Ferromagnetic Vector Research Articles

Basic properties of ferromagnetic vector hysteresis play models and their validation by finite element method

PurposeMagnetic hysteresis holds significant technical and physical importance in the design of electromagnetic components. Despite extensive research in this area, modeling magnetic hysteresis remains a challenging task that is yet to be fully resolved. The purpose of this paper is to study vector hysteresis play models for anisotropic ferromagnetic materials in a physical, thermodynamical approach.Design/methodology/approachIn this work, hysteresis play models are implemented to interpret magnetic properties, drawing upon classical rate-independent plasticity principles derived from continuum mechanics theory. By conducting qualitative and quantitative verification and validation, various aspects of ferromagnetic vector hysteresis were thoroughly examined. By directly incorporating the hysteresis play models into the primal formulations using fixed point method, the proposed model is validated with measurements in a finite element (FE) environments.FindingsThe proposed vector hysteresis play model is verified with fundamental properties of hysteresis effects. Numerical analysis is performed in an FE environment. Measured data from a rotational single sheet tester (RSST) are validated to the simulated results.Originality/valueThe results of this work demonstrates that the essential properties of the hysteresis effects by electrical steel sheets can be represented by the proposed vector hysteresis play models. By incorporation of hysteresis play models into the weak formulations of the magnetostatic problem in the h-based magnetic scalar potential form, magnetic properties of electrical steel sheets can be locally analyzed and represented.

Rotational magnetoelectric switching in orthorhombic multiferroics

Controlling the direction of ferromagnetism and antiferromagnetism by an electric field in single-phase multiferroics will open the door to the next generation of devices for spintronics and electronics. The typical magnetoelectric coupling such as the linear magnetoelectric effect is very weak in type-I multiferroics and therefore the magnetoelectric switching is rarely achieved. Here, using first-principles simulations, we propose a magnetoelectric switching mechanism to achieve such highly desired control in orthorhombic multiferroics. One class of two-dimensional proper multiferroics (CrX2Se3 and MnX2Te3, X = Sn, Ge) and perovskite multiferroics (EuTiO3 and BiFeO3/LaFeO3 superlattice) are taken as examples to show the mechanism. In the ferroelectric switching process, the proper polarization rotates its direction by 180° and keeps its magnitude almost unchanged, the ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic vector is rotationally switched by 180° following the rotation of ferroelectric polarization. This rotational magnetoelectric switching results from in-plane structural anisotropy and magnetic anisotropy, and the process of switching is governed by cosine functions from the phenomenological Landau-type models. This study addresses the challenge of magnetoelectric switching in type-I multiferroics by proposing a general magnetoelectric switching mechanism.

Generation of third-harmonic spin oscillation from strong spin precession induced by terahertz magnetic near fields

The ability to drive a spin system to state far from the equilibrium is indispensable for investigating spin structures of antiferromagnets and their functional nonlinearities for spintronics. While optical methods have been considered for spin excitation, terahertz (THz) pulses appear to be a more convenient means of direct spin excitation without requiring coupling between spins and orbitals or phonons. However, room-temperature responses are usually limited to small deviations from the equilibrium state because of the relatively weak THz magnetic fields in common approaches. Here, we studied the magnetization dynamics in a HoFeO3 crystal at room temperature. A custom-made spiral-shaped microstructure was used to locally generate a strong multicycle THz magnetic near field perpendicular to the crystal surface; the maximum magnetic field amplitude of about 2 T was achieved. The observed time-resolved change in the Faraday ellipticity clearly showed second- and third-order harmonics of the magnetization oscillation and an asymmetric oscillation behaviour. Not only the ferromagnetic vector M but also the antiferromagnetic vector L plays an important role in the nonlinear dynamics of spin systems far from equilibrium.

Ferromagnetic Resonance Vector Magnetic Sensor with High Sensitivity and Ultrawide Working Range

AbstractLarge working range is of vital importance for magnetic sensors when exposed to complicated magnetic field profile, especially in automation and power industry where large field variation is frequently encountered. The design for traditional magnetic sensors, e.g., magnetoresistive and fluxgate magnetometers, utilizes ferromagnetic materials with ultrahigh permeability to maximize the field sensitivity, resulting in strictly confined dynamic range due to limited saturation field. Here, an integratable ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) prototype magnetic sensor with high sensitivity and theoretically unlimited working range is reported. An ultrawide working range (>450 mT) which is more than two orders larger than that of commercial sensors with similar field resolution is experimentally verified. Moreover, the FMR magnetometer is a vector sensor in contrast to the traditional scalar sensors based on magnetic resonance. With a navigating magnetic field of 50 μT (ca. the Earth's magnetic field), the resolution for azimuth angle is 0.006°. Compared with traditional nuclear magnetic resonance and electron paramagnetic resonance sensors with large size and high power consumption, the compact FMR sensor with large dynamic range and high sensitivity has much broader application prospects, especially in magnetically harsh environments.

