Ferrous Content Research Articles

Iron-enriched mycelia of edible and medicinal basidiomycetes

ABSTRACT Iron bioaccumulation in basidiomycetes is an alternative to recover ferrous sulphate from titanium dioxide pigment production and to produce an iron-enriched mycelial biomass. This study aimed to evaluate iron bioaccumulation capacity in vegetative mycelium of edible and medicinal fungi grown in malt extract liquid medium with different ferrous sulphate contents. Five basidiomycetes were grown in malt extract liquid medium with different iron contents from 0.116 to 100 mg L−1 iron. The iron content of dried mycelial biomass bioaccumulated with iron was determined by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. All fungi grew on the iron culture media and the mycelial biomass growth ranged from 3.24 ± 0.65a mg mL−1 to 12.46 ± 0.29 mg mL−1. Iron addition to culture media increased the iron content in the mycelial biomass from 4000–13,000-fold compared with control. Pleurotus ostreatus (2181 ± 218 mg kg−1) presented the greatest iron content in the mycelial biomass, followed by Schizophyllum commune (1769 ± 131 mg kg−1), Agaricus subrufescens (1272 ± 8.84 mg kg−1), and Ganoderma lucidum (840 ± 75 mg kg−1). P. ostreatus, followed by S. commune, and G. lucidum at 90 and 100 mg L−1 iron in the culture medium are the best choices to produce iron-enriched mycelial biomass. This extensive study of several edible and medicinal basidiomycetes grown in different iron contents was effective in recovering ferrous sulphate byproduct and transferring it to mycelium to produce a new nutraceutical food of iron-enriched mycelial biomass.

Isothermal reduction kinetics of zinc calcine under carbon monoxide

Abstract The reduction kinetics of zinc calcine under a CO atmosphere was evaluated by isothermal reductive roasting in a temperature range of 600−800 °C. The extent of reaction of zinc calcine was measured using thermogravimetry (TG), and the decomposition mechanism of zinc ferrite in zinc calcine was analyzed based on variations in the soluble zinc and ferrous contents. The results indicate that the reaction was controlled by the nucleation of the products, with an apparent activation energy of 65.28 kJ/mol. The partial pressure of CO affected the reaction rate more strongly than the CO intensity (defined as PCO/(PCO+PCO2)). The generation rate of zinc oxide was higher than that of ferrous oxide; therefore, the nucleation of ferrous oxide is the rate-determining step of the reaction.

The Use of Peanut’s Shells and Sawdust Absorbents for Reduced Iron (Fe) Levels of Dug Well Water Puspitaloka Residence Housing at Tanjungpinang City in 2019

Iron (Fe) levels in the dug well water of the community in Puspitaloka Residence Housing exceeded the quality standard so processing is needed to reduce the levels of iron contained in the dug well water. The purpose of this study was to determine the differences use of peanut's skin and sawdust absorbents to reduce levels of ferrous in dug well water. This study included pre-experimental research using the design of the one group pretest-posttest. The sampling technique was used in a purposive sampling method. Data analysis were Univariate and Bivariate analysis. Statistical tests used the Wilcoxon Signed Rank test and the Mann Whitney Test. The results showed a decrease in ferrous content using them. The presence of cellulose content in its had the potential to absorb iron. The results of the treatment the highest decrease, using peanut's shells absorbents occurred in the addition of 5 grams with a percentage of 54.41%. While the treatment using sawdust absorbent, occurred at the addition of 10 grams with a percentage of 84.43%. There was a difference the used of peanut's shells and sawdust absorbents to reduce iron levels in the water of the Puspitaloka Residence Housing dug well.

Terrestrial alteration mineral assemblages in the NWA 10416 olivine phyric shergottite

