubala District, Gorontalo Regency. Corn farming business can improve the economy of the community (farmers). In this study, researchers used a qualitative descriptive study by conducting explorative studies of the role of agricultural businesses in developing and improving the economy of the community (farmers). The results showed that agricultural business specifically requires human labor in one agricultural cycle so that this activity can open jobs for the community and improve the economy of Pongongaila Village. One agricultural cycle consists of: (1) the process of planting corn seeds (Molude), (2) the process of fertilization (2 times fertilization), (3) the process of spraying pests (2-3 times spraying), (4) the process of felling corn plants ( Totobu), (5) Stripping Process (Mongalipo), (6) The process of transportation from the highlands to the lowlands (Kijang), (7) The process of milling (molotori), (8) Transportation to the corn warehouse (last place).