Fertile Material Research Articles

Layered Transition Metal Molybdates as New Slow-Release Micronutrient Fertilizer Matrices for Zn, Cu, and Mo

Micronutrient availability in agricultural soils is an important driver for crop production, and for mobile micronutrients, slow-release fertilizers can more efficiently enhance crop nutrition. In this study, for the first time, layered transition metal molybdates (LTMs) are proposed as slow-release fertilizer compounds for the micronutrients molybdenum (Mo), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu). A series of LTMs were successfully prepared in varying synthesis conditions, characterized (inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, and scanning electron microscopy), and tested for solubility in water. For three selected LTMs (Zn–Mo, Cu–Mo, and Zn–Cu–Mo), the solubility as a function of solution pH was determined. The LTMs showed limited stability in acidic conditions. Therefore, co-compaction of LTMs with pH neutral or alkaline macronutrient carriers [muriate of potash (MOP), limestone, rock phosphate] was explored. A Zn-based LTM co-compacted in a MOP carrier showed a useful slow and almost constant release rate of both Mo and Zn in a column dissolution test (Mo release reaching 32% after 72 h), while a reference compacted MOP fertilizer with soluble Mo released 90% of Mo after 4 h. Hence, a Zn-LTM could prove useful as a slow-release fertilizer or raw material to incorporate into non-acidic macronutrient fertilizers.

Utilization Potential of Poultry Litter Ash as Phosphorus-Based Fertilizer

A large quantity of poultry litter is globally generated as a result of expanding poultry industry. From several alternative technologies, one of the most feasible management for this waste is combustion, which exhausts poultry litter ash (PLA) as the main by-product. In this study, a PLA sample was examined for its utilization potential as a raw material for phosphorus-based fertilizer. According to the experimental results, Ca, P and K were determined as the major elements in the PLA sample with 29.54, 6.13 and 4.96%, respectively. Although the sample contains 2472 ppm Zn and 922 ppm Cu, their solubility determined by the leaching test is below the toxicity limit for hazardous waste. In terms of the major elements, about 290 mg/l Ca was detected in the leachate, resulting in a pH value higher than 13, whereas P concentration was found only 0.0092 mg/l. These two crucial results constitute the major difficulties for direct use of the PLA as a fertilizer. On the other hand, a usable P-rich product with low heavy metal contents and neutral pH can be obtained through acidification, heavy metal removal and neutralization processes. However, in this case, the feasibility of processes to be used should be carefully considered in economic point of view. In conclusion, direct application of the PLA sample examined as P-based fertilizer is not possible without any pre-treatments mainly due to its very high alkalinity and the low water solubility of P.

Valorization of Waste Cooking Oil into Liquid Organic Fertilizer by Anaerobic Fermentation Method

Liquid organic fertilizer is a type of fertilizer that has a liquid form with a brownish color and is commonly used in agriculture as a supporting material for the main fertilizer. Liquid organic fertilizer can be produced through the fermentation process of organic matter, such as plant residues, animal or human waste, and organic waste so that it will not damage the environment. The manufacture of liquid organic fertilizer in this study uses waste cooking oil as raw material which will be fermented anaerobically for 21 days with the use of EM4 activator volume of 10 mL and 50 mL. This study was conducted to determine how much potential used cooking oil waste can be converted into liquid organic fertilizer. The results showed that the best concentration of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and carbon organic in liquid organic fertilizer was obtained at 10 mL volume of EM4 activator. The best nitrogen concentration is 0.520 ppm, the best phosphorus concentration is 12.213 ppm, the best potassium concentration is 12013.825 ppm, and the best organic carbon concentration is 2.10%.

Fabrication and Characterization of Eco-Friendly Thin Films as Potential Optical Absorbers for Efficient Multi-Functional Opto-(Electronic) and Solar Cell Applications.

The necessity for reliable and efficient multifunctional optical and optoelectronic devices is always calling for the exploration of new fertile materials for this purpose. This study leverages the exploitation of dyed environmentally friendly biopolymeric thin films as a potential optical absorber in the development of multifunctional opto-(electronic) and solar cell applications. Uniform, stable thin films of dyed chitosan were prepared using a spin-coating approach. The molecular interactivity between the chitosan matrix and all the additive organic dyes was evaluated using FTIR measurements. The color variations were assessed using chromaticity (CIE) measurements. The optical properties of films were inspected using the measured UV-vis-NIR transmission and reflection spectra. The values of the energy gap and Urbach energy as well as the electronic parameters and nonlinear optical parameters of films were estimated. The prepared films were exploited for laser shielding as an attenuated laser cut-off material. In addition, the performance of the prepared thin films as an absorbing organic layer with silicon in an organic/inorganic heterojunction architecture for photosensing and solar energy conversion applicability was studied. The current-voltage relation under dark and illumination declared the suitability of this architecture in terms of responsivity and specific detectivity values for efficient light sensing applications. The suitability of such films for solar cell fabrications is due to some dyed films achieving open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current values, where Saf-dyed films achieved the highest Voc (302 mV) while MV-dyed films achieved the highest Jsc (0.005 mA/cm2). Finally, based on all the obtained characterization results, the engineered natural cost-effective dyed films are considered potential active materials for a wide range of optical and optoelectronic applications.

Recovering, Stabilizing, and Reusing Nitrogen and Carbon from Nutrient-Containing Liquid Waste as Ammonium Carbonate Fertilizer

Ammonium carbonates are a group of fertilizer materials that include ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium carbonate hydrate, and ammonium carbamate. They can be synthesized from diverse nutrient-bearing liquid waste streams but are unstable in a moist environment. While extensively utilized several decades ago, their use gradually decreased in favor of large-scale, facility-synthesized urea fertilizers. The emergence of sustainable agriculture, however, necessitates the recovery and reuse of nutrients using conventional feedstocks, such as natural gas and air-derived nitrogen, and nutrient-containing biogenic waste streams. To this extent, anaerobic digestion liquid presents a convenient source of solid nitrogen and carbon to produce solid fertilizers, since no significant chemical transformations are needed as nitrogen is already present as an ammonium ion. This review describes detailed examples of such feedstocks and the methods required to concentrate and crystallize solid ammonium carbonates. The technologies currently proposed or utilized to stabilize ammonium carbonate materials in the environment are described in detail. Finally, the agricultural efficiency of these materials as nitrogen and carbon source is also described.

Application of Layered Double Hydroxides as a Slow-Release Phosphate Source: A Comparison of Hydroponic and Soil Systems.

The utilization of slow-release fertilizer materials capable of responding to their environment and releasing nutrient ions efficiently over a prolonged period is an emerging research area in agricultural materials sciences. In this study, two-dimensional layered materials were prepared to release phosphor ions (P) slowly into the soil as well as in the hydroponic system. Various P-intercalated layered double hydroxides (LDHs) (Mg/Al, Zn/Al, and Mg-Zn/Al-LDHs) with a molar ratio of 2:1 were synthesized using an ion-exchange method from corresponding LDHs containing NO3 - ions within the layers. Sodium alginate (SA) was used to encapsulate P-intercalated Mg/Al-LDH to produce bionanocomposite beads (LB) to check the effect of the biopolymer matrix on the release characteristics. The prepared materials were characterized by XRD and FTIR to confirm the incorporation of P in LDHs. TGA, SEM, and elemental analysis were also performed to study the thermal decomposition pattern, surface morphology, and chemical composition of synthesized materials. The P-release experiments were conducted in a soil solution. The performance of the prepared materials was investigated in soil as well as in a hydroponic system for tomato plants under a controlled atmosphere of humidity, temperature, and light. The fertilization ability of the prepared materials was compared with that of a soluble P source (KH2PO4), commercial hydroponic fertilizer (Nutrifeed), and a commercial soil slow-release fertilizer (Wonder plant starter). The prepared materials demonstrated a slow release of P in the soil solution. P-intercalated LDHs were not very effective under hydroponic conditions; however, the LDHs were more effective in the soil system in terms of dry matter production and P content in dry matter. Furthermore, LDHs were able to increase the soil pH value over time.

The genera Egmundella Stechow, 1921 and Cyclocanna Bigelow, 1918 (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) in waters of Northwest Africa.

In this paper, we study material belonging to the hydroid genera Egmundella Stechow, 1921 and Cyclocanna Bigelow, 1918 collected off the coast of Northwest Africa, from Morocco to Guinea Bissau, between 2004 and 2012, during several international surveys. Currently, the genus Egmundella is included in the family Campanulinidae Hincks, 1869, but its taxonomic status is doubtful, since most of the life cycles of its species are unknown. A total of four species have been identified: E. grimaldii Leloup, 1940, E. modesta Millard & Bouillon, 1975, E. superba Stechow, 1921 and E. ansini n. sp. Egmundella grimaldii is found for the first time since its original description, and fertile material is described herein. Its gonotheca is morphologically similar to that of C. producta (G.O. Sars, 1874), suggesting that both species could be congeneric. A description of specimens of C. producta collected along the NW African coast is also provided.