We report on the alteration history of the olivine-phyric, highly depleted (HD) shergottite, Northwest Africa (NWA) 10416, paying particular attention to the origin of the aqueous alteration seen affecting the meteorite’s olivine megacrysts. The rock’s interior displays 1 mm, zoned, altered olivine megacrysts set in a groundmass of clinopyroxene, unzoned olivine, and interstitial plagioclase and maskelynite. Synchrotron micro X-ray diffraction (µ-XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) show that plagioclase and maskelynite have been partially replaced by kaolinite. The relict olivine megacryst cores display a unique concentric colouration for martian meteorites, having central amber-coloured zones surrounded by a brown mantle zone, with the rims remaining clear and unaltered. This colouration is a result of fluid alteration and partial replacement, with hydration. TEM analysis revealed the ∼200 nm scale banded and largely amorphous nature of the alteration, but with some (∼20%) relict crystalline olivine patches. Although the coloured olivine zones show cation and anion site vacancies compared to stoichiometric olivine, a relict igneous compositional trend is preserved in the megacrysts, from Mg-rich altered cores (Mg# = 76) to unaltered stoichiometric rims (Fo53). Synchrotron Fe-K X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) analysis revealed that the coloured zones of the megacryst have different Fe oxidation values. High ferric contents are present in the brown mantle zones (Fe3+/ΣFe ≤ 0.92) and the amber zones (Fe3+/ΣFe ≤ 0.30), whereas the clear rims are ferrous. This suggests alteration occurred in an oxidising environment and that the sharp contrast in colour of the megacryst (brown to clear) is a record of a relict fluid reaction front.In order to test the terrestrial or extraterrestrial origin of the alteration, olivine material from a shock-melt vein was analysed by TEM. The analysis revealed 0.952 nm curved d-spacing’s from clay alteration undisturbed by any shock effects, strongly suggesting a terrestrial origin. The d-spacing values most likely represent a collapsed saponite or vermiculite, showing that in some places olivine has been replaced by crystalline clay.Oxygen isotope analysis of bulk (Δ17O = 0.309 ± 0.009 (2σ) ‰) and amber-coloured megacryst material (=0.271 ± 0.002 (2σ) ‰), are also consistent with terrestrial alteration. We propose a model in which, during the meteorite’s time in Northwest Africa, low-temperature, likely acidic, groundwater exploited fractures. The fluid altered the olivine megacrysts in a way that was controlled by the pre-existing, igneous compositional zonation, with Mg-rich olivine being more susceptible to alteration in this fluid environment. The plagioclase and maskelynite were also altered to a high degree. After the alteration event it is likely that NWA 10416 had a significant residence time in Northwest Africa, accounting for terrestrial calcite and the dehydration of some clay phases.

Evolution of chromium, manganese and iron oxidation state during conversion of nuclear waste melter feed to molten glass

Oxidation state and chemical conversion of three surrogate nuclear high-level waste melter feeds heat treated to temperatures between 500 and 1200 °C were studied using X-ray near-edge structure, feed expansion tests, X-ray diffraction, and evolved gas analyses. For the high-chromium feed (3.00 mass% Cr2O3 in glass), the average Cr oxidation state was predominately Cr3+ at the lowest and highest heat-treatment temperatures and Cr6+ at intermediate temperatures while the Fe coordination shifted from octahedral to non-centrosymmetric tetrahedral at higher temperatures with Fe oxidation state unchanged. For the high-manganese-high-iron feed (3.23 mass% MnO and 16.01 mass% Fe2O3 in glass), the average Mn oxidation state decreased from 4 to ~2 while the Fe oxidation state shifted towards increasing ferrous content and changed from five-fold coordination to tetrahedral. For the high-alumina feed (24.02 mass% Al2O3 in glass), average Fe coordination did not change, but Fe oxidation state shifted towards higher ferrous content with increasing temperature.

Macrofluidic Coaxial Flow Platforms to Produce Tunable Magnetite Nanoparticles: A Study of the Effect of Reaction Conditions and Biomineralisation Protein Mms6.

Magnetite nanoparticles’ applicability is growing extensively. However, simple, environmentally-friendly, tunable synthesis of monodispersed iron-oxide nanoparticles is challenging. Continuous flow microfluidic synthesis is promising; however, the microscale results in small yields and clogging. Here we present two simple macrofluidics devices (cast and machined) for precision magnetite nanoparticle synthesis utilizing formation at the interface by diffusion between two laminar flows, removing aforementioned issues. Ferric to total iron was varied between 0.2 (20:80 Fe3+:Fe2+) and 0.7 (70:30 Fe3+:Fe2+). X-ray diffraction shows magnetite in fractions from 0.2–0.6, with iron-oxide impurities in 0.7, 0.2 and 0.3 samples and magnetic susceptibility increases with increasing ferric content to 0.6, in agreement with each other and batch synthesis. Remarkably, size is tuned (between 20.5 nm to 6.5 nm) simply by increasing ferric ions ratio. Previous research shows biomineralisation protein Mms6 directs magnetite synthesis and controls size, but until now has not been attempted in flow. Here we report Mms6 increases magnetism, but no difference in particle size is seen, showing flow reduced the influence of Mms6. The study demonstrates a versatile yet simple platform for the synthesis of a vast range of tunable nanoparticles and ideal to study reaction intermediates and additive effects throughout synthesis.

