Differences In Fertility Research Articles

Intergenerational transfers, differential fertility, and wealth inequality

Abstract Rising income and wealth inequality across the developed world has prompted a renewed focus on the mechanisms driving inequality. This paper contributes to the existing literature by studying the impact from life-cycle savings, intergenerational transfers, and fertility differences between the rich and the poor on the wealth distribution. We find that bequests increase the level of wealth inequality and that fertility differences between the rich and the poor amplify this relationship. The counterfactual exercises show that the interaction between bequests and differential fertility is quantitatively important for understanding wealth inequality in the United States.

Analyzing Number of Children Ever Born in Bangladesh Using Generalized Poisson Regression Model

One major indicator to detect any country’s future population size is the total fertility rate (TFR). Based on the total number of children ever born, an underdispersed count data, this paper aims to investigate the fertility behavior of mothers in Bangladesh who have given birth to one or more children. For analyzing count dataset, the Poisson regression model (PRM) is commonly used, which assumes that the response variable’s mean is equal to its variance. Since the generalized Poisson regression model (GPRM) is suitable for the analysis of both overdispersed and underdispersed count data, this model is applied to deal with the underlying count dataset in this study. The results obtained in this paper have revealed some variables that impose significant impact on the current fertility differential of mothers giving birth to children. Dhaka Univ. J. Sci. 72(2): 01-06, 2024 (July)

Demographic behaviour of the Scheduled Castes People of Dhubri District of Assam with a focus on their attitude to family planning and the adoption behaviour of family planning measures.

Knowledge and practice of family planning is one of the important variables regulation fertility of a couple. Bongaarts has suggested that family planning programmes not only reduce fertility, but they also help in diffusion of knowledge about fertility regulation1. Contraceptives use take place because of two reasons - for fertility control and for spacing. Initially, family planning methods were adopted only for birth control, but at present most of the newly married couples use it for spacing. The acquisition of knowledge and practice of family planning, a proximate determinant of fertility differentials, depend on different socio-economic and demographic variables. (Such as education of the mothers, occupation of the wives, total family income, live birth, age at marriage etc.) The immediate objective of the National Population Policy (2000) is to address unmet needs for contraception. Couples protection rate is an indicator of the prevalence of contraceptives practice in a population. It is defined as percent of eligible couples effectively protected against childbirth by one or other approved methods of family planning.2 Thegeneral objective of the research study is to highlight thedemographic behaviour of the Scheduled Castes People of Assam and their attitudes towards family planning and family planning measures. The specific objectives of the study is to study the level of penetration of family planning knowledge and the level of practicing such knowledge among the respondent females Scheduled Castes of Assam. The research project will be primarily based on field data collected from the sample households of the sample villages with the help of a series of questionnaires prepared for the purpose. The samples will be selected with the help of multi-phased (Stratified) sample technique both random and purposive.

Fertility Decline in Iceland, 2013-2022: Trends and Structures

Iceland is one of the Western countries that have experienced an unexpected fertility decrease in the 2010s. In this study, the aggregate Icelandic fertility decline is dissected to explore which fertility components are the main drivers behind the decline since 2010 in order to better understand whether the development is associated with compositional changes or linked to changes such as increased propensities of childlessness and decreased propensities to have another child. As such, it contributes empirical evidence to ongoing theorisation within current fertility debates. Official administrative register data are analysed by means of event-history analysis. Findings are presented as parity-specific birth risks and in the form of Kaplan-Meier estimates of synthetic period-based cohorts of women and men progressing to parity one over calendar years. In terms of results, we find that the fertility decline was concentrated around first births, and the decline can principally be attributed to women under the age of thirty. Propensities to remain childless have increased slightly since 2013, while there were no declines in the intensities to have a second and a third child. Hence, the development in Iceland appears to be driven by clear postponement of parenthood but not altered childbearing behaviour in terms of propensities to have a second and a third child. Results do not necessary contradict theories under the umbrella of the gender-relations framework, but they highlight the importance of exploring other factors impacting the transition to parenthood, such as perceived global and welfare uncertainties. Socioeconomic differentials in first-birth fertility and factors affecting postponement and ultimate childlessness should be explored further, as well as short-term developments in higher-order birth intensities during adverse circumstances, such as the 2008 economic crisis and the Covid-19 pandemic, during which periods the third-birth intensities increased.