Preparation of Crosslinked Poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide)-Grafted Deproteinized Natural Rubber/Silica Composites as Coating Materials for Controlled Release of Fertilizer.

The crosslinked poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide)-grafted deproteinized natural rubber/silica ((PAA-co-PAM)-DPNR/silica) composites were prepared and applied as coating materials for fertilizer in this work. The crosslinked (PAA-co-PAM)-DPNR was prepared via emulsion graft copolymerization in the presence of MBA as a crosslinking agent. The modified DPNR was mixed with various contents of silica (10 to 30 phr) to form the composites. The existence of crosslinked (PAA-co-PAM) after modification provided a water adsorption ability to DPNR. The swelling degree values of composites were found in the range of 2217.3 ± 182.0 to 8132.3 ± 483.8%. The addition of silica in the composites resulted in an improvement in mechanical properties. The crosslinked (PAA-co-PAM)-DPNR with 20 phr of silica increased its compressive strength and compressive modulus by 1.61 and 1.55 times compared to the unloaded silica sample, respectively. There was no breakage of samples after 80% compression strain. Potassium nitrate, a model fertilizer, was loaded into chitosan beads with a loading percentage of 40.55 ± 1.03% and then coated with the modified natural rubber/silica composites. The crosslinked (PAA-co-PAM)-DPNR/silica composites as the outer layers had the ability of holding water in their structure and retarded the release of fertilizer. These composites could be promising materials for controlled release and water retention that would have potential for agricultural application.

Material flow and environmental performance of the source segregated biowaste composting system.

Life cycle assessment (LCA) is performed to investigate the environmental impacts of two alternative approaches in a biowaste management system. The system inventory is based on actual data and on-site sampling for two consecutive years at the mechanical and biological treatment (MBT) facility at the prefecture of Chania (Greece). The facility pertains as MBT for household waste and material recycling (MR) for the recyclable fractions in two different process lines. The mass balances and environmental performance are assessed from waste generation to end-use. The LCA and ReCiPe 2016 methodology estimate the endpoint environmental impacts on human health, ecosystem quality and resource scarcity. The results show that biowaste source segregation in an integrated waste management system not only significantly benefits its recoverability potential it also improves its environmental performance. Impacts on human health (HH) have reduced by 4.6 times, on freshwater ecosystem quality (EQf) by 6.3 times and resource scarcity (RS) usage by 2.5 times when biowaste is combined with compost production and use, material recovery and reprocessing for fertilizer and raw material substitution.

Transfer knowledge of organic agriculture for healthy horticulture cultivation on the Bengawan Solo River, Central Java

Organic farming practices are needed to maintain soil fertility and the health of horticultural products on the banks of the Bengawan Solo river in Jangglengan village, Sukoharjo. This community service aims to teach the farming community about organic farming principles and the practice of making liquid organic fertilizer to support healthy horticultural farming on riverbanks in the Jangglengan area. The partner group, the Jangglengan village government, involves 60 farmer representatives. The methods used were focus group discussion, practices for making liquid organic fertilizer, and evaluation. The results of community service activities show that 75% farmers can show good organic waste material for organic fertilizer, and 95% farmers had improved skills and were able to try making fertilizer by themselves. This organic farming socialization is a good start toward implementing good agricultural practices on the land along the Bengawan Solo River in Jangglengan.

Strategi Pemasaran Untuk Meningkatkan Penjualan Pupuk Organik Pumakkal

Organic fertilizers are fertilizers that come from various materials for making natural fertilizers such as animal manure, animal body parts, plants, which are rich in minerals and are good for the use of soil enrichment. Pumakal fertilizer is one of the organic fertilizers developed by PT Pumahitari to increase production in the agricultural sector and prevent land degradation. Sources of organic fertilizer materials are very diverse, such as Pumakkal organic fertilizer which is made using pineapple waste. It aims to recycle pineapple waste so as to help reduce environmental pollution from the waste. This study aims to determine the marketing strategy to increase sales of Pumakkal organic fertilizer. The method used in this research is descriptive with a qualitative approach. The implementation of marketing strategy plays a very important role in increasing sales of Pumakkal Organic Fertilizer. In implementing the marketing strategy of Pumakkal Organic Fertilizer, currently, three components in the theory of marketing strategy have been implemented, namely segmentation, targeting, and positioning. However, the implementation of Pumakkal's Organic Fertilizer marketing strategy has not been optimal in the targeting and positioning components, so it has not been able to increase sales. The results of the research using the SWOT Matrix of PT. Pumahitari is able to take advantage of existing opportunities with its strengths, this is good for the company to reduce weaknesses and minimize threats in order to increase sales. besides that, it can also be concluded that several developments through consideration of internal factors and external factors of the company can be beneficial for the progress of PT. Pumahitari.