Removal of Fe (II) in groundwater using rice husk-sourced biosorbent in continuous column adsorption

Ferrous is one of the groundwater contaminants that negatively impacts health and the environment. The allowed ferrous content is < 1 ppm in water for daily use. Removal of Fe in groundwater by adsorption using low-cost bio-sorbent from rice husk has been conducted. The process was carried out in continuous mode using two types of rice husk-sourced adsorbents, one was only carbonated at 400 C and another was followed by a physical activation at 650 C. To study the effects of physical activation on the surface characteristics, both types of biosorbents were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscope and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The concentration of artificial sample before and after adsorption was evaluated using the Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. From the results, the adsorption using physically activated sorbent had greater removal efficiency of 74.02% compared to that of without activation treatment, which was only 65.70%. In addition, the concentration of ferrous was successfully reduced to 1,029 and 0.779 ppm from the initial concentration of 3 ppm for the process using the adsorbent without and with activation, respectively. It can be concluded that the physically activated rice husk has the potential to be used for adsorption of Ferrous in continuous column.

Effects of Winter Foliar Fertilizing and Plant Growth Promoters on Element and Carbohydrate Contents on the Shoot of Navel Orange Sapling

ABSTRACT The main aims of this paper are to evaluate the effects of winter foliar fertilizer and plant growth promoters on element and carbohydrate contents of the shoot of the navel orange sapling. This study was conducted in the lath house in the Agriculture College in Al-Qasim Green University during the period from 11-1-2014 to 6-1-2015. A factorial experiment (2 × 7) was done within a randomized complete block design with four replications. The first factor represented two foliar application dates of PRO-SOL fertilizer (1 g/L) every 2 weeks during winter–spring season (S1) in 2014–2015 and spring season dates (S2) in 2015). Second factor was foliar application of plant growth promoters in mid-March with indole butyric acid (IBA), 40 and 80 mg/L; forchlorfenuron (CPPU, KT-30), 15 and 30 mg/L; IBA+KT-30 (CPPU), 40 + 15 mg/L consecutively; and IBA+KT-30 (CPPU) 80 + 30 mg/L consecutively. The main effects due to the foliar fertilizing dates (S) were found to be highly significant for nitrogen content (%). While the second main factor plant growth promoter (T) was found to be highly significant for nitrogen and potassium content % and S × T interaction which were found to be significantly different for nitrogen, potassium and ferric content (%), respectively. Foliar fertilizing dates (S) caused a significant increase in nitrogen content (%). The experiment results showed that there different responses with treatments, the S2 with T7 treatment achieved the highest value value with ferric contents % while the same treatments recorded the lowest value in potassium contents %. Therefore, it was concluded from the results of the experiment that potassium uptake percent for in S2 not effective as well as T7: IBA at 80 ppm+ CPPU at 30 ppm.

New versatile zincic sorbent for tobacco specific nitrosamines and lead ion capture

New carbon-doped ferric zinc oxide sorbents were fabricated to capture the environment carcinogen tobacco specific nitrosamines (TSNA) efficiently in solution, following new adsorption model of electrostatic attraction instead of traditional geometric constraints. The influence of ferric content on the structure-property of the sorbents was systemically studied with XRD, N2 adsorption-desorption and SEM methods combined with the adsorption of TSNA in different solutions. New sorbent captured 99% of 4-methylnitrosamino-1-3-pyridyl-1-butanone (NNK) in simulated surface water and 40% of TSNA in the tobacco extract solution, more than activated carbon or zeolites. Ferric ZnO sorbent took about 15 min to reach the adsorption equilibrium in the NNK or Pb(Ⅱ) solution, faster than NaZSM-5 zeolite. Moreover, the adsorbed NNK on ferric ZnO sorbent decomposed at mild conditions for the first time, providing a new way to control environment pollution.