Population dynamics, intergenerational mobility, and the process of economic development

AbstractThis study analyzes the interactions between population dynamics with differential fertility the intergenerational mobility and economic development. Population dynamics with differential fertility exerts the following two effects on the economy: (i) the change in the population size of the entire economy influences the mobility through changing in the composition of workers and (ii) the decreasing/increasing transfer per child influences the mobility. A sufficient increase in the population growth increases the population size and leads to a significant decline in the transfers per child; this phenomenon contributes toward the cyclical behavior of mobility and income inequality. On the other hand, when a population growth decreases, the mobility monotonically approaches toward steady state. These results are consistent with some empirical evidence. Hence, this study demonstrates that the population dynamics with differential fertility leads to a difference in transitional dynamics of intergenerational mobility and the process of economic development.

Do Long Commutes Discourage Fertility Intentions Among Young Public Housing Renters in Guangzhou, China?

There are longstanding international housing policy concerns about the well-being and satisfaction of public housing residents and other low-income households. However, little is known about whether the location of public housing requires such lengthy commutes that it retards their fertility intentions. As a result, this study aims to examine the relationship between long commutes and the fertility intentions of young public housing residents and the underlying mechanism linking them. Based on data from the 2022 Public Housing Survey in Guangzhou, China, the results show that long commutes can weaken the intention to have children among young public housing residents. However, this effect is only found to be significant for the self-employed, part-time workers, and those working in the private sector, not for those working in the public sector. Moreover, the effects turn out to be more pronounced for those who commute by private car and active transportation than those who take public transportation. Finally, this study reveals that residential satisfaction mediates the nexus between long commutes and fertility intentions. This study makes an important step in advancing the scholarly understanding of the differential fertility intentions as a result of the spatial mismatch.

Demographic pathways and intergenerational effects of changes in women's education: Evidence from China

Using data from the 2011 baseline China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, this study employs a simulation model developed by Mare and Maralani to investigate the intergenerational effects of changes in the distribution of women's education on the educational distribution of their offspring's generation in China. Different from the conventional retrospective studies of intergenerational mobility that have focused on associations between parents’ and children's socioeconomic attainment, the prospective approach adopted in this study examines the relative importance of both the demographic pathways, namely assortative mating and fertility differentials, and the social mobility pathway to the intergenerational transmission processes in a changing socioeconomic and policy context of China. First, I found a positive intergenerational effect across all three cohorts of women born between 1925 and 1965: an increase in women's education led to an improvement in their daughters’ educational attainment. Second, the two demographic pathways, marriage and fertility, and intergenerational transmission jointly affected the educational attainment of the next generation in a complex way. While assortative mating strengthened the intergenerational effects, educational differentials in fertility dampened the intergenerational effects, since improvement in women's education increased their chances of marrying better-educated husbands but reduced their fertility levels. Third, the intergenerational effects and the respective effects of two demographic pathways became smaller across cohorts, which could be attributed jointly to educational expansion at the national level and changing family planning policies experienced by different cohorts of women and their offspring. Fourth, rural/urban comparison further demonstrated the existing educational inequality in contemporary China.

Assessment of oxidative stress parameters in summer anestrous buffaloes exhibiting differential fertility following melatonin implants treatment

For evaluating the impact of melatonin implants treatment during non-breeding season to ameliorate oxidative stress, 132 anestrous buffaloes were subcutaneously inserted with 2x4 mm absorbable slow-release melatonin implants (18 mg/50 kg b wt) at the base of left ear and 60 buffaloes were used as control. Ovarian ultrasonography and jugular vein blood sampling were carried out at 7-day interval till day 35 post-treatment or till ovulation, whichever was earlier. Control and implanted buffaloes were subjected to artificial insemination (AI) at overt or induced estrus followed by pregnancy diagnosis at day 90 post-AI. Erythrocytic lipid peroxidation (LPO) values were reduced (P<0.05) in implanted buffaloes from day 21 post-treatment onwards when compared to their pre-treatment and Control group values. However, the concentrations of erythrocytic glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were invariably higher (P<0.05) following treatment as compared to their pre-treatment and Control group values. The buffaloes ovulating in Control or Treatment group revealed higher (P<0.05) erythrocytic GPx in the Latter group. Also, between pregnant counterparts of Control and Treatment group, the Latter group buffaloes exhibited low (P<0.05) erythrocytic LPO, and high (P<0.05) erythrocytic GPx, SOD and catalase. It can be concluded that melatonin implants treatment was successful for mitigating the oxidative stress in summer anestrous buffaloes, and the status of oxidative stress parameters following treatment was better in buffaloes that ovulated or conceived subsequently.