Lamprophyre magmatism triggering the formation of the Zhuxi granites related to the world-largest scheelite skarn deposit in South China

The Zhuxi deposit (3.44 Mt. WO3 @0.54%) is the largest tungsten deposit in the world. Although ore-related granitic magmas are correlated with the partial melting of fertile supracrustal material, the heat source triggering the partial melting of fertile supracrustal material has been poorly constrained. To unravel the petrogenesis of the granites, we study the widespread lamprophyre dike swarms coeval with the ore-related granites. Phenocrysts within the lamprophyres are dominated by amphibole, plus a small amount of eastonite. The amphibole phenocrysts exhibit complex internal structures, but the similar geochemical characteristics reveal that they are “antecrysts” recycled from earlier stages of the same magma system that underwent the repeated injection of mafic magmas. Pressure estimates using the Al-in-amphibole geobarometer reveal that most amphibole crystals crystallized at depths of ∼22 km and/or ∼ 10 km, suggesting that lamprophyric magmas most likely ponded at depths of ∼22 km (i.e., the Conrad discontinuity) to form magmatic reservoirs, which in turn fed higher-level magmatic reservoirs that formed at depths of ∼10 km. Both calculations based on energy conservation and simulation results obtained from the quantitative energy-constrained assimilation fractional crystallization (EC-AFC) model consistently reveal that intense partial melting of metagraywackes above the Conrad discontinuity could occur in the temperature interval between 800 °C and 820 °C due to the underplating of lamprophyric magmas. In combination with previous studies showing that the ore-related granitic magmas of the Zhuxi deposit formed at depths of ∼22 km (∼6 kbar) through the biotite dehydration melting of fertile metagraywackes, it can be inferred that the underplating of lamprophyric magmas could have induced the effective partial melting of the overlying fertile supracrustal material, thus forming granitic magmas with significant W endowment. Therefore, the initial appearance of lamprophyres in a district with W-enriched metasedimentary basement rocks should serve as an important prospecting criterion for large-scale tungsten deposits.

Synthesis of Zeolite/NPK Coated with Cu-Alginate-PVA-Glutaraldehyde as a Slow-Release Fertilizer

The objectives of this study were to synthesize zeolite/NPK coated with Cu-alginate-PVA-glutaraldehyde as a material for slow-release fertilizers and to study the effect of various Cu concentrations in the coating material on the resistance of the zeolite/NPK fertilizer and to study the release rate reaction in citric acid. The study began with the synthesis of the zeolite/NPK fertilizer and the Cu-alginate-PVA-glutaraldehyde coating materials with variations of Cu concentration of 0.0; 0.2; 0.4; 0.6; 0.8; and 1.0 M. The Zeolite/NPK fertilizer and the coated NPK fertilizer were characterized by XRD and FTIR. The determination of the released N and P was conducted using a UV-Visible spectrophotometer, while released K and Cu was analyzed using AAS. XRD showed that the composite had a crystalline structure. The FTIR spectra showed characteristic cross-linking interactions between PVA-glutaraldehyde and Cu-alginate. A study of the release kinetics of zeolite/NPK coated with Cu-alginate-PVA-glutaraldehyde showed that increasing Cu concentration to 0.4 M decreased the amount of nutrition released, and the release process followed the pseudo-second-order kinetics. The release rate constants of N,P,K and Cu in the citric acid medium on zeolite/NPK coated with Cu 0.4 M were 8.49 × 10−3, 17.48 × 10−3, 21.73 × 10−3, and 8.57 × 10−3 mg g−1 h−1, respectively.

