Wheat Fertilizer Research Articles

Combining nitrogen fertilization and biostimulant application in durum wheat: effects on morphophysiological traits, grain production, and quality.

Combining nitrogen fertilization and biostimulant application in durum wheat: effects on morphophysiological traits, grain production, and quality.

THE INFLUENCE OF MINERAL FERTILIZATION AND ROTATION IN WINTER WHEAT (TRITICUM AESTIVUM) CROP

Wheat is a crop that efficiently uses chemical fertilizers with nitrogen and phosphorus, nitrogen being the chemical element that causes higher yield increases. The superiority of wheat yield achieved by using nitrogen is natural, considering that nitrogen represents the "pivot of fertilization", the decisive factor in increasing wheat yields, and phosphorus has a smaller effect. Following the conditions during September - August 2022-2023, the yield data obtained for autumn wheat at ARDS Turda are presented according to the fertilization level and the preceding plant. The results presented the effect of interactions and complementarity determined by NxP fertilization of wheat on vertical chernozem (pararendzinic cambic chernozem) from SCDA Turda. The Andrada wheat variety created by SCDA Turda was used. The factors taken in the analysis are: factor A: phosphorus doses applied entirely in autumn under the base plow with 5 gradations P0, P40, P80, P120, P160; factor B: nitrogen doses N0, N40, N80, N120, N160 for wheat grown after maize and N0, N30, N60, N90, N120 for wheat grown after soybean, applied fractionally 50% in the fall after the rising of the crop and 50% in the spring at the resumption in vegetation.

Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the kinesin gene superfamily suggests roles in response to abiotic stress and fertility of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

BackgroundKinesin is a motor for microtubule-based motility. It plays a vital role in plant growth and development. The kinesin superfamily members are known mainly from Arabidopsis. Little research about kinesin superfamily has been conducted on hexploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The functions of kinesins in wheat growth and development, regulation of cell division and response to stress are still unclear.ResultsIn this study, we identified 155 kinesin (TaKIN) genes in wheat, which were divided into 10 families and some orphan genes via phylogenetic analysis. Less gene structural differences showed that TaKIN genes had redundant functions. The conserved domains of different family members were different, and some families might have some special functional domains. We found many cis-acting elements related to hormones (GA, Auxin, SA, MeJA), cell cycle and cell division in homeopathic elements of the TaKIN genes. Collinearity analysis showed that TaKIN genes were more conservative in monocotyledons. Expression level in different tissues at different stages suggested that TaKIN family may function during the whole growth and development process in wheat. It was worth noting there were quite different at gene expression level between physiological and heritable male sterile lines during the different stages of pollen development. The differential expression patterns of some TaKIN genes between male sterile line and maintainer line might be related to wheat male sterility. Furthermore, we also found TaKIN genes were involved in response to plant hormones and abiotic stress by stress assays.ConclusionsThe result is useful for further exploration of the molecular mechanism of kinesin genes in wheat male sterility and provides important information concerning response to plant hormones and abiotic stress caused by kinesin genes.

Evaluation of performance and yield of modern wheat cultivars through foliar nutrition strategies for sustainable agricultural development

This research investigates the evaluation of performance and yield of modern wheat cultivars through foliar nutrition strategies for sustainable agricultural development. The research. This research, conducted from November 2022 to March 2023 at the University of Rajshahi, evaluated the impact of reduced fertilizer through foliar feeding on two advanced wheat cultivars using a randomized complete block design with five treatments: T1 (control), T2 (1500 ml liquid fertilizer per hectare), T3 (2500 ml liquid fertilizer per hectare), T4 (1500 ml liquid fertilizer with 2.5 kg urea per hectare as spray), and T5 (1500 ml liquid fertilizer with 2.5 kg urea and 1.5 kg muriate of potash per hectare as spray). The study found that the highest plant height (97.86 cm), chlorophyll content (48.20 mg m-2), and yield attributes, including plant height (99.36 cm), total tillers per plant (8.057), productive tillers per plant (5.000), productive spikelets per spike (18.610), spike length (15.777 cm), 1000 grain yield (41.183 g), grain yield (3.247 t ha-1), straw yield (7.738 t ha-1), biological yield (10.985 t ha-1), and harvest index (29.558%), were achieved with T5. The study aimed to assess the efficacy of modern wheat varieties under reduced fertilizer conditions, highlighting the potential for sustainable wheat fertilizer management, particularly under drought conditions.