Crystal and Magnetic Structures of the Ternary Ho2Ni0.8Si1.2 and Ho2Ni0.8Ge1.2 Compounds: An Example of Intermetallics Crystallizing with the Zr2Ni1-xP Prototype.

We report two new rare-earth (R) ternary intermetallic compounds—Ho2Ni0.8T1.2 with T = Si and Ge—that correspond to the R5Ni2T3 phase earlier reported to form in Dy–Ni–T and Ho–Ni–T ternary systems. The compounds crystallize in a filled version of the orthorhombic Zr2Ni1–xP-type structure with x = 0.52; their stoichiometry, determined from both single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction data, is centered on Ho2Ni0.8T1.2 with a narrow solid solubility range for the silicide, while the germanide appears to be a line phase. In addition to R = Dy and Ho, R2Ni0.8T1.2 compounds also form for R = Y and Tb, representing the first examples of rare-earth-based compounds adopting the Zr2Ni1–xP structural prototype. Bulk magnetization data reveal the main transitions of the ferrimagnetic or ferromagnetic type at TC = 38 K for Ho2Ni0.8Si1.2 and TC = 37 K for Ho2Ni0.8Ge1.2, which are followed by subsequent magnetic reordering at lower temperatures. Neutron diffraction shows complex magnetic structures below TC with both ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic components and magnetic propagation vector κ1 = [0, 0, 0]. Below TN ≅ 24 K (22 K) for the silicide (germanide), an additional antiferromagnetic coupling following an incommensurate magnetic propagation vector κ2 = [κx, 0, 0] appears to coexist with the first magnetic structure.

Noncollinear magnetic structure in U2Pd2In at high magnetic fields

We report an unexpected magnetic-field-driven magnetic structure in the 5f-electron Shastry- Sutherland system U2Pd2In. This phase develops at low temperatures from a noncollinear antiferromagnetic ground state above the critical field of 25.8 T applied along the a-axis. All U moments have a net magnetic moment in the direction of the applied field, described by a ferromagnetic propagation vector qF = (0 0 0) and an antiferromagnetic component described by a propagation vector qAF = (0 0.30 1/2 ) due to a modulation in the direction perpendicular to the applied field. We conclude that this surprising noncollinear magnetic structure is due to a competition between the single-ion anisotropy trying to keep moments, similar to the ground state, along the [110]-type directions, Dzyaloshinskii-Moryia interaction forcing them to be perpendicular to each other and application of the external magnetic field attempting to align them along the field direction.

Coexistence of Ferromagnetic and Stripe-Type Antiferromagnetic Spin Fluctuations in YFe_{2}Ge_{2}.

We report neutron scattering measurements of single-crystalline YFe_{2}Ge_{2} in the normal state, which has the same crystal structure as the 122 family of iron pnictide superconductors. YFe_{2}Ge_{2} does not exhibit long-range magnetic order but exhibits strong spin fluctuations. Like the iron pnictides, YFe_{2}Ge_{2} displays anisotropic stripe-type antiferromagnetic spin fluctuations at (π, 0, π). More interesting, however, is the observation of strong spin fluctuations at the in-plane ferromagnetic wave vector (0, 0, π). These ferromagnetic spin fluctuations are isotropic in the (H, K) plane, whose intensity exceeds that of stripe spin fluctuations. Both the ferromagnetic and stripe spin fluctuations remain gapless down to the lowest measured energies. Our results naturally explain the absence of magnetic order in YFe_{2}Ge_{2} and also imply that the ferromagnetic correlations may be a key ingredient for iron-based materials.

Spatial resonance in ferromagnetics

Phenomenological Landau theory is used to study an interaction between structural and magnetic subsystems in a crystal in the vicinity of phase-transition lines. It is demonstrated that the twist-induced severe plastic deformation results in a forced onset of inhomogeneous distribution in the magnetic subsystem. A nonsinusoidal spatial modulation of magnetic and structural order parameter moduli is found to arise near the lines of magnetic or structural phase transition. The obtained results permit to construct various distributions of ferromagnetic vector in crystals under twist-induced severe plastic deformation.

