Ferrous Slag Research Articles

Environment-friendly method of high alkaline bauxite's Red Mud and Ferrous Slag utilization as an example of green chemistry

This paper focuses on the development of new environment-friendly construction materials based on Red Mud – the mineral processing waste from bauxite. This type of waste is commonly produced by Al-plants during the Bayer process. The new materials consist only of industrial wastes. However, their strength can be accelerated by adding small amounts (2%) of CaO or Portland cement. Only amorphous new formations have been found to grow during the materials' strengthening process. The high strength of these new materials renders them applicable in the construction of roads and airfield runways, levee cores, industrial and municipal dumps, building foundations, in tile and brick production, etc. In addition to the economic advantages of these materials, they are extremely easy to use and do not create new residues.

Global Red Mud Reduction Potential Through Optimised Technologies and Ore Selection

Mineral Resources EngineeringVol. 09, No. 04, pp. 407-420 (2000) No AccessGLOBAL RED MUD REDUCTION POTENTIAL THROUGH OPTIMISED TECHNOLOGIES AND ORE SELECTIONJ. HAUSBERG, U. HAPPEL, F. M. MEYER, M. MISTRY, M. RÖHRLICH, H. KOCH, P. N. MARTENS, J. SCHLIMBACH, G. ROMBACH, and J. KRÜGERJ. HAUSBERGInstitute of Mineralogy and Economic Geology, University of Technology Aachen, D-52056 Aachen, Germany Search for more papers by this author , U. HAPPELInstitute of Mineralogy and Economic Geology, University of Technology Aachen, D-52056 Aachen, Germany Search for more papers by this author , F. M. MEYERInstitute of Mineralogy and Economic Geology, University of Technology Aachen, D-52056 Aachen, Germany Search for more papers by this author , M. MISTRYInstitute of Mining Engineering I, University of Technology Aachen, D-52056 Aachen, Germany Search for more papers by this author , M. RÖHRLICHInstitute of Mining Engineering I, University of Technology Aachen, D-52056 Aachen, Germany Search for more papers by this author , H. KOCHInstitute of Mining Engineering I, University of Technology Aachen, D-52056 Aachen, Germany Search for more papers by this author , P. N. MARTENSInstitute of Mining Engineering I, University of Technology Aachen, D-52056 Aachen, Germany Search for more papers by this author , J. SCHLIMBACHInstitute of Nonferrous Process Metallurgy, University of Technology Aachen, D-52056 Aachen, Germany Search for more papers by this author , G. ROMBACHInstitute of Nonferrous Process Metallurgy, University of Technology Aachen, D-52056 Aachen, Germany Search for more papers by this author , and J. KRÜGERInstitute of Nonferrous Process Metallurgy, University of Technology Aachen, D-52056 Aachen, Germany Search for more papers by this author https://doi.org/10.1142/S0950609800000354Cited by:6 PreviousNext AboutSectionsPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsRecommend to Library ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail AbstractProduction of aluminium from bauxite comprises a number of steps that can be traced by a materials-flow analysis. The first stage — the Bayer process — involves refining of bauxite, resulting in the production of alumina (Al2O3) and the separation of an insoluble residue from the pregnant solution. On a worldwide scale, this so-called "red mud" accumulates in large amounts and thus represents a major problem, both from an ecological and economical point of view. Depending on the quality of the bauxite and the technical layout of the Bayer process, between 1.1 and 6.2 tons of red mud are generated per 1 ton of alumina produced. According to the materials input into the Bayer Process (i.e. bauxite and chemicals) the resulting red mud comprises a geogenetic and a process related part. This study firstly defines and characterises critical bauxite parameters that influence process conditions during digestion, secondly quantifies these parameters, and thirdly identifies optimisation potentials for a reduction of red mud production. Finally, based on these results, model calculations of geological and technical scenarios are presented that trace the flow of raw materials during the production of alumina from bauxite. FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited By 6Hazardous spent methanol synthesis catalyst waste and ground cooled ferrous slag application to produce sustainable ceramicsVsévolod Mymrin, Reinaldo H. G. Alarcon, Marilia A. Guidolin, Walderson Klitzke and Monica A. Avanci et al.31 March 2022 | The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 120, No. 7-8A review of the characterization and revegetation of bauxite residues (Red mud)Shengguo Xue, Feng Zhu, Xiangfeng Kong, Chuan Wu and Ling Huang et al.26 April 2015 | Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Vol. 23, No. 2Reclamation of reactive metal oxides from complex minerals using alkali roasting and leaching – an improved approach to process engineeringS. Sanchez-Segado, T. Makanyire, L. Escudero-Castejon, Y. Hara and A. Jha1 January 2015 | Green Chemistry, Vol. 17, No. 4Bauxite Processing Residue: A Critical Review of Its Formation, Properties, Storage, and RevegetationB. E. H. Jones and R. J. Haynes31 Jan 2011 | Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 41, No. 3Fresh Water Leaching of Alkaline Bauxite Residue after Sea Water NeutralizationNeal W. Menzies, Ian M. Fulton, Rosemary A. Kopittke and Peter M. Kopittke1 September 2009 | Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 38, No. 5Revegetation Strategies for Bauxite Refinery Residue: A Case Study of Alcan Gove in Northern Territory, AustraliaJ. Bernhard Wehr, Ian Fulton and Neal W. Menzies2 February 2006 | Environmental Management, Vol. 37, No. 3 Recommended Vol. 09, No. 04 Metrics History PDF download