In-Season Nitrogen Management in the Root Zone of Wheat in a Calcareous Soil Using the Response Index

ABSTRACT Excessive and inappropriate nitrogen (N) fertilizer applications on calcareous soils result in significant losses, necessitating a targeted approach for improved efficiency and yield. Field experiments were conducted over two seasons to develop a strategy for root-zone (RZ) N fertilization for wheat. In the first season, three methods of N fertilizer application were used: surface (SF), in the RZ at a depth of 10 cm (RZF10), and in the RZ at a depth of 20 cm (RZF20). The N fertilizer was applied in a range of 0–280 kg N ha−1. In the second season, another experiment was carried out to validate the results. The data showed that to achieve maximum yield levels, N fertilizer rates of 264 kg ha−1 for SF, 218 kg ha−1 for RZF10, and 183 kg ha−1 for RZF20 were required. The findings also revealed that relocating the application from the surface to depths of 10 and 20 cm resulted in an increase in recovery efficiency by 11.2% and 31.2%, respectively. A linear equation established the relationship between the response index at harvest (RI-Harvest) and the corrective N rate for RZF20. The in-season response index of the normalized difference vegetation index effectively predicted RI-Harvest, leading to the development of an empirical equation to predict the corrective N rate. The validation experiment demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed strategy in adjusting N rates based on crop-specific needs. This approach allows growers to optimize profits by carefully applying N in the RZ, eliminating both excessive and inadequate use.

Effect of phosphate rich organic manure (PROM) on soil fertility and nutrient uptake of wheat

Effect of phosphate rich organic manure (PROM) on soil fertility and nutrient uptake of wheat

Effects of combined nitrogen and manure management on yield and nitrate dynamics in winter wheat-summer fallow rotation system

Nitrogen (N) leaching as the major N loss pathway in intensive agricultural systems. However, a comprehensive evaluation for the effects of organic fertilizer substitution on nitrate residue and leaching losses during the fallow season is not available in winter wheat-summer fallow rotation system. The present dryland wheat fertilization experiment conducted from 2014−2019 adopted a split-plot design, with manure dosage (i.e., M0; NPK group and M1; MNPK group) as the main plots and nitrogen fertilizer dosage as the subplot (i.e., N0, N75, N150, N225, N300). In short, the peaks of NO3− in the 0−200 cm profile gradually move toward the deep soil layer with increasing years of fertilization, and the number of peaks also gradually increases. Increasing the N rate always leads to a sharp increase in nitrate residue in the 0−200 cm profile at the harvest stage (HNR) and sowing stage (SNR) and results in a large amount of nitrate leaching loss (ΔNR) during the summer fallow season, especially when the N rate was> 150 kg ha−1. Compared to NPK, MNPK significantly increased SNR and ΔNR by 38.1 % and 171 %, respectively, but decreased HNR by 36.2 %. ΔNR was positively related to fallow season precipitation and soil water storage changes during the fallow season in the 0–200 cm profile. When the N rate was> 150 kg ha−1, the growth rate of grain yield slowed down or even decreased, and the annual average yields of N75, N150, N225, and N300 were 36.3 %, 51.5 %, 55.4 %, and 47.6 % higher than that of N0, respectively. The average grain yield of MNPK was 13.9 % higher than that of NPK. Therefore, manure combined with 150 kg ha−1 N fertilizer is the best fertilization strategy to ensure high productivity of dryland wheat, control nitrate residue, and reduce nitrate leaching loss during the summer fallow season. This results provided valuable information for the application prospect of N fertilizer reduction combined with manure in dryland agriculture.

Multi-Omics and Physiological Analysis Reveal Crosstalk Between Aphid Resistance and Nitrogen Fertilization in Wheat.