The effect of the crop cycle and differential fertilization on a perennial wall-rocket crop established in polytunnel

The effect of the crop cycle and differential fertilization on a perennial wall-rocket crop established in polytunnel

ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЕ ВЛИЯНИЕ ТОЧНОГО ЗЕМЛЕДЕЛИЯ НА УСТОЙЧИВОЕ РАЗВИТИЕ СЕЛЬСКОГО ХОЗЯЙСТВА

The article evaluates the economic impact of precision farming technologies on the sustainable development of agriculture. The research is aimed at analyzing the economic efficiency of the introduction of technologies such as satellite monitoring, differential fertilization and the use of unmanned aerial vehicles. The methods used include a comparative analysis of the costs of traditional and innovative technologies, as well as an assessment of their impact on productivity and environmental sustainability. The main results of the study show that precision farming technologies contribute to reducing resource costs and increasing yields. In particular, the use of differentiated fertilization technology reduces the use of pesticides by 15%, and satellite monitoring ensures a 20% increase in yield. The peculiarity of the work is to substantiate the economic feasibility of the introduction of digital technologies and their contribution to the development of agricultural production.

Education, health indicators and fertility outcomes: a longitudinal analysis of couples in Britain.

Previous studies have shown that highly educated women are more likely to realise their fertility aspirations, or experience a faster progression to a higher order birth, compared to lower educated women. This is often explained by improved economic or social resources among the higher educated. However, it is unclear whether educational differences in health behaviours may also contribute to these differential fertility outcomes. In this study, we use data from Waves 1-7 of the UK Longitudinal Household Study, combined with data from the Nurse Health Assessment from Wave 2 to estimate couples' likelihood of experiencing additional childbirth within six years. A discrete-time event history model is employed to analyse the transition to a higher order birth, while accounting for both partners' level of education as well as smoking patterns and body mass index. We find that couples in which the female partner is highly educated are more likely to experience childbirth within six years compared to others. In addition, female smoking is negatively associated with the likelihood of childbirth, while no significant effect has been found for male health factors. Female health indicators explain some of the variation in fertility outcomes for women with lower secondary education compared to degree-educated women. However, education remains a significant predictor of the transition to higher order births, also after accounting for male and female health indicators. It is therefore important to consider both socio-economic and health factors in order to understand variations in fertility outcomes.

Az egyes felekezetekhez tartozók demográfi ai jellemzői a Magyar Korona országaiban (Magyarország és Horvátország) a 20. század elején/ az első világháború előtt

Th e aim of this study is to examine the relationship between the level of modernization and the most important demographic indicators of religions. Correlation analyses, which helped us to draw the conclusion, were produced by Statistica for Windows. Our study is based on statistical publications on national level. Hungary was one of the most diversified countries in terms of religions before World War I. Croatia was different from Hungary in terms of religious diversity, as the majority of its population was Roman Catholic and 25% Orthodox. First, we examine the relationship between religion and mother tongue. Then we analyse the demographic indicators of each religion. What immediately attracts our attention is the great diff erence in all indicators, like crude birth, death, natural increase and marriage rates. But more sophisticated indicators behave in similar manner. There was considerable diff erence in fertility, in rate of infant and child mortality. In addition, seasonality of marriages, marital age and the rates of religiously mixed marriages vary greatly from denomination to denomination. Moreover, there was considerable difference in the demographic indicators of the same religions between Hungary and Croatia.

The demography of the great migration in China

Fertility differentials across countries drive global migration. Despite a vibrant research agenda on the demographic forces behind international migration, little empirical research probes into the demography of internal migration. We analyze the demography of China’s internal migration from 1996–2010. Specifically, we construct bilateral migration flows across Chinese prefectures and exploit large variations in cohort sizes induced by historical events. We find asymmetric impacts of “push” and “pull” demographic factors in determining internal migration. We also explore economic mechanisms behind demographic forces, such as the moderating effects of physical distance and social network, the substitution pattern by education, and a thick-market effect for marriage migration.

The relationship between viral load status and fertility intention of HIV-positive women of reproductive ages in Addis Ababa: A hospital based study