Une occupation du haut Moyen Age dans le bocage normand à Saint-Ouen-des-Besaces (Calvados)

The setting of «Les Flaux» in Saint-Ouen-des-Besaces, corresponds to a rural settlement in the norman pré-Bocage of the 8th-10th centuries, organized around one large opened ditch and a second curvilinear, not so deep enclosure. Several plans of buildings have been recognized among the post-holes discovered. Agricultural and metallurgie works, such as stockpiling and crushing of grains, forging of iron tools and production of small bronze objects in a simple fire place, are attested by the artefacts gathered during the excavations. Moreover, charcoal and ferrous slag may signify the presence of a furnace not so far. This metallurgie activity is reilected by toponymy all around the area of Saint-Ouen-des-Besaces, where it is linked to a strong regional tradition favoured by the natural resources, like wood and charcoal coming from the «Forest of la Besace» exploited during the 12th century, running water and iron ore found in the superior part of the ground.

SEM-, EDS- and GDOES investigations for the identification of historical ferrous ore and slag from Sternmühlenthal valley in the outskirts of Chemnitz

SEM, EDS and GDOES investigations on ferrous ore and slag samples contribute to the local history of mining and metallurgy. Quantitative X-ray analysis confirms the ore to be limonite. The slag consists of fayalithe and incompletely reduced ore parts (iron scale). Additional calcium and charcoal inclusions were reactants of the bloomery process. The charcoal shows anatomical details of spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). A multitude of typical trace elements was detected by GDOES both in ore and slag samples. The comparison of normalised GDOES signals for a series of constituents showed that the ore from the assumed deposit (Euba) was processed in the location (Sternmuhlenthal), where the slag was discarded. The process was probably performed in the 17th century.

Treating electroplating residues with thermal plasmas

A process for the treatment of sludge containing heavy metals generated in electroplating processes has been developed. The process is based on the use of a plasma system and allows the recovery of some of the metals contained in the sludge, while generating totally inert slags as by-products. Experiments performed for the treatment of zinc-rich residues (20% zinc) showed that zinc can be recovered in the process (metallic or oxide form) while generating both a ferrous slag containing heavy metals and a ceramic type of slag (originated from the silica and calcium oxide contained in the sludge). The two types of slags are inert and produced when treating any type of electroplating residues using the described technology; the slags can be sold to steelmakers (in the case of the metallic slag), used as bedroad fillers (in the case of the ceramic slag), or discarded without risks for the environment. Laboratory-scale tests have been conducted, and a pilot plant that is capable of treating up to 150 kg/h of electroplating residues has been built.

97/04060 Cobalt recovery from molten ferrous slag by injection treatment with smelting

97/04060 Cobalt recovery from molten ferrous slag by injection treatment with smelting

The determination of low levels of crystalline silica in slag and silica fume

The determination of low levels of the quartz form of crystalline silica in ferrous slags and silica fume samples was carried out using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Such quantitative information is required for the classification of these and other cementitous materials according to the Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS) and other environmental as well as health and safety provisions. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) now requires Materials Safety Data Sheets for products containing 0.1% or more crystalline silica. A calibration curve correlating the quartz content with the height of the endothermic peak of the α/β quartz polymorphic transformation was constructed using the standard addition method. The technique and the methodology were found to be reliable and convenient, and enabled the detection of quartz levels below 0.1% in the samples.

スラグの回収と再利用

Since the amount of slag generated in ferrous and non-ferrous metals production isconsiderably large, its effective utilization is one of the most significant issues in the industries. Therefore the great effort has beenmade to develop their new applications.In this paper, the current situation and problems on this matter are discussed.In the steel industry, most of ferrous slag is now utilized as a law material for cement production, road construction and so on. Non-ferrous slags are becoming widely used in these days, the usage is however far from satisfactory level in respect both of quantity and price. It is important for these industries to resolve these problems in order to develop new processes or to produce new materials which have higher values added.