The availability of nitrogen (N) can dramatically influence crops resistance to herbivorous insects. However, the interaction between N fertilization and crop resistance to insects is not well understood. In this study, the effects of N fertilization on the grain aphid (Sitobion miscanthi) were investigated using three wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars with different aphid resistances. We measured aphid life cycle parameters, fecundity, survival rate, weight and feeding behavior, in conjunction with wheat metabolomics, transcriptomics and alien introgression analysis. Our results demonstrated that higher N application benefits aphid feeding across all three wheat cultivars. We also reveal that the highly resistant cultivar (ZM9) can only exert its resistance-advantage under low N fertilization, losing its advantage compared to moderately resistant cultivar YN19 and susceptible cultivar YN23 under higher N fertilization. The effects of N fertilization on wheat-aphid interactions were due to changes in the regulation of carbon and nitrogen metabolism. Integration of multi-omics highlighted specific aphid-induced differentially expressed genes (DEGs, e.g., TUB6, Tubulin 6; ENODL20, Early nodulin-like protein 20; ACT7 Actin 7; Prx47, Peroxidase 47) and significantly different metabolites (SDMs, e.g., crotonoside, guanine, 2'-O-methyladenosine, ferulic acid) in ZM9. Additionally, we report the unique SDMs-DEGs interactions, associated with introgression during wheat domestication, may help infer aphid resistance. In summary, this study provides new insights into the relationships between N fertilization practices, defense responses and integrated pest management for sustainable wheat production.

Enhanced climate change resilience on wheat anther morphology using optimized deep learning techniques.

Wheat commands attention due to its significant impact on culture, nutrition, the economy, and the guarantee of food security. The anticipated rise in temperatures resulting from climate change is a key factor contributing to food insecurity, as it markedly reduces wheat harvests. Terminal heat stress mostly affects spike fertility in wheat, specifically influencing pollen fertility and anther morphology. This research especially focuses on the shape of anthers and examines the effects of heat stress. The DinoLite Microscope's high-resolution images are used to measure the length and width of wheat anthers. By using object identification techniques, the research accurately measures the length and width of each anther in images, offering valuable insights into the differences between various wheat varieties. Furthermore, Deep Learning (DL) methodologies are utilized to enhance agriculture, specifically employing record categorization to advance plant breeding management. Given the ongoing challenges in agriculture, there is a belief that incorporating the latest technologies is crucial. The primary objective of this study is to explore how Deep Learning algorithms can be beneficial in categorizing agricultural records, particularly in monitoring and identifying variations in spring wheat germplasm. Various Deep Learning algorithms, including Convolution Neural Network (CNN), LeNet, and Inception-V3 are implemented to classify the records and extract various patterns. LeNet demonstrates optimized accuracy in classifying the records, outperforming CNN by 52% and Inception-V3 by 70%. Moreover, Precision, Recall, and F1 Measure are utilized to ascertain accuracy levels. The investigation also enhances our comprehension of the distinct roles played by various genes in abiotic stress tolerance among diverse wheat varieties. The outcomes of the research hold the potential to transform agricultural practices by introducing a more effective, data-driven approach to plant breeding management.

The effect of T. aestivum chromosomes 1A and 1D on fertility of alloplasmic recombinant (H. vulgare)-T. aestivum lines depending on cytonuclear compatibility.

The effect of T. aestivum L. chromosomes 1A and 1D on fertility of recombinant bread wheat allolines of the same origin carrying the cytoplasm of barley H. vulgare L. and different levels of cytonuclear compatibility was studied. Alloline L-56 included mainly fully sterile (FS) and partially sterile (PS) plants, alloline L-57 included partially fertile (PF) plants and line L-58 included fertile (F) ones. Analysis of morphobiological traits and pollen painting indicated complete or partial male sterility in plants of allolines L-56 and L-57. To differentiate genotypes with cytonuclear coadaptation and genotypes with cytonuclear incompatibility, PCR analysis of the 18S/5S mitochondrial (mt) repeat was performed. Heteroplasmy (simultaneous presence of barley and wheat mtDNA copies) was found in FS, PS, PF and some F plants, which was associated with a violation of cytonuclear compatibility. Wheat-type homoplasmy (hm) was detected in the majority of the fertile plants, which was associated with cytonuclear coadaptation. The allolines used as maternal genotypes were crossed with wheat-rye substitution lines 1R(1A) and 1R(1D). In F1, all plants of PF×1R(1A) and PF×1R(1D) combinations were fertile, and in F2, a segregation close to 3 (fertile) : 1 (sterile) was observed. These results showed for the first time that chromosomes 1A and 1D carry one dominant Rf gene, which controls the restoration of male fertility of bread wheat carrying the cytoplasm of H. vulgare. All plants of F1 combinations FS×1R(1A), FS×1R(1D), PS×1R(1A), PS×1R(1D) were sterile, which indicates that a single dose of genes localized on wheat chromosomes 1A or 1D is not enough to restore male fertility in FS and PS plants. All plants of hybrid combinations F(hm)×1R(1A) and F(hm)×1R(1D) in both F1 and F2 were fertile, that is, fertility of allolines with cytonuclear coadaptation does not depend on wheat chromosomes 1A and 1D.