#42 Maternal exposure to venlafaxine during the first trimester: 10-years experience of the Florence Teratology Information Service

New carbon-doped ferric zinc oxide sorbents were fabricated to capture the environment carcinogen tobacco specific nitrosamines (TSNA) efficiently in solution, following new adsorption model of electrostatic attraction instead of traditional geometric constraints. The influence of ferric content on the structure-property of the sorbents was systemically studied with XRD, N2 adsorption-desorption and SEM methods combined with the adsorption of TSNA in different solutions. New sorbent captured 99% of 4-methylnitrosamino-1-3-pyridyl-1-butanone (NNK) in simulated surface water and 40% of TSNA in the tobacco extract solution, more than activated carbon or zeolites. Ferric ZnO sorbent took about 15 min to reach the adsorption equilibrium in the NNK or Pb(Ⅱ) solution, faster than NaZSM-5 zeolite. Moreover, the adsorbed NNK on ferric ZnO sorbent decomposed at mild conditions for the first time, providing a new way to control environment pollution.

Surface Modification of Carbon Steel With Plasma Chemical Vapor Deposition for Enhancing Corrosion Resistance in CO2/Brine

More and more oil and gas reservoirs are used for commercial carbon-dioxide-enhanced oil recovery (CO2-EOR), resulting in associated CO2 storage that occurs as part of the process. CO2/brine corrosion of oil tube steel that can occur anywhere along the wellbore is a challenging issue faced by the oil and gas industry. In this paper, to enhance their corrosion resistance in CO2/brine, J55 and N80 oil tube steels were coated with trimethylsilane (TMS) with the plasma chemical vapor deposition (PCVD) method. Both atmosphere and vacuum direct-current (DC) discharges were utilized for TMS plasma coatings (TMS-PCs) deposition. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to characterize the coating surface chemistry. It was found that TMS-PCs deposited with vacuum direct current (DC) coatings (VDCPCs) had higher Si- and C-rich composition than atmospheric DC plasma coatings (ADCPCs). The corrosion resistance of samples with or without TMS-PC was evaluated through the weight loss method (WLM) and the 3-D pitting corrosion quantitative evaluation method (3D-PCQEM), which was conducted in CO2/brine with the self-built corrosion-resistant performance evaluation system (CRPES) and a 3-D scanning optical microscope. The results demonstrated that the TMS-PCs can significantly decrease not only the uniform corrosion rate but also the pitting corrosion rate of N80 and J55 oil tube steels. TMS-PCs deposited with VDCPC showed a lower corrosion rate than that of ADCPC. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to characterize the surface morphology of the samples before and after WLM, and the results indicated less corrosion and pitting corrosion on coated samples than that of uncoated controls. The energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) was used to characterize the coating surface chemistry before and after WLM, which also indicated that the ferric content of coated samples was higher than that of uncoated controls after WLM. The results obtained in this paper indicate that TMS-PCs may serve as a very promising barrier against the corrosion and pitting corrosion of tube steel in CO2/brine.

Effect of green colour on glass quality

The study of green colour in glass has a special importance on the glass quality, specially the effect of ferrous oxides content of the limestone. Results obtained that there was a reduction in green colour when different ferrous oxide contents in the limestone were added in glass production, limestone sources from two quarries, and the first contains 0.67% ferrous oxide and the second posses less ferrous oxide.&#x0D; Reduction of green colour showed higher transmittance12% and it could be suggested that reduction of ferrous oxides content in the limestone is of special importance on the optical properties of glass.

Quality assessment of the physicochemical properties of vermiwash produced from different sources during successive storage periods

Abstract. Jaikishun S, Adonis S, Ansari AA. 2018. Quality assessment of the physicochemical properties of vermiwash produced from different sources during successive storage periods. Asian J Agric 2: 52-57. Organic farming is crucial for maintaining our health together with improving quality and quantity of crop production in environmentally friendly farming practices. Vermiwash is poised to be one of the key components in organic farming and reducing the enormous amounts of pollutants from the environment. This study aims to determine the physicochemical characteristics related to vermiwash from different sources (Jamun, Neem and Grass with combination and mixed with cattle dung) during a three-month storage period with monthly assessments and compared to fresh sample. While an increase in Electrical Conductivity (EC) was seen at the first month, successive decreases were noted thereafter with a significant difference (p=0.05) being observed among the treatments (p=0.05) after three months. Total dissolved salts decreased over the storage period with significant difference being observed among the treatments and storage period revealed that at p=0.05, F (7, 21) = 3.9&gt;2.49 Fcrit. and F (3, 21) = 3.8&gt;2.49 respectively. Phosphorous decreased while potassium increased with T7 having the highest. Calcium showed a significant difference (p=0.05) among the treatments while magnesium fluctuated during the period but deceased at the end of the storage period. Analysis of ferrous content revealed a significant difference (p=0.05, F (7, 21) = 3.8&gt;2.48 Fcrit.) with the time period being significantly different (p=0.05, F (3, 21) = 6.8&gt;3.0) with an increase at the end of the storage period. Fresh form of vermiwash is best to use to obtain maximum nutrients as the general nutrient composition deteriorates over with time