Synthesis, characterization and application of dewatered municipal sludge-based creamsite and its phosphorus adsorption characteristics

Direct utilization of sludge-based biochar for phosphorus recovery exists numerous deficiencies (secondary pollution, poor stability, etc.). This study further explored dewatered sludge/bentonite ceramsite application for large-scale use of sludge-based biochar with low potential environmental risk. The best parameters for optimized ceramsite (SBC 900) were concluded as follows: mass ratio (dewatered sludge: bentonite: kaolin: starch) was 5:5:2:2 with 5% Na2SiO3, preheating temperature = 400 ° C, sintering temperature = 900 ° C. Batch experiments show that the optimized ceramsite could significantly remove phosphorus (Qe: 4.29 mg g−1) in a wide pH range (4–10). Column studies with quantitative analysis demonstrated that SBC 900 as fillings could effectively control phosphorus effluent during advanced treatment process. Breakthrough curves of SBC 900 from column experiments were described well by Thomas model (QT: 0.3691 mg g−1) and Yan model (QY: 0.1417 mg g−1). Compared to other factors, human acid (HA) is the key factor restricting advanced treatment of secondary effluent. Saturated ceramsite could be simply separated for subsequent utilization (fertilizer or building materials) to shift solid wastes toward marketable resources. This study provided another safer sludge resource utilization and effluent advanced treatment view which could be a beneficial and sustainable solution for sludge reclamation.

Impacts of organic materials amendment on the soil antibiotic resistome in subtropical paddy fields.

The organic material amendment has been proven to change the soil antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) profile, which may threaten human health through the food chain, but the effects and mechanisms of different organic materials on ARGs in paddy soils are less explored. In this study, a field experiment was set up with the treatments of conventional chemical fertilization (NPK) and common organic material amendment [rice straw (RS), swine manure (SM), and biochar (BC)] to explore the effects and mechanisms. In total, 84 unique ARGs were found across the soil samples with different organic material amendments, and they conferred resistance to the major antibiotic classes. Compared with NPK, SM significantly increased the detected number and relative abundance of ARGs. A higher detected number of ARGs than NPK was observed in BC, whereas BC had a lower relative abundance of ARGs than NPK. Compared with NPK, a detected number decrease was observed in RS, although abundance showed no significant differences. Compared with other treatments, a higher detected number and relative abundance of mobile genetic elements (MGEs) were observed in BC, indicating a higher potential for horizontal gene transfer. There were significantly positive relationships between the relative abundances of total ARGs and MGEs and the bacterial abundance. The network analysis suggested the important role of MGEs and bacterial communities in shaping the ARGs profile. Mantel test and redundancy analysis (RDA) suggested that soil carbon, nitrogen, and C/N were the major chemical drivers of the ARGs profile. The risk of ARGs spreading to the food chain should be considered when applying SM and biochar, which shifted the ARGs and MGEs profiles, respectively. Pre-treatment measures need to be studied to reduce the dissemination of ARGs in paddy fields.

Utilization of Household Waste into Liquid Organic Fertilizer: Empowering Community Collaborated with Muhammadiyah Branch Office of Colomadu Karanganyar Indonesia

Waste is stuff that is useless, underused, or abandoned as a byproduct of a process. The amount of organic household waste produces new environmental concerns, thus there must be a method to reduce it, one of which is converting it into liquid organic fertilizer. Organic waste can be utilized as a raw material to make organic fertilizers (liquid fertilizer and compost), which farmers can use. A moist organic matter or organic material with high water content, such as fruit or vegetable residue, is an excellent source material for liquid fertilizer made from organic waste. The goal of this community service is to teach people how to make liquid organic fertilizer out of household garbage, to conduct NPK tests for liquid organic fertilizer (POC), and to offer training and packaging support for POC products women's farming group (KWT) Berkah Tani 2. As a result of this community service project, the KWT Berkah Tani 2 has gained experience in producing liquid organic fertilizer, which will aid in reducing organic waste in the Colomadu region attempting to sell POC items derived from organic garbage.

A new species of Anthurium (Araceae) from Mexico and resurrection of Anthurium macdougallii

Anthurium hentrichianum Díaz Jim., Pérez‐Farr. & Croat a new species belonging to A. section Andiphilum (Schott) Croat from the Sierra de Juarez, north of Oaxaca, Mexico is described and illustrated. This new species is characterized by its large size (up to 80 cm long), broadly sulcate petioles with acute margins, long geniculum (2.0–3.5 cm long) and broadly ovate to oblong‐triangular blades (56–68 cm long) with basal, and primary lateral veins usually tinged red‐purple on the lower surface. Based on a detailed review of herbarium specimens, and a comparison with specimens collected at the type localities of A. andicola Liebm. and A. macdougallii Matuda, we conclude that A. macdougallii, a taxon currently considered to be a synonym of A. andicola is a distinct species, and A. oaxacamonticola Matuda is synonymized to A. macdougallii. Anthurium andicola and A. macdougallii are re‐described with a more complete description, using fertile, living and dry material collected at its type localities.

