Ferrite Layer Research Articles

Influence of long term Sodium Exposure on the Corrosion and Tensile Properties of AISI Type 316LN stainless steel and modified 9Cr-1Mo steel

AISI Type 316LN stainless steel (SS) and modified 9Cr-1Mo (P91) steel are used in the intermediate heat exchanger and steam generator (SG), respectively of prototype fast breeder reactor (PFBR). This paper presents the effect of long-term sodium exposure (50000 h) on the corrosion and tensile properties of 316LN SS and P91 steel. The results showed that the prolonged sodium exposure of 316LN SS can lead to selective leaching of alloying elements (depletion of Cr, Ni, and Mo), enrichment of Fe, formation of ferrite layer and carburized zones with increased hardness at the surface (272 HV), and a reduction in ductility by nearly 40 %. Double-loop electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation (DLEPR) results of sodium exposed 316LN SS showed a 25% higher degree of sensitization (DOS) as compared to thermally aged one. The microstructural examination of sodium exposed 316LN SS revealed a ditch structure near the surface and carbide precipitates along the grain boundaries indicating the diffusion of carbon through grain boundaries and surface carburization. XRD studies of sodium exposed 316LN SS revealed predominant phases of ferrite and Cr23C6 phases, which further corroborated the results of DLEPR, microstructure, and hardness data. The sodium exposed P91 steel showed no significant microstructural, microchemical changes and tensile properties after sodium exposure. The carbon depth profiles carried out using SIMS in sodium exposed 316LN SS and P91 steel showed a surface carbon concentration of 0.85 and 0.32 wt.%, respectively. Fractography of sodium exposed 316LN SS showed intergranular fractures whereas the fractographs of P91steel showed fibrous dimple and cleavage type of fractures indicating the growth of carbides. The present results confirm that P91 steel can sustain the reactor life in flowing sodium containing 25 ppm carbon and less than 2 ppm oxygen.

Dielectric and ferroelectric properties of multilayer BaTiO3/NiFe2O4 thin films prepared by solution deposition technique

In this work different lead-free multilayered structures, composed of perovskite BaTiO3 and spinel NiFe2O4 thin layers, were obtained by solution deposition method. Structural characterization of the sintered thin films confirmed the well-defined layