Fertility Levels Research Articles

Emergence and Phenological Development of Herbicide-Sensitive and Herbicide-Resistant Biotypes of Apera Spica-Venti and Winter Wheat under Competition

As a result of intensive herbicide protection of crops against silky bentgrass (Apera spica-venti (L.) P. Beauv), numerous herbicide-resistant biotypes have been selected, mainly from the group of acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors. We analyzed the development of herbicide-sensitive and herbicide-resistant biotypes of bentgrass and winter wheat under competition, taking into account selected physical and chemical properties of the soil, including nitrogen fertilization. The pot experiment (additive model) was conducted in the 2018/19 and 2019/20 seasons. The experimental factors included: (1) bentgrass with different sensitivity levels to herbicides from the groups HRAC/WSSA 1 and HRAC/WSSA 2, specifically two sensitive and three resistant biotypes; (2) two types of soil, sandy and clay; and (3) nitrogen fertilization, both with and without fertilization. Winter wheat and bentgrass development was assessed during each growing season, every 5 or 3 days from September until May, using the BBCH scale. The emergence date of the tested species/biotypes was recorded. The development of competing species was compared based on a new, proposed index: the duration of the developmental phases. As a result, the soil type and fertilization level differentiated wheat and bentgrass emergence dates and development. The autumn development of the competing species was slower and more uniform than the spring one. At the same time, the dynamics of the bentgrass and wheat development in the spring were greater. Bentgrass and winter wheat emerged earlier and grew more intensively on clay and fertilized soil. To sum up, no clear relationship was found between the resistance/sensitivity of bentgrass to herbicides and changes in the phenological development of plants in competition with winter wheat.

Impact of integrated nutrient management and foliar zinc supplementation on rice (Oryza sativa L.) nutrient uptake and yield in the Cauvery Delta Zone

In 2023, rice production reached 523.9 million tons, making it the fourth most produced crop globally. Accounting for 14% of global fertilizer use, the demand for rice continues to increase. However, the unbalanced application of NPK fertilizers poses significant environmental risks. An integrated nutrient management approach, combining organic and inorganic sources, offers a cost-effective solution to meet crop nutritional needs while enhancing soil health. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted in Experimental Farm of Annamalai University during kuruvai (June-September) 2023 to evaluate the effect of different levels of inorganic fertilizers with different sources of organic manures along with foliar zinc sulphate on the yield and yield components in lowland rice. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with nine treatments. These treatments included different sources of organic manures viz., farm yard manure, vermicompost, press mud and poultry manure and foliar application of zinc sulphate. The results revealed that combining 75% nitrogen through urea and 25% nitrogen from vermicompost and 100 % P and K along with foliar application of zinc sulphate (0.5%) at 25 and 50 days after transplanting (DAT) significantly improved all nutrient uptake of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium and also yield parameters viz., number of productive tillers m-2, number of filled grains/panicle, grain yield, straw yield and harvest index of rice.

Effect of INM and training on yield and yield attributes of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) under protected cultivation

The greenhouse experiment was conducted at Hi-tech Horticulture Park, college of Horticulture, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh during the year 2021-22 to 2022-23 to study the effect of INM and training on yield and yield attributes of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) under protected cultivation. The experiment was laid out Completely Randomized Design with factorial concept replicated thrice having two factor viz., fertilizer level and training level. Among different treatment, The maximum number of fruits per cluster, number of fruits per plant, fruit weight, fruit volume, pericarp thickness, fruit length, fruit girth and equatorial diameter of fruit were found significantly superior in treatment 75 % RDF + 10 t/ha FYM + 2 t/ha Neem cake + bio-fertilizer (each 3 kg/ha) + Panchgavya 3 %. In case of training the maximum fruit weight, fruit volume, pericarp thickness, fruit length, fruit girth and equatorial diameter of fruit were observed in plant trained under single stem. Whereas, the maximum number of fruits per cluster and number of fruits per plant and fruit yield per 1000 m2 were found in plant trained under two stem.

Response of crop geometry, fertilizer application and genotypes on growth, yield and yield attributes in coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.)

A field experiment was conducted during Rabi 2020-21 and 2021-22 at KVK, Guna.Treatments comprised of three crop geometry viz., 20x10 cm (S1), 22.5x10 cm (S2) and 25x10cm (S3), two fertilizer levels viz., F1 -60:40:40:20 N:P:K:S ha-1, F2- 70:50:50:30 N:P:K:S ha-1 and three genotypes viz., Ajmer Coriander-1 (V1), Pant Haritima (V2) and Kumbhraj as a check (V3). The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with factorial concept. Result revealed that application of N:P:K:S 70:50:50:30 (F2) Kg- 1 ha with a row spacing of 25x10 cm (S3) row spacing significantly improved plant height, number of branches/plant, while minimum days to 50% flowering was recorded in 20x10cm (S1), whereas the highest number of umbels/plant, test weight (g), Umbellates Plant-1, seed yield (kg ha-1), straw yield (kg ha-1), biological yield (kg ha-1), harvest index (%) was recorded in 25x10 cm (S3) Highest No. of nodes (11.20, 11.08 and 11.28) at harvest in S3, F2 and V2 and primary branches were recorded (8.86, 8.65 and 8.58) in S3, F2 and V2, respectively for growth parameters whereas, maximum No. of umbels and No. of umbellates (39.26, 38.20, 42.39 and 139.91, 134.66, 140.82) was recorded at harvest in S3, F2 and V2, respectively. Maximum seed yield (13.22, 12.62, 12.80 and 25.77, 24.57, 24.76) was recorded in S3, F2 and V2, respectively (kg ha-1). Pant Haritima (V2) recorded an additional net returns of Rs. 89273 and Rs. 82510 over Kumbhraj (V3) and Ajmer Coriander-1 (V1). Highest B:C ratio was obtained with Pant Haritima (3.36) as compared to Kumbhraj (3.34) and Ajmer Coriander-1 (2.93), respectively.

Biomass and nutrient flow dynamics and sustainability practices to de-risk environmental challenges in the sub-saharan Africa farming system

In sub-Saharan Africa, productivity risks stem from weather variability, while environmental risks include soil nutrient depletion due to unsustainable farming practices that include monoculture, inadequate or lack of soil and water conservation measures, and low-nutrient application. As a result, shifts from the prevailing fallow system to permanent cultivation lead to soil degradation. The present study aimed to quantify the fluxes of biomass, nutrients, and nutrient balances from different fertilizer sources to de-risk the challenges related to agriculture and the environment in Mali. A farm household survey was conducted over two years (July 2018 to June 2020) with 45 households. The survey enabled us to categorize farm households into three typologies: high resource endowment (HRE), medium resource endowment (MRE), and low resource endowment (LRE). Data on sustainability indicators from cropland, livestock, farm input use, and redistribution units enabled the analysis of biomass and nutrient flow dynamics from households to farmlands and vice versa. The nutrient monitoring (NUTMON) tool generated nutrient flows and balances. Results showed that the total annual biomass collected per hectare by HRE (22.3t) is significantly higher than that collected by MRE (13.4t) and LRE (5.35t) farms (P ​< ​0.001). Compared to LRE (10.3 ​t ​ha−1 year−1), HRE and MRE farmers produced six times (60 ​t ​ha−1 year−1) and three times (34 ​t ​ha−1 year−1) more manure, respectively. Farm households with better endowment status observed a higher rate of nutrient utilization. For the major crops, nutrient application rates of HRE farms in kg ha−1 (cotton: 12.6 ​N, 4.2 ​P, 18.2 ​K) and (maize: 9.18 ​N, 2.34 ​P, 10.7 ​K) were significantly higher than that of MRE and LRE farms (P ​< ​0.01). The study confirms that household endowment status determines farmlands' nutrient flows and fertility levels. Quantifying biomass transport and understanding nutrient flow dynamics enable the derivation of context-specific solutions to reduce risks associated with productivity and the environment.