Instrumented indentation study of slag in view of a better valorization

Steel slags are industrial by-products of an integrated steel plant, characterized by their high calcium, siliceous and ferrous content. They prove useful in many fields, such as civil engineering and in the process of steelmaking for the iron-rich phases. For a better valuation, it is important to optimize the separation of its phases. To separate these phases, mineral processing technologies such as grinding followed by magnetic separation are used. The overall goal of this work is to determine the mechanical properties of each phase to improve grinding performance. The results show that all compounds have been clearly identified and mechanically characterized, which has led to a better understanding of BOF (Basic Oxygen Furnace) slag. Finally, a mixture law using the mechanical properties calculated from each phase made it possible to estimate the overall mechanical properties of the BOF slag.

Study on Characterization and Identification of Mill Scale

Total iron and other impure elements such as silicon, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, titanium, arsenic and lead are measured by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry, which the analytical sample is prepared by the way of glass fuse piece. And the total iron content is achieved by calculation of the XRF results. Calibration curve of XRF is set up by iron ore certified reference materials and other relative certified reference materials according to the characteristics of mill scale. The standard deviation of the method is better than ISO9516-1. Carbon and sulphur are determined by Infrared Spectrometry. The ferrous content is achieved by redox titration. X-ray diffraction is applied in phase analysis of mill scale and natural iron ores. Mill scale has the following characteristics which are significantly different from iron ore. It is of sheet layered structure, one side of which is densely metallic luster and the other loosely porous. The loss of ignition is from negative 6.16 to negative 6.48. The ratio of total iron to ferrous is from 1.50-1.70. The mineral phases are wustite, magnetite and hematite. The Manganese, copper and zinc are relatively higher in it than iron ores. All above could be used to distinguish mill scale with natural iron ores. The results of chemical analysis are favorable based on the accuracy and precision and the method of identification of mill scale is feasible, which contributes to the reuse of mill scale.

Possible role of iron containing proteins in physiological responses of soybean to static magnetic field

Iron is a component of many proteins that have crucial roles in plant growth and development, such as ferritin and catalase. Iron also, as a ferromagnetic element, is assumed to be influenced by a static magnetic field (SMF). In the present study, we examined the relationship between ferrous content and gene expression and activity of ferritin and catalase in soybean plants under the influence of 0, 20, and 30 mT SMF for 5 day, 5 h each. Exposure to 20 mT decreased gene expression of Fe transporter, ferrous and H2O2 contents and gene expression, content and activity of ferritin and catalase. Opposite responses were observed under 30 mT treatments. The results suggest that SMF triggered a signaling pathway that is mediated by iron. The structure and activity of purified ferritin and apoferritin from horse spleen, and catalase from bovine liver proteins under SMF were evaluated as well. Secondary structure of proteins were not influenced by SMF (evidenced by far-UV circular dichroism), whereas their tertiary structure, size, and activity were altered (shown by fluorescence spectroscopy and dynamic light-scattering). From these results, it is likely that the number of iron atoms is involved in the nature of influence of SMF on protein structure.

Bearing capacity characteristic of subgrade layer quicklime treated laterite soil

This study aimed to analyze bearing capacity characteristics of laterite soil with quicklime stabilization as road subgrade layer. The laterite soil obtained from three different locations with three different ferrous (FeO) content. Soil samples were conduct by mixing laterite soil with 3%, 5%, 7%, and 10% lime content on Proctor initial condition, then cured for 3, 14, and 28 days before tested for soil bearing capacity using CBR laboratory test. Result showed that the lime treated laterite soil increases the bearing capacity for all types of laterite soil significantly in line with incrasing of lime content on 28 days curing time (11,67% to 51,67%, 14% to 53,33%, and 14,17% to 71,67%, respectively for LH1, LH2 and LH3). The increasing of soil bearing capacity due to pozzolanic strength gain. Based on these results, the laterite soil has potentially to be used as road subgrade layer.