Spin susceptibility of Andreev bound states

We calcuate electronic spin susceptibility and spin-lattice relaxation rate in singlet superconductor near a pairbreaking surface, or in a domain wall of the order parameter. We directly link presence of high-density Andreev bound states in the inhomogeneous region, combined with coherence factors, to enhancement of the susceptibility above the normal state's value for certain $\bf q$ vectors. Beside the dominant peak at ferromagnetic vector $q=0$, we find significant enhancement of antiferromagnetic correlations at vectors $q\lesssim 2 k_f$, with $\bf q$ $along$ the domain wall in $S$-wave superconductor, and $across$ domain wall in $D$-wave (nodes along the wall). These features are destroyed by applying moderate Zeeman field that splits the zero-energy peak. We solve Bogoliubov-de Gennes equations in momentum space and our results deviate from the lattice models investigated previously. Large enhancement of the spin-lattice relaxation rate $T_1^{-1}$ at the domain wall provides clear signature of the quasiparticle bound states, and is in good agreement with recent experiment in organic superconductor $\kappa$-(BEDT-TTF)$_2$Cu(NCS)$_2$.

Interaction of the structural and magnetic subsystems in crystals upon severe plastic deformation by torsion

Interaction between the structural and magnetic subsystems of a crystal has been studied near phase transition lines. The consideration has been performed in terms of the Landau phenomenological theory. It has been shown that severe plastic deformation by torsion leads to a forced formation of a heterogeneous distribution in the magnetic subsystem. A nonsine space modulation of the magnitudes of the magnetic and structural parameters appears near the lines of the magnetic and structural phase transitions. An analysis of the obtained dependences has demonstrated a possibility of designing various distributions of the ferromagnetic vector in crystals under action of severe plastic deformation by torsion.

Model for magnetostrictive performance in soft/hard coupled bilayers

A model is set up to investigate the magnetostrictive performance and spin response in soft/hard magnetostrictive coupled bilayers. Direct coupling between soft ferromagnet and hard TbFe2 at the interface is assumed. The magnetostriction results from the rotation of ferromagnetic vector and TbFe2 vectors from the easy axis driven by applied magnetic field. Dependence of magnetostriction on TbFe2 layer thickness and interfacial exchange interaction is studied. The simulated results reveal the compromise between interfacial exchange interaction and anisotropy of TbFe2 hard layer.

Mobile vector soliton in a spin–orbit coupled spin-1 condensate

We study the formation of bound states and three-component bright vector solitons in a quasi-one-dimensional spin–orbit-coupled hyperfine spin f = 1 Bose–Einstein condensate using numerical solution and variational approximation of a mean-field model. In the antiferromagnetic domain, the solutions are time-reversal symmetric, and the component densities have multi-peak structure. In the ferromagnetic domain, the solutions violate time-reversal symmetry, and the component densities have single-peak structure. The dynamics of the system are not Galelian invariant. From an analysis of Galelian invariance, we establish that the single-peak ferromagnetic vector solitons are true solitons and can move maintaining constant component densities, whereas the antiferromagnetic solitons cannot move with constant component densities.

Exchange bias in (FeNi/IrMn)n multilayer films evaluated by static and dynamic techniques

Exchange bias properties of [FeNi/IrMn]n multilayer films with variable thickness of the ferromagnetic layers and different repetitions n were determined by using static and dynamic measurement techniques. The static magnetic properties were revealed through magnetometry measurements at room temperature following major hysteresis loops and first-order reversal curves protocols. Room temperature x-band ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) and vector network analyser (VNA)-FMR experiments were used to determine dynamically the exchange anisotropy in the FeNi/IrMn multilayers. From the static measurements the exchange anisotropy was determined while dynamic measurements allowed the determination of additional parameters including anisotropy field, saturation magnetization and rotatable anisotropy. The differences between the values of the exchange biased obtained from each technique are discussed.

Rotation sense of the magnetization in the Co/CoO exchange-bias system probed with anisotropic magnetoresistance measurements

The possibility of tracking the average rotation sense of the magnetization vector of a ferromagnetic layer upon magnetization reversal by means of magnetotransport measurements is explored. It is demonstrated that the rotation sense of the ferromagnetic magnetization vector during a hysteresis loop can be determined for the polycrystalline Co/CoO exchange bias system by measuring the anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR) with a specific choice of the measurement geometry. The AMR measurements reveal that the rotation direction of the magnetization vector can be reversed by performing an in-plane hysteresis loop with a magnetic field perpendicular to the cooling field. This reversal can be directly linked to the experimental fact that after training, i.e., after performing hysteresis loops with a field along the cooling field direction, the average orientation of the uncompensated magnetization of the granular CoO antiferromagnet can be largely rotated back to the initial orientation after field cooling by applying a perpendicular field with the appropriate amplitude and orientation.