Growth analysis of kikuyo grass Cenchrus clandestinus (Hochst. ex Chiov.) Morrone fertilized with different levels of nitrogen

Contextualization: Forage production response is determined by factors inherent to the ecotype and external environmental and management conditions. The high variation of factors influencing forage growth implies the need to establish responses based on the biological development regarding the accumulated temperature. Knowledge gap: The growth response of Cenchrus Clandestinus expressed in heating degree days (HDDs) when fertilized with different doses of N is unknown to establish grazing times at peak biomass accumulation accurately. Purpose: To determine the growth dynamics of kikuyu grass with different levels of nitrogen fertilization. Methodology: A control treatment without application of any source of N (T0) was evaluated, a dosage of 100 kg. N ha.-1 (T1) and a dosage of 150 kg. N ha.-1 (T2). The fertilization plan was programmed for 42-day defoliation with a residual height of 10cm. Subsequently, the growth of kikuyu grass was evaluated with a seven-day frequency based on the analysis of dry matter, chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance, number of leaves, height, leaf area, and dry matter of leaves and stems. Growth rates were calculated from the dry matter of the forage: Absolute Growth Rate (AGR), Relative Growth Rate (RGR), Net Assimilation Rate (NAR), Specific Leaf Area (SLA), Leaf Area Ratio (LAR), and Leaf Area Index (LAI). Analysis of repeated measures was carried out to determine the effect per sampling point (HDDs) in a completely randomized arrangement. Results and conclusions: With the application of 150 kg. N ha.-1 and defoliation at 208.5 Grade Days Cumulative (GDC), plants showed higher growth rate, leaf tissue production, increased leaf expansion and greater height (p&lt;0.05).

Variations in Primary Nutrients and Sowing Dates Influence Performance of Monsoon Maize (Zea Mays L.) in Punjab, India

ABSTRACT Maize, being a nutritious and multipurpose crop requires proper nutrition (N, P, and K) and standardization of sowing time to enhance productivity and profitability under changing climate scenario. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted during monsoon season of 2021 and 2022 at agricultural farm, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, in split plot design with four fertilizer levels (125, 100, 75, and 50% recommended dose of fertilizers; RDF) in main plots and four sowing dates (15 and 30 of June and July) in subplots, replicated thrice. Maize sown on 30 June and fertilized with 125% RDF ensured higher growth attributes throughout crop growth. Besides, comparatively greater yield attributes as well as grain yield (8.22 t ha−1), stover yield (11.86 t ha−1), and harvest index (40.9%) were observed from that treatment combination, and it also recorded higher quality protein and nutrient uptakes but less residual soil fertility. Maize grown on 30 July under application of 50% RDF was the poorest yielder. Further, production economics and energy analysis showed similar trend and indicated that maize grown on 30 June under application of 125% RDF recorded maximum gross return (₹168275 ha−1), net return (₹109565 ha−1), and benefit-cost ratio (2.87) as well as energy output (269084 MJ ha−1) and net energy gain (250750.3 MJ ha−1).

Melatonin as a natural anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant therapy in the testis: a focus on infertility and aging†.

Melatonin is a pineal hormone that regulates testicular activity (i.e., steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis) through two complementary mechanisms, indirect effects exerted via the hypothalamic-adenohypophyseal axis and direct actions that take place on the different cell populations of the male gonad. The effects of increased age on the testis and the general mechanisms involved in testicular pathology leading to infertility are still only poorly understood. However, there is growing evidence that link testicular aging and idiopathic male infertility to local inflammatory and oxidative stress events. Because literature data strongly indicate that melatonin exhibits anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties, this review focuses on the potential benefits exerted by this indoleamine at testicular level in male reproductive fertility and aging. Taking into account that the effects of melatonin supplementation on testicular function are currently being investigated, the overview covers not only promising prospects but also many questions concerning the future therapeutic value of this indoleamine as an anti-aging drug as well as in the management of cases of male infertility for which there are no medical treatments currently available.

Influence of City Waste Manure and Different Levels of Inorganic Fertilizers on Soil Health Parameter, Growth and Yield Attributes of Black Gram (Vigna mungo L.) in Inceptisols

Influence of City Waste Manure and Different Levels of Inorganic Fertilizers on Soil Health Parameter, Growth and Yield Attributes of Black Gram (Vigna mungo L.) in Inceptisols

Maximizing Productivity and Profitability of Green Gram (Vigna radiata L.) through Fertility Levels and Bio Fertilizers

A field experiment was conducted at the Crop Research Centre, School of Agriculture, ITM University Gwalior (M.P.) during the Kharif season of 2023 to evaluate the maximizing productivity and profitability of green gram (Vigna radiata L.) through fertility levels and biofertilizers. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with 10 treatment combinations and each treatment was replicated thrice. The results revealed that the application of 100% RDF + RSI (10 g kg⁻¹) + PSB &amp; KSB (5 kg ha⁻¹ each) had significantly improved the growth attributes viz., Plant height, number of branches, dry matter accumulation, Leaf area index and number of nodules plant⁻¹ of green gram over rest of the treatments. However, the higher grain yield (1424.71 kg ha-1), straw yield (3206.13 kg ha­­⁻¹) and biological (4630.84 kg ha­­⁻¹) yield was recorded with the treatment 100% RDF + RSI (10 g kg⁻¹) + PSB &amp; KSB (5 kg ha⁻¹ each) which was being at par with 100% RDF + RSI (10 g kg⁻¹) + PSB 5 kg ha⁻¹ soil application, while the lowest grain yield and straw yield were recorded in control.

Legal Status and Fertility Patterns: Regulation-Induced Disruption Among Previously Undocumented Immigrant Women in Italy

We explore, using a unique survey dataset containing retrospective information on immigrants’ legal status, the relationship between previous irregular experience—from arrival up to the first residence permit achievement—and fertility patterns among non-EU immigrant women in Italy. While competing hypotheses explaining migrants’ fertility behaviour have been recurrently offered, there is a substantial lack of knowledge on the role of undocumented experience as a contextual barrier in shaping international migrants’ family formation processes. We adopt a life-course approach, employing event history analysis and Poisson regression modelling, to investigate how irregularity among immigrant women intertwines with the timing of the first childbirth and the total number of births occurred in Italy. We find that irregular experience—as a time-dependent process—delays the transition to childbirth post-migration. Furthermore, having experienced irregular status reduces completed fertility, offering few possibilities to catch-up over the life-course with fertility levels of women continuously having the legal status. Findings suggest long-lasting effects of irregular status and the potential disruption of migrant’s fertility induced by migration policies, admission systems, and regulation factors. The reduced possibility of legal entry channels and lack of migration policies for planning and managing migration into Italy may thus have an impact on family formation trajectories among international immigrant women.

Amelioration of the Detrimental Effects of Water Deficit Stress on Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik) Through the Utilization of Poultry Litter-Based Compost

It is critical that Bangladesh faces water scarcity during the dry season, affecting lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) yield and some yield components during seedling and flowering stages. Thus, a two-factorial pot experiments (The experiment comprises Factor A: three fertilization levels i.e. F1 = Control [inorganic], F2 = poultry litter-based compost [20 ton/ha], F3 = poultry litter-based compost [30 ton/ha]; Factor B: two irrigation levels such as W1 = 100% field capacity [FC] and W2 = 70% FC) were designed at Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur, from November 2018 to April 2019. And it was investigated how the poultry litter-based composts affected the morpho-physiology, yield and yield components of the lentil (BARI Masur-4) variety under different irrigation stress levels. Obtained results revealed that the tallest plant (30.7 cm at 75 DAS) and maximum branch number per plant (14.1 at 65 DAS), leaf chlorophyll a (0.30 mg/g), highest RLWC (70.28%), lowest proline content (1.57 µ moles g-1 FW), maximum number of pods per plant (39.4 at 75 DAS) and total grain yield (3.62 kg/m2) were recorded from compost F3 (poultry litter-based compost 30 tons/ha) with W1 (100% FC). Results also showed that the yield contributing attributes and yield of lentils were drastically reduced by water stress conditions with different rates of fertilization. In drought conditions (W2 = 70% FC), F3 (30 ton/ha poultry litter-based compost) fertilization produced the highest plant height (30.20 cm at 75 DAS), number of branches (11.5 at 65 DAS), stem dry weight (0.35 g), lowest proline (3.88 µ moles g-1 FW), highest pod number per plant (33.1), weight of 100-seed (2.36 g), total grain weight (2.77 kg/m2), harvest index (58.84%) compared to other fertilizations (F1 and F2). In summary, F3 (30 tons), a compost made from poultry litter, provides better soil conditions under drought conditions compared to F1 and F2 in the year of 2018-19 at the 0 and 20 tons/ha, respectively under the field conditions.

Growth and Yield of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill) Gustavi Variety Applied with Varying Levels of Cow Manure Vermicompost and Nasa Liquid Organic Fertilizer

Growth and Yield of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill) Gustavi Variety Applied with Varying Levels of Cow Manure Vermicompost and Nasa Liquid Organic Fertilizer

Growth attributes of malt barley (Hordeum vulgare) as influenced by fertility levels and liquid biofertilizers

Growth attributes of malt barley (Hordeum vulgare) as influenced by fertility levels and liquid biofertilizers

The Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer on the Aroma of Fresh Tea Leaves from Camellia sinensis cv. Jin Xuan in Summer and Autumn.