Zinc supply effects on wheat production in a low precipitation zone

AbstractZinc (Zn) fertilization of hard red and soft white winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is uncommon in the low precipitation zone of the inland Pacific Northwest. It is uncommon because there have been no indications of deficiency. Soil test data, however, show Zn levels have been declining over time. We conducted a four‐site‐year experiment to evaluate effects of fertilization on early‐season tissue Zn concentration (TZC), dry matter accumulation (DMA), Zn uptake (ZNU), the grain test weight (TWT), protein content (PRO), and yield (YLD) of two regionally adapted cultivars. Planting occurred late in September or early in October. Zinc fertilizer, placed with the seed while planting, was applied at rates of 0 and 5 kg Zn ha−1. Application of 5 kg Zn ha−1 increased TZC and ZNU at one of two sites. There were corresponding trends of increased DMA and improved YLD. Response to fertilization occurred on a relatively shallow soil that had a diethylenetriamine‐pentaacidic acid–extractable Zn test level of 0.3 mg kg−1.

Effect of Various Fertilizer Systems on the Productivity of Spring Wheat in a Long-Term Stationary Experiment

The results of observations of the reaction of plants to the use of 6 fertilizer systems tested for 24 years in repeated sowing of spring soft wheat after stubble are presented. Visual and phenological observations of plants revealed the features of their growth and development on unfertilized and fertilized backgrounds. The determination of the contamination of the crop revealed the effect of fertilizers on the proportion of wheat and weeds in the sheaf mass during the formation phase of the grain. In most of the years of this experience, fertilizers did not increase the contamination of crops, only for 5 out of 18 years such a negative effect was noted. The indicators of the structure of the wheat harvest (the number of ears per 1 m2, earliness, and the weight of 1000 grains) improved with the use of fertilizers, especially in years with sufficient moisture. The gluten content in grain and flour when fertilizing in doses of N40–60 without P20 and against its background increased significantly, increasing the frequency of years with grade 3 wheat quality. An agrotechnical and economic assessment of 6 permanent wheat fertilizer systems after stubble identified 4 options with a payback rate close to obtaining 10 kg of grain per 1 kg of the active ingredient of fertilizers.

N Fertilizer in Combination with Straw Improves Soil Physicochemical Properties and Crop Productivity in Sub-Humid, Drought-Prone Areas

Straw returning may be an efficient strategy to maintain agricultural sustainability. However, which straw returning strategy can effectively improve soil properties and crop yield remain unclear. A five-year (2011–2016) field experiment in sub-humid, drought-prone areas of northwestern China with uneven rainfall distribution and irrigation was conducted to evaluate the effects of nitrogen fertilizer without straw mulching (CK), with regular straw mulching (LSM), and with ammoniated straw plowing (ALSP) on soil water, soil aggregates, soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), and water use efficiency (WUE) in an annual winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–summer maize (Zea mays L.) rotation system. The results demonstrate that ALSP had a greater soil water content than CK in the 0–60 cm soil layer. ALSP also had substantially more soil water than LSM in the 0–100 cm layer during the wet year (2011–2012) and two dry years (2014–2015 and 2015–2016). In the normal years (2012–2013 and 2013–2014), the soil water content in ALSP was significantly lower than in LSM in the 0–20 cm soil layer. ALSP was better able to alleviate soil drought in dry years and excessive humidity in wet years. Compared to CK, SOC in the 0–20 cm soil layer in 2016 increased by 8.3% in LSM and 11.7% in ALSP, and TN in the upper soil increased by 6.6% in LSM and 10.1% in ALSP. The equivalent wheat yield and WUE increased in ALSP by 15.6% and 17.5%, respectively, relative to CK, and by 6.79% and 5.97%, respectively, relative to LSM. Thus, we concluded that plowing ammoniated straw with N fertilization is a promising strategy for improving soil fertility and crop productivity in winter wheat–summer maize rotation systems in the sub-humid, drought-prone areas of northwestern China.