Background: People living with HIV/AIDS (PLHIV), like everyone else want and intend to have children. Although the fertility impact of HIV is already well acknowledged, women’s fertility behaviors could also largely be influenced by the level of their viral loads. Being sexually active and not taking contraception, women who never became pregnant had greater HIV viral loads. Objectives: To assess the relationship between viral load status and fertility intentions of HIV positive women of reproductive ages in six selected public health hospitals, in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: A sample size of 432 reproductive ages HIV-positive women who got ART service at the selected public hospitals were interviewed. A binary logistic regression analysis was used to assess the relationship between viral load status and fertility intention. Results: Of the total respondents, 196(45.4%) had intention to give birth within the coming 3 years, while the remaining 236(54.6) had no intention. Fertility intention was 2.71 times higher among women of ages 25-34 compared to age >34 years (95% CI: 1.005-7.339). Moreover, married women had fertility intention 6.06 times higher (95% CI: 1.12-32.7) compared to widowed women. Further, fertility was higher among women who knew their partner HIV status. Intention was 5.63 times higher (95% CI: 0.846-37.484) and 19.28 times higher (95% CI: 2.533-148.326) among women who knew their partner HIV status to be positive and negative respectively, compared to those with no knowledge of their HIV status. On the other hand, fertility intention decreased for women with no formal education and primary by 95.1 (95% CI: 0.010-0.252) and 83.9 (95% CI: 0.039-0.662), respectively compared to secondary and above level of education. For women who believed they have enough number of children the odds of fertility intention decreased by 99.7 (95% CI: 0.001-0.011). Further, the odds of fertility intention of women who made decision on pregnancy or contraceptive use alone was lower by 71.5% compared to those who jointly made the decision. Conclusion and recommendation: A high proportion of HIV positive reproductive ages women desire to conceive. However, the finding witnessed that there was no significant association between viral load status and fertility intention. Beside that there was no fertility differentials between women who have undetectable and detectable viral loads. The findings strongly implicate the need for strengthening and proper implementation of the various health policies and guidelines pertaining to HIV/AIDS for increased uptake of reproduction health services by PLHIV women. The government and other stakeholders should reach young women including sexually active with HIV prevention, testing and treatment services.

Assessment of plasma melatonin profile in summer anestrous buffaloes exhibiting differential fertility following melatonin implants treatment

Plasma melatonin vis-a-vis anestrus or estrus status of buffaloes during summer or winter season (n=50 in each group) suggested its impact on reproductive axis as plasma melatonin activity tended to be higher (P>0.05) in buffaloes exhibiting estrus compared to their anestrous counterparts irrespective of season. The differential reproductive status of these buffaloes was confirmed by history as well as differences (P<0.05) in diameter of largest follicle and luteal profile. Further, for evaluating the impact of melatonin treatment during summer season on reproductive axis, 132 anestrous buffaloes were subcutaneously inserted 2x4 mm absorbable slow-release melatonin implants (18 mg/50 kg b wt) at the base of left ear and 60 buffaloes were used as control. In these buffaloes, ovarian ultrasonography and jugular vein blood sampling was carried out at 7-day interval till day 35 post-treatment or till ovulation, whichever was earlier. Control and implanted buffaloes were subjected to artificial insemination (AI) at overt or induced estrus followed by pregnancy diagnosis at day 90 post-AI. In treatment group, an increase (P<0.05) in plasma melatonin was recorded in all the buffaloes, exhibiting differential fertility status, during post-treatment study period compared to their pre-treatment and control group values. However, within treatment group, there was no difference (P>0.05) in plasma melatonin between ovulatory or non-ovulatory as well as between pregnant or non-pregnant counterparts. Moreover, plasma melatonin within control buffaloes remained similar (P>0.05) throughout the study period irrespective of differential exhibition of fertility. It can be concluded that factors other than circulating melatonin are also involved in the display of differential fertility in terms of initiation of ovarian cyclicity/ovulation or ability to conceive in summer anestrous buffaloes.

Schooling, Skill Demand, and Differential Fertility in the Process of Structural Transformation

Demography and structural transformation are interrelated, and depend critically on education. At the turn of the twentieth century, US parents began having fewer children while increasing educational investment per child. This quantity-quality tradeoff facilitated job reallocation from the low-skilled agricultural sector to the high-skilled nonagricultural sector. This transformation is examined in a heterogeneous agent model with a nondegenerate human capital distribution, focusing on how fertility and education decisions affect structural transformation. The result shows that the quantity-quality decisions account for up to approximately one-third of the decline in the agricultural employment share. (JEL E24, I21, I26, J11, J13, J24, N31)

Evaluation on the development of soil fertility gradients with nutrient exhaustive crop (Sorghum bicolor) regard to N, P, and K in Inceptisols in semi-arid regions of Tamil Nadu