Nitrogen fertilization level and harvesting season significantly impact tea aroma quality. In this study, we analyzed the volatile organic compounds of fresh Jin Xuan (JX) tea leaves under different nitrogen application levels (N0, N150, N300, N450) during summer and autumn. A total of 49 volatile components were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Notably, (E)-2-hexenal, linalool, and geraniol were the main contributors to the aroma of fresh JX leaves. The no-nitrogen treatment (N0) presented the greatest quantity and variety of volatiles in both seasons. A greater difference in volatile compounds was observed between nitrogen treatments in summer vs. autumn. The N0 treatment had a greater total volatile concentration in summer, while the opposite was observed in the nitrogen application treatments (N150, N300, N450). Summer treatments appeared best suited to black tea production. The concentration of herbaceous aroma-type volatiles was higher in summer, while the concentration of floral volatiles was higher in autumn. Volatile concentrations were highest in the N0 and N450 treatments in autumn and appeared suitable for making black tea and oolong tea. Overall, this research provides valuable insights into how variations in N application rates across different harvesting seasons impact the aroma characteristics of tea leaves.

Effect of different Nitrogen Levels on Yield and Quality of Forage Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench cv. Abusabien)

The present study was conducted at the Experimental Farm of the Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Studies, University of Kordofan, Elobeid, Sudan. To evaluate the effect of different nitrogen fertilizer levels on growth, yield and quality of Sorghum forage (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench. cv Abusabien). The treatments consisted of four levels of nitrogen: control, 43, 86 and 120 kg N/ha (0N, 1N, 2N and 3N). The treatments were arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with five replications. The parameters measured were: plant population, plant height (cm), number of leaves/plant, fresh weight (ton/ha), dry weight (ton/ha), crude protein (%) content, fat (%) content, fiber (%) content, ash (%) content and carbohydrates (%) content. the results revealed that there were significant differences among the treatments in most characters under study. Nitrogen fertilizer resulted in an increase in growth attributes as well as forage yield. Nitrogen fertilizer dose (120 kg N/ha) produced higher fresh and dry forage at harvest compared to the other treatments. Also the results showed that nitrogen fertilizer significantly increased the percentage (%) content of crude protein, fat, ash and carbohydrates while decreased fiber percentage (%) concentration compared to the control. The treatment 120 kg N/ha (3N) had highest values of protein (13.68), fat (2.04), ash (12.18) (%) content, while the lowest values (9.73, 1.32 and 10.07) % content respectively, were obtained in the control. Then, based on these findings we recommended that to obtain high growth, forage yield and quality from sorghum forage Abu-Sabeen, nitrogen at the level of (120 kg/ha ) should be applied.

Effect of Tillage Practices and Fertility Levels on Growth, Yield Attributes and Yield of Wheat in Rice- Wheat Cropping System

This study was conducted at Agronomy Research Farm, CSAUAT, during rabi 2021-22 and 2022-23. The experiment was laid out into Split plot design with3 replication. Two levels of tillage viz. (1) Conventional tillage Two ploughing followed by sowing), (2) Reduce tillage (one ploughing followed by sowing were randomly allotted to main plot while ten 10 fertility levels. Basis on the pooled data the results of the study revealed that in case of tillage practices among the growth parameters; maximum plant height at 30, 60, 90 DAT and at harvest is 26.25, 46.26, 87.43, and 92.38 cm respectively, number of leaves plant-1 at 30, 60, 90 DAT and at harvest is 5.47, 16.51, 19.34 and 20.18 respectively, leaf area index at 30, 60, 90 DAT and at harvest is 0.553, 3.13, 4.48 and 5.05 respectively, relative growth rate at 30, 60, 90 DAT is 24.33, 14.48 and 3.82 g day-1 respectively, among the yield attributing characters maximum ear length (11.07 cm) , number of grain ear-1 (41.08), grain weight ear-1 (1.54 g) and 1000 grain weight (36.93 g) and among the productivity parameters; maximum grain yield (51.31 q ha-1), straw yield (67.21 q ha-1), biological yield (118.52 q ha-1) and harvest index (43.22 %) were recorded under the conventional tillage. Similarly in case of fertility levels growth parameters, yield attributing characters and productivity parameters were associated with 125 % RDF + chloromequate chloride.