Effect of integrated vermicompost and chemical nitrogen fertilizer for productivity of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

The study was conducted at Horo district on six (6) farmers’ fields to investigate the effect of integrated vermicompost and chemical nitrogen fertilizer for bread wheat and the soil nutrient content. The treatments consist of without any fertilizer, recommended chemical NP fertilizer, 100% N equivalent vermicompost + recommended P2O5, 75% N equivalent Vermicompost + 25% recommended N + recommended P2O5, 50% equivalent Vermicompost + 50% recommended N + recommended P2O5 and 25% equivalent Vermicompost + 75% recommended N + recommended P2O5. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Dendea seed variety with a rate of 150 Kg ha-1 was used for the trial. ANOVA analysis for after harvesting soil parameters showed significant (P<0.05) differences among treatments for available phosphorus, organic carbon, exchangeable acidity and cations exchange capacity while pH and exchangeable Ca and Mg were not statistically significant among the treatments. ANOVA showed that the treatments significantly influenced all collected yield and yield related parameters of the crop. Relatively the highest crop yield and yield related traits were obtained from T2 (recommended chemical fertilizer) while the lowest was from control (without fertilizer). The highest net income (91971.70 birr/ha) was obtained from 25% equivalence vermicompost + 75% recommended N + recommended P2O5. To have more confidence in the technology; it should be verified in the same area with the same management procedure.

Balancing productivity and carbon emissions: the potential for carbon reduction in wheat fertilization practices in China

Balancing productivity and carbon emissions: the potential for carbon reduction in wheat fertilization practices in China

Effect of agricultural management system (“cash crop”, “livestock” and “climate optimized”) on nitrous oxide and ammonia emissions

AbstractThe study aimed to measure soil-atmosphere N2O fluxes and their controlling factors, as well as NH3 emissions and yields for two soils (silt loam and clay loam) in three management systems over two years under subsequent wheat and maize cultivation. The management systems were characterized as follows: (1) cash crop (C) with mineral fertilizer and conventional tillage; (2) livestock (L) with biogas residue fertilization and its incorporation prior to sowing in maize and reduced tillage; and (3) climate optimized (O) with minimum tillage, 8-year crop rotation, with biogas residue fertilization, in maize without incorporation in clay loam soil or incorporation by strip-tillage prior to seeding in silt loam soil. Stable isotope ratios of N2O and mineral N were determined to identify N2O processes. Within the organically fertilized maize treatments, cumulative N2O fluxes were highest in the O-system treatments of both sites (4.0 to 9.4 kg N ha− 1 a− 1), i.e. more than twice as high as in the L-system (1.5 to 3.1 kg N ha− 1 a− 1). Below root-strip till fertilizer application did not enhance N2O fluxes. Fluxes with mineral fertilization of wheat (1.1 to 3.1 kg N ha− 1 a− 1) were not different from those with organic fertilization. Isotopic values of emitted N2O revealed that bacterial denitrification dominated most of the peak flux events, while the N2O/(N2 + N2O) ratio of denitrification was mostly between 0.1 and 0.5. It can be concluded that, contrary to the intention to lower greenhouse gas fluxes by the O-system management, the highest N2O fluxes occurred in the O-system without biogas digestate incorporation in maize. With respect to NH3 fluxes, we could confirm that the application of digestate application in growing crops without incorporation or late incorporation in fertilization before sowing induces high fluxes. The beneficial aspects of the O-system including more stable soil structure and resource conservation, are thus potentially counteracted by increased N2O and NH3 emissions.

Влияние новых видов обогащенных удобрений на продуктивность культур и агрохимические свойства почв

The effect and aftereffect of new types of enriched sulfur-containing fertilizers on the productivity of spring wheat of the Novosibirskaya 31 variety and peas of the Radomir variety, as well as the agrochemical properties of leached chernozem and agro-gray soil of the Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe, characterized by an acute deficiency of mobile sulfur, were studied. It was found that the application of fertilizers containing sulfur statistically significantly increased the increase in productivity of pea biomass in the year of application. With the aftereffect of spring wheat, an increase in productivity was noted on leached chernozem; the aftereffect of fertilizers for wheat on agro-gray soil was not effective. The application of enriched fertilizers did not affect the acid-base balance of soils. In chernozem leached in all fertilized variants, the supply of mineral forms of nitrogen is high, while the content of mobile sulfur increases. The supply of nitrate and ammonium forms of nitrogen in agro-gray soil is low, and the amount of mobile sulfur does not increase. Keywords: SULFUR, ENRICHED FERTILIZERS, SPRING WHEAT, PEAS, AGROCHEMICAL INDICATORS, PRODUCTIVITY, AGROGY SOIL, LEACHED CHERNOZEM

Characterization and validation of TaAGL66, a gene related to fertility conversion of wheat in the presence of Aegilops kotschyi cytoplasm.