An intergrown perovskite-wollastonite phase in some ferrous blast-furnace slags

During crystallization of silicate liquids, TiO2 tends to form its own mineral. Ferrous blast-furnace slags generally have perovskite as the titanium-rich phase. However, a rounded and fibrous phase, crystallizing instead of perovskite, has been observed in some slag samples: it has an apparently late position in the order of crystallization. Detailed electron microprobe analysis and X-ray diffraction have indicated that this unusual phase is composed of intergrown perovskite and wollastonite. However, wollastonite should not be an equilibrium phase in these slags. Therefore, a series of simple high-temperature furnace experiments were conducted to examine possible origins of this intergrowth. Solid solution, liquid immiscibility, and eutectic growth have all been discounted as possible explanations of the intergrowth. However, blast-furnace slags are non-equilibrium products, and their residual liquids crystallize independently. This intergrown perovskite—wollastonite phase has been accounted for as a product of fractional crystallization within the system CaO-MgO-Al2O3-TiO2-SiO2.

鉄合金およびスラグ融体の構造解明の現状(1)

鉄合金およびスラグ融体の構造解明の現状(1)

鉄合金およびスラグ融体の構造解明の現状(2)

鉄合金およびスラグ融体の構造解明の現状(2)

Slag corrosion of silicic tamped masses

The slag erosion of silicic masses in contact with ferrous slags of basicity 3.0, 2.5, and 1.0 has been studied. The wear is determined by the predominant dissolution of the refractory in the slag melt. The phase transformations occurring in the slag-encrusted and slag-free zones of the refractory include the degeneration ofα-quartz into cristobalite.

Slag erosion of spinel and spinel — Periclase refractories

The physicochemical conversions of spinel-periclase refractories by the action of the penetrating slag melt consist of the ferrous component of the slag being absorbed by the periclase and spinels and being distributed between them in the form of solid solutions while the lime -silicate part of the melt reacts with the periclase and spinels to form meta- and ortho-silicates and alumino- and chromocalcium compounds. The direction of the dominant mass transfer by the action of slags of the system Fe2O3-CaO-SiO2 on the refractory depends on the CaO/SiO2 ratio while the degree of refractory erosion depends to a large extent on the composition and amount of the spinel. The action of acid slag results in refractory material being transferred to the slag so that the refractory-slag boundary shifts in the direction of the refractory. In the action of basic slags on the refractory the dominant process is slag adsorption. In this case the position of the refractory-slag boundary remains almost unchanged. Unlike the solubility of the periclase, that of the spinels increases with the SiO2 content of the slag but its absolute magnitude remains lower than the solubility of the periclase. The composition and percent of the spinels which increase the resistance of periclase refractories to the action of slag depend on the composition of the slag. When a spinel-periclase refractory is to be exposed to the action of ferrous slag of a basic chemical composition, a refractory of periclase and high-alumina spinels is preferred. For acid slags the refractory should consist of periclase and high-chrome spinels containing a maximum (80–100%) of MgCr2O4.

Heterogeneous Equilibria and Phase Diagrams

Each year the problem of reviewing in a few pages the large field of heterogeneous equilibria and phase diagrams becomes more difficult. The number of good papers in this field has increased each year as the practical value of the results has become apparent in such widely diverse fields as improvement of metals by alloying or heat treatment, substitution for criti­ cally scarce metals, ferrous and nonferrous slag metallurgy, surface finishing of metals, control of corrosion and oxidation of metals, glass making, develop­ ment of high-temperature refractories, cement technology, geologic ther­ mometry, the origin of rocks, minerals and ores, the separation and purifi­ cation of solid and liquid organic compounds, the preparation and purifica­ tion of chemicals. the utilization of natural products. the development of useful byproducts. and a host of other industrial developments. During this past year the literature has been particularly extensive because of the large number of good papers, published in Russian journals during the past few years, which have just become accessible this year by inclusion in the 1954 volume of Chemical Abstracts. More than 500 papers in the phase-equilibriu m field were noted. In this review we have tried to mention, at least by subject matter, those which contain important pertinent data. One of the best methods for presenting the results on heterogeneous systems is that proposed by Bogue & Newkirk (1) in their review of this subject two years ago in the Annual Review of Physical Chemistry. This method, based on chemical composition, divides the subject into five broad categories: (a) aqueous salt systems, (b) organic systems, (c) anhydrous salt systems, (d) metallic systems, and (e) oxides and refractory systems. Be­ cause of their long-range importance, we first of all call attention to the re­ cent advances in graphical methods, theoretical studies, new experimental techniques and apparatus, and cite reviews of certain aspects of phase equilibria. GRAPHICAL METHODS AND THEORETICAL STUDIES