A comparative fractographic investigation of fracture in the temperature range from −186 to 100°C of the Charpy impact samples is performed for the reactor low-activation ferritic-martensitic steel EK-181 after its high-temperature thermomechanical treatment (HTMT) and traditional heat treatment (THT). The mechanisms of steel fracture are revealed depending on the impact test temperature and treatment mode. On the upper and lower shelves of the impact toughness temperature curve, the steel fractures by the mechanism of transcrystalline ductile dimple fracture and transcrystalline quasi-cleavage, respectively. In the intermediate region (in ductile-brittle transition area), fracture occurs by a mixed mechanism. The transition temperature to the brittle state is determined, at which the proportion of ductile and brittle fractures is the same (after THT it is −3°C; after HTMT it is −14°C). It is established that HTMT significantly changes the type of fracture of the impact samples in comparison with THT. The microstructure formed during HTMT with hot deformation of austenite leads to the appearance of a crack-arrester type of delamination during the impact tests in the cold brittleness region, favoring an increase in the fracture toughness of the steel at a lower ductile-brittle transition temperature.