TaAGL66, a MADS-box transcription factor highly expressed in fertile anthers of KTM3315A, regulates anther and/or pollen development, as well as male fertility in wheat with Aegilops kotschyi cytoplasm. Male sterility, as a string of sophisticated biological processes in higher plants, is commonly regulated by transcription factors (TFs). Among them, MADS-box TFs are mainly participated in the processes of floral organ formation and pollen development, which are tightly related to male sterility, but they have been little studied in the reproductive development in wheat. In our study, TaAGL66, a gene that was specifically expressed in spikes and highly expressed in fertile anthers, was identified by RNA sequencing and the expression profiles data of these genes, and qRT-PCR analyses, which was localized to the nucleus. Silencing of TaAGL66 under fertility condition in KTM3315A, a thermo-sensitive male sterile line with Ae. kotschyi cytoplasm, displayed severe fertility reduction, abnormal anther dehiscence, defective pollen development, decreased viability, and low seed-setting. It can be concluded that TaAGL66 plays an important role in wheat pollen development in the presence of Ae. kotschyi cytoplasm, providing new insights into the utilization of male sterility.

Nanotechnology in Agriculture: Manganese Ferrite Nanoparticles as a Micronutrient Fertilizer for Wheat.

Limited research has focused on nanoparticle (NP) applications' impact on edible wheat parts in a field environment. Here, we studied the nutritional quality of edible parts of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with a field experiment by spraying MnFe2O4 nanoparticles. Wheat was foliar sprayed with 0, 25, 50, and 100 mg/L composite manganese ferrite (MnFe2O4) NPs during 220 d of a growth period. Ionic controls were prepared using the conventional counterparts (MnSO4·H2O and FeSO4·7H2O) to compare with the 100 mg/L MnFe2O4 NPs. After three consecutive foliar applications, nanoparticles demonstrated a substantial elevation in grain yield and harvest index, exhibiting a noteworthy increase to 5.0 ± 0.12 t/ha and 0.46 ± 0.001 in the 100 mg/L NP dose, respectively, concomitant with a 14% enhancement in the grain number per spike. Fe, Mn, and Ca content in grain increased to 77 ± 2.7 mg/kg, 119 ± 2.8 mg/kg, and 0.32 ± 7.9 g/kg in the 100 mg/L NPs, respectively. Compared to the ion treatment, the 100 mg/L NP treatments notably boosts wheat grain crude protein content (from 13 ± 0.79% to 15 ± 0.58%) and effectively lowers PA/Fe levels (from 11 ± 0.7 to 9.3 ± 0.5), thereby improving Fe bioavailability. The VSM results exhibited a slight superparamagnetic behavior, whereas the grains and stems exhibited diamagnetic behavior. The results indicate that the nanomaterial did not accumulate in the grains, suggesting its suitability as an Fe and Mn-rich fertilizer in agriculture. Above all, the foliar application of nanocomposites increased the concentrations of Fe, Mn, and Ca in wheat grains, accompanied by a significant enhancement in grain yield. Therefore, the research results indicate that the foliar application of MnFe2O4 NPs can positively regulate wheat grains' nutritional quality and yield.

Fertilization of wheat with liquid organic fertilizers under the conditions of a pot vegetation experiment

Vegetation experiment was carried out to determine the efficiency of liquid organic fertilizers application in the initial phases of wheat development. Three types of liquid organic fertilizer with single and double application (in 14 days) were tested -”Extra force”, “Zinovii Corn” and “Zinovii Oil”. All studied fertilizers application have a positive results. Compared to the control treatment, tested organic fertilizers show good results with one application and significantly better results with two applications. “Extra force” and “Zinovii Corn” when applied twice had double effect on yields and height of wheat plants.