EFFECT OF VARIOUS IRRIGATION LEVELS AND FERTILIZER MATERIALS ON WATER USE AND YIELD OF ONION UNDER CHECK BASIN IRRIGATION

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of various irrigation levels and fertilizer materials on water use and yield of onion crop (Allium cepa L.). The experiment was carried out at the Irrigation Research Farm which is located at latitude 110 11’ N longitude 70 38’E and 686m above the mean sea level in the Northern Guinea Savanna ecological zone of Nigeria (semi-arid zone). A randomized block design was used, with four irrigation levels and three fertilizer materials in three replications. Water was conveyed to the check basins using calibrated 7.5cm diameter Plastic pipes under observation using stopwatch. The minimum crop water use was 275.4mm corresponding to the treatment 25% irrigation level and chicken droppings (CH) while the maximum CWU was 405.2mm corresponding to 100% irrigation level and Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium (NPK). The crop water use efficiency varied from a minimum value of 1.24kg/m3 recorded at 25% irrigation level and NPK to a maximum value of 2.41 kg/m3 recorded at 100% irrigation level and CD. The highest irrigation water use efficiency of 1.02kg/m3 was recorded at 25% irrigation level and CH while the corresponding lowest value of 0.23kg/m3 was recorded at the 75% irrigation level and NPK. This implies that irrigation water use efficiency has an indirect relationship with irrigation level. The biomass yield ranged from the minimum of 22.0 t/ha recorded at the 75% irrigation level and NPK to the maximum of 39.2t/ha obtained from 100% irrigation level and CH. After curing, the yield ranged from 13.9t/ha to 25.6t/ha obtained from 25% irrigation level and CD and 100% irrigation level and CH respectively.

Recycling of municipal waste in crop production as condition for reducing the toxicological load on ecosystems

In the period from 2013 to 2020, in all regions of Russia, there was an increase in household waste by 4.5-6.9 times an average. The study has identified that the properties of some wastes allow using them in economic sphere; it predetermines the interest in wastes as a secondary material resource. Some waste can be used as a fertilizer material and a substance for soil formation. It has to be considered that waste use can cause a number of serious negative processes, affecting all components of the ecosystem. Moreover, the polluting strength depends on the chemical composition of waste and the regulations for waste use. The purpose of the study is a geoecologic assessment of the resource potential of household waste in Orel in order to determine the possibility of their subsequent use in the region’s agriculture. The authors have presented the results of a ten-year monitoring of the resource potential of sewage sludge. According to chemical and biological components determined by the analyses, the examined waste belongs to IV, V classes of danger to the environment. It proves that they can serve as an organomineral fertilizer for the biological reclamation of disturbed lands.

DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGIES, MECHANIZATION AND AUTOMATION’S METHODS OF PREMISES FROM EXCREMENT CLEANING AND ORGANIC FERTILIZERS’ PREPARATION

Premises for animals and poultry keeping from excrement cleaning and organic fertilizers preparation - are one of animals and poultry keeping laborintensive and energyintensive processes. At the same time, excrements are an extremely important raw material for organic fertilizers’ producing and necessary for cultivated crops’ high yields and soil fertility maintain obtaining. There on all farms’ categories, manure yield in manure’s physical weight is 294 million tons per year or 211 million tons in terms of litter manure. At cows tied keeping, up to 20% of the working time spent on animal maintenance on premises for excrements’ cleaning is spent. Various technical means and technologies have been created and used to manure removal from premises mechanizing and organic fertilizers preparation. In the System of machines for the period up to 2030, 39 names and standard sizes of technical means are provided, 10 of them are new, 17 ones are subjects for modernization, 11 ones without modification’s use are recommended. The analysis of their development, conditions and effectiveness’ application is given. The acceleration of livestock technological progress mechanization and automation, resourcesaving production’s technologies use will also contribute to social, demographic and environmental problems of the village’s successful solution. The environmental problems solution caused by production should also be carried out along the way of livestock production’s owners endowing at land of sufficient area for the entire excrement’s output using.