Combined Effect of Potassium Fertiliser, Saline Irrigation Water and Humic Acids On Soil Acidity and Yield Components of Pepper (Capsicum annuum L)

A field experiment was conducted to adapt seedlings of sweet pepper, also called “California Wonder”, to salinity and the role of humic acid and potassium fertiliser in reducing the effect of salinity on the plant. A three-factorial field experiment was conducted according to the Complete Random Block Design, with three replications during the spring season of 2018 to study the humic acid and potassium fertiliser role in enhancing the salt tolerance of pepper plants. The first factor included four levels of saline water irrigation, namely 2, 4, 6 and 8 dS.m-1. The second factor included a foliar application of three levels of humic acids i.e., 0, 25 and 50 kg.h-1. The third factor represents the addition of three levels of potassium fertiliser (potassium sulphate of 50% K2O according to the fertiliser recommendation of 0, 75 and 150 kg. h-1. The considered plant and soil traits were branch per plant, stem diameter (mm), percentage of protein in the fruits and soil pH. The results obtained from the experiment can be summed up above the treatment of air conditioning at saline level 6 ds m-1 in branch per plant with 12.3 and the most significant results obtained from the experiment can be summed up above the treatment of air conditioning at saline level 4 ds m-1 in stem diameter 2.03 mm. The results showed a decrease in branch per plant and stem diameter (mm) by increasing the salinity of irrigation water by 8 ds m-1 and the increase in the addition of humic acid and potassium fertiliser. The results showed a decrease in soil acidity (pH) increasing the salinity of irrigation and increasing fruit protein content by increasing the salinity.

Diversity of soil macrofauna in traditional oil mining of Wonocolo Geosite, Bojonegoro Geopark, East Java, Indonesia

Abstract. Rahmawati LA, Afiati N, Putranto TT. 2024. Diversity of soil macrofauna in traditional oil mining of Wonocolo Geosite, Bojonegoro Geopark, East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 2148-2160. Wonocolo traditional oil mining has been going on for 130 years and has led to soil pollution. This study aims to characterize the composition of macrofauna in the soil affected by Wonocolo's traditional oil mining. The existence of macrofauna is important as a bioindicator of soil quality and its role in maintaining soil fertility levels. Mining areas are grouped based on the density of the oil well (rare, medium and dense), then three sample points are selected in each group. Macrofauna were collected using quadrat-hand sorting, pitfall trap, and flannel trap methods, and then the community structure index was analyzed. The results showed that 709 individuals were collected consisting of 17 orders and 71 species, with 64.8% of individuals found in category-dense areas. Hymenoptera and Polyrhachis sp. as the most abundant order and genus, while Odontomachus brunneus Patton 1894 is the most frequently encountered species. The average value of biodiversity, dominance, and evenness index ranged H'=1.28-1.57 (low), C=0.29-0.38 (low), and E=0.78-0.90 (high), respectively. Indications of environmental conditions in traditional oil mining areas cannot be seen solely from the value of the macrofauna biodiversity index but are apparent in the abundance of the Hymenoptera order in all areas categories and significant presence of Polyrhachis sp. species in the dense category.

Effects of Genotype, Nitrogen, and Sulfur Complex Fertilization on the Nutritional and Technological Characteristics of Buckwheat Flour.

The present study investigated the effect of nitrogen fertilization (NF) at the levels of 0, 45, and 90 kg·ha-1 combined with selected sulfur complex fertilization (SCF) levels of 0 and 45 kg·ha-1 on the nutritional and technological characteristics of buckwheat flour from five varieties. The results showed that the genotype was a critical factor affecting the chemical composition and physicochemical properties of buckwheat flour. NF significantly increased protein, total starch, and amylose content as well as mineral composition but decreased particle size, color value, and water hydration properties. However, SCF enhanced the ash content and decreased the protein content but had no significant effect on the pasting temperature. In addition, the combination of NF and SCF significantly reduced granule size, water solubility, viscosity, and rheological properties with increasing fertilization levels. This study can guide the cultivation of buckwheat with the desired physicochemical properties and provide information for buckwheat-based products in the food industry.