Multidomains made of different structural phases in multiferroic BiFeO3: A first-principles-based study

An effective Hamiltonian scheme is used to reveal the properties of a multidomain structure in BiFeO${}_{3}$ consisting of alternating domains that are initially made of two phases, namely, $R3c$ (ferroelectric with antiphase oxygen octahedral tilting) versus $Pnma$ (antiferroelectric with in-phase and antiphase oxygen octahedral tiltings). These two types of domains dramatically modify their properties as a result of their cohabitation. The weak ferromagnetic vector and polarization rotate, and significantly change their magnitude, in the $R3c$-like region, while the $Pnma$-like region becomes polar along the direction of domain propagation. Moreover, the domain walls possess distinct polar and oxygen octahedral tilting patterns that facilitate the transition between these two regions. The studied multidomain is also predicted to exhibit other anomalous properties, such as its strain adopting several plateaus and steps when increasing the magnitude of an applied electric field.

Atomistic Molecular Dynamic Simulations of Multiferroics

A first-principles-based approach is developed to simulate dynamical properties, including complex permittivity and permeability in the GHz-THz range, of multiferroics at finite temperatures. It includes both structural degrees of freedom and magnetic moments as dynamic variables in Newtonian and Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert (LLG) equations within molecular dynamics, respectively, with the couplings between these variables being incorporated. The use of a damping coefficient and of the fluctuation field in the LLG equations is required to obtain equilibrated magnetic properties at any temperature. No electromagnon is found in the spin-canted structure of BiFeO3. On the other hand, two magnons with very different frequencies are predicted via the use of this method. The smallest-in-frequency magnon corresponds to oscillations of the weak ferromagnetic vector in the basal plane being perpendicular to the polarization while the second magnon corresponds to magnetic dipoles going in and out of this basal plane. The large value of the frequency of this second magnon is caused by static couplings between magnetic dipoles with electric dipoles and oxygen octahedra tiltings.

Exchange Coupled NiFe/NiMn Bilayer Studied by a Vector Network Analyzer Ferromagnetic Resonance

Using cavity ferromagnetic resonance and vector network analyzer ferromagnetic resonance unidirectional, uniaxial and rotatable anisotropies were determined in permalloy(30 nm)/NiMn(56 nm). Resonance eld dependence on in-plane angle clearly shows unidirectional and uniaxial anisotropy. Rotatable anisotropy, which acts as internal magnetic eld independent of a direction of external magnetic eld, is observed on vector network analyzer ferromagnetic resonance as upward shift of the resonance frequency of Py/NiMn compared to Py lm. Even for a small exchange bias eld, this shift is signi cantly large.

Behavior of antiferromagnetic MnCoSi in a magnetic field under pressure

Experimental data on magnetization of the antiferromagnetic (AFM) polycrystalline samples in the temperature range of 20–300 K, for pressures of 2 kbar and in magnetic field of 300 kOe, are presented in the paper. In the fields of 250 kOe, the magnetization curve demonstrates a jump explained by exchange–interaction sign change. In the region of 50–70 kOe, on the differential susceptibility versus magnetic field curve, there is a break of the 2nd order corresponding to the anomalous behavior of the magnetization. The obtained results were processed on the basis of the phenomenological Landau theory. It is shown that the ferromagnetic vector occurrence is forced during the formation of AFM spiral structure. The behavior of thermodynamic potential factors has been determined. Three more anomalies have been revealed and explained by a jump-like magnetization change of the Co-subsystem.

Effect of infrared illumination on the modulated magnetic structure of the weak ferromagnet FeBO3: Mg

The effect of unpolarized white light on the period and conditions of the existence of the modulated magnetic structure of the FeBO3: Mg single crystal, which is formed in this easy-plane weak ferromagnet in the low-temperature range during technical magnetization, has been investigated experimentally. It has been revealed that the degree of light action on the magnetic state of the crystal depends on both the irradiation duration and the orientation of the ferromagnetic vector during illumination. It has been established that light with wavelengths in the range 0.8 μm < λ < 0.9 μm has a maximum effect on the parameters of the modulated magnetic structure formed in the FeBO3: Mg single crystal. The results obtained have been interpreted in the framework of the “magnetic ripple” theory using the model of photosensitivity of anisotropic magnetic centers associated with the presence of Mg impurity ions in the composition of the crystal.

Orbital glass and spin glass states of 3He-A in aerogel

Glass states of superfluid A-like phase of 3He in aerogel induced by random orientations of aerogel strands are investigated theoretically and experimentally. In anisotropic aerogel with stretching deformation two glass phases are observed. Both phases represent the anisotropic glass of the orbital ferromagnetic vector l -- the orbital glass (OG). The phases differ by the spin structure: the spin nematic vector d can be either in the ordered spin nematic (SN) state or in the disordered spin-glass (SG) state. The first phase (OG-SN) is formed under conventional cooling from normal 3He. The second phase (OG-SG) is metastable, being obtained by cooling through the superfluid transition temperature, when large enough resonant continuous radio-frequency excitation are applied. NMR signature of different phases allows us to measure the parameter of the global anisotropy of the orbital glass induced by deformation.