Soil test crop response (STCR's) soil fertility gradient approach is based on the idea that complex treatments are superimposed in a field to obtain crop responses for correlating with soil test values that are artificially created by differential fertiliser treatments prior to conducting the regular experiment, thereby providing a scientific basis for balanced fertilisation between applied and available forms of nutrients. The present study aimed to develop the fertility gradient with sorghum as test crop in the field concerning N, P, and K and also to evaluate its impact on sorghum nutrient uptake, and soil fertility. The experimental field was split into three equal strips. Strips I, II, and III each received three graded levels of fertiliser N (nitrogen), P2O5 (phosphorus pentoxide), and K2O (potassium oxide) as urea, single super phosphate, and muriate of potash, respectively. The green fodder yield of sorghum recorded at harvest in strip I, II & III was 16.4, 23.4 and 28.2 t ha-1, respectively. Whereas post-harvest soil available nitrogen in strip I, II & III was 155, 190 & 214 kg ha-1 respectively, for available phosphorus 12.5, 23.2 & 31.8 kg ha-1 respectively and for available potassium it is 332, 370 & 396 kg ha-1 respectively. Wide variations in green fodder yield and soil fertility were observed among the strips, establishing the influence of graded amounts of fertiliser treatment on these parameters and the formation of a soil fertility gradient.

Genetic-Demographic Analysis of Natural Reproduction Parameters and Crow’s Indices in Ethnic Groups of Moscow and St. Petersburg (Based on the 2010 Russia’s Population Census)

Based on the analysis of the materials of the 2010 All-Russia’s Population Census and the demographic statistics of Rosstat Agency, the genetic-demographic parameters of temporal and interethnic variability of natural reproduction parameters and selection parameters (Crow indices) were calculated for the most numerous ethnic groups of Moscow and St. Petersburg. A decrease in the selection component due to differential prereproductive mortality was shown to decrease to the minimum possible values (index Im 0.01). In both megacities, interethnic differences were revealed in the parameters of natural reproduction and the selection component due to differential fertility, while the birth rate in both capitals for all ethnic groups, except for Uzbeks in St. Petersburg, is lower than required even for simple reproduction of the population, and hence stable reproduction of the gene pool. This indicates the unfavorable nature of the genetic and demographic processes in all the represented nationalities of the megacities. The If index ranges from 0.2 to 0.5. The temporal dynamics of the average number of offspring and its variance, as well as the If index, traced according to the data on the age cohorts of women born in the 1940s–1960s, is weakly expressed – the tendency to selection relaxation is not observed for all the studied ethnic groups. It is shown that the intensity of intergroup selection, due to interethnic differences in fertility, in the population of St. Petersburg increases from older age cohorts to younger ones, while in the population of Moscow it does not change significantly, while the temporal dynamics of this indicator, calculated on the base of the materials of the 2002 All-Russia’s Population Census for cohorts born in 1930s–1950s has the opposite direction. The genetic-demographic consequences of the revealed tendencies are discussed.

Criminal justice involvement, transition to fatherhood, and the demographic foundation of the intergenerational transmission of crime

Most analyses of the intergenerational transmission of criminal justice contacts compare outcomes of the second generation to the criminal history of the first generation. Ignoring the demographic process underlying transmission introduces selection bias into estimates insofar as the first generation's criminal history affects the family formation and the probability of parenthood. I study how differential selection into fatherhood across criminal histories may affect prospective transmission of criminal justice convictions. I use administrative data on the complete fertility patterns and criminal justice history all Danish men born during 1965–1973 and retrospective odds-ratio estimates of intergenerational transmission of criminal justice contacts to estimate prospective transmission of crime and the impact of differential fertility on cohort criminal justice involvement. Seriousness of criminal justice involvement is associated with earlier transition to fatherhood but ultimately higher levels of childlessness. The findings suggest that the existing retrospective estimates of the intergenerational transmission of criminal justice contacts overestimate the population level dynastic transmission. Ignoring differential fertility across criminal justice history leads to upward-biased estimates of how criminal justice involvement is maintained across generations when using retrospective sources. Population-level description of fertility trends has substantial implication for theoretical understanding of how transmission of offending occurs at the population level.

Differential fertility, school enrollment, and development

This paper develops a model wherein parents choose the number of children, enroll some children in school at indivisible education costs, and receive supplemental earnings from uneducated children. The model accounts for the positive relationship between enrollment ratios and parental earnings and the N-shaped relationship between fertility and parental earnings in Brazil and Indonesia. When children’s living costs are high (low) relative to education costs and children’s earnings, fertility increases (decreases) with parental earnings due to a dominant income (substitution) effect. A decline in the ratio of child earnings to parental earnings or a rise in education subsidy rates can increase enrollment ratios and decrease fertility. Under progressive income taxes and favorable education subsidies for poor families, educated parents’ fertility could be higher than that of illiterate parents’ when incomes are low. However, the relationship will be reversed partially because of the rising education subsidy.