Mineralogical and Physico-Chemical Characterization of Clayey Materials of Meka&amp;apos;a (West Cameroon) Preliminary Step for Their Utilization for Human Ingestion

Discovery of new geophagic clayey deposit in the locality of Meka'a contributed to the apparition of new species of geophagic clay materials in the local market. Due to the fact that positive or negative effects of geophagia are conditioned by physico-chemical, mineralogical and geochemical properties of the clay soil ingested, it is therefore necessary to mineralogically and physico-chemically characterize these clayey materials in order to ascertain their health implications. X ray diffractometry (XRD), X ray fluorescence (XRF), particles size distribution, pH and cation exchance capacity (CEC) are the main analyses carried out with these materials. The results show that the clayey materials of Meka’a are extremely weathered and maybe as a result of the weathering of ignimbritic flows. Two main species (yellow and red) of this clay soil are identified on the basis of their colour, mineralogy and physico-chemical characteristic. Analysis of samples of these two types of materials shows that Meka’a clayey materials are mainly made up of kaolinite (64-87%) and goethite (6-25%). These two minerals greatly influence the properties of these materials. Abundance of kaolinite in this clayey mineral assemblage could be of benefit in the protection of gastro intestinal tract resulting from ingestion of soils with high clay content. These clayey soils have a lower CEC and cannot cause cations deficiency in the digestive tract. Their acidic pH makes them suitable for use as remedy for relief of nausea and to curb salivation associated with pregnancy. No dental enamel or gastro-intestinal tract damage was to be feared when ingesting Meka’a clayey soils and their great abundance in Zn could be of benefit to geophagic individuals. However, possibility of Fe supplementation of the clayey soils of Meka’a may be very low considering low ferric hydroxide content and the fact that only a part of Fe present in the clayey soil can be released in the digestive tract.

Chalcopyrite bioleaching of an in situ leaching system by introducing different functional oxidizers.

Introducing exogenous species to an indigenous microbial community is an effective way to reveal the connections between metabolic processes, ecological function and microbial community structure. Herein, three different functional consortia (ferrous oxidizers, sulfur oxidizers and ferrous/sulfur oxidizers) were added to a natural leaching solution system derived from Zijin copper mine, China. The leaching experiment showed that the copper extraction rate of the community invaded by a sulfur-oxidizing consortium was 50.40% higher than that of the indigenous leachate at the endpoint of bioleaching. The variations of ferrous content, total iron, pH and redox potential in leachates also provided evidence that the community with exogenous sulfur oxidizers was more efficient. XRD analysis demonstrated that a proper addition of the sulfur-oxidizing consortium could eliminate sulfur passivation, promote production of chalcocite and enhance leaching. Furthermore, an exogenous ferrous-oxidizing consortium and a sulfur-oxidizing consortium greatly changed the community structure and microbial succession and promoted the cell growth rate during the bioleaching process, while ferrous/sulfur oxidizers showed no obvious effects on the indigenous community. Exogenous ferrous oxidizers, mainly L. ferriphilum, and sulfur oxidizers, mainly A. thiooxidans, successfully established and colonized in the indigenous community. However, only colonized A. thiooxidans, rather than L. ferriphilum, showed advantageous enhancement in the dissolution of chalcopyrite. Results indicated that exogenous sulfur oxidizer A. thiooxidans, which was scarce in the indigenous community, could easily colonize in the indigenous community, significantly change the community structure, sufficiently execute its function, and greatly enhance copper dissolution.

A novel hydrogen peroxide stabilizer in descaling process of metal surface

A recently developed descaling process for metal surface, which utilizes sulphuric, hydrofluoric acid and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), has attracted great attention in consideration of eco-friendly sustainable process development. However, the intrinsic presence of metal ions, especially Fe(III), dramatically accelerates H2O2 decomposition, resulting in undesirable economic losses and even paralysis of operation. In this study, the stability of H2O2 in aqueous descaling acid was assessed by varying the ferric content from 0 to 30 g/L and the temperature from 32 to 45 °C. The results showed that any minor fluctuation in either factors causes a big attenuation in the life span of H2O2, necessitating the addition of a stabilizer. Thereby, a comprehensive screening test for potential stabilizers was carried out for an attempt to decelerate the H2O2 decomposition. Among all prospects, 2-anilinoethanol (AE, 100 mg/L) showed the most prominent stabilizing potential by successfully extending the half-life of peroxide by a factor of 2.66 compared to a controlled condition. The feasibility of AE as a stabilizer was further explored by elucidating its fate with GC-MS and IC analyses. A series of aromatics and short-chain organic acids was identified as the reaction intermediates. Aniline, with great H2O2 stabilizing capacity, was a predominant byproduct, which could help explain the superb positive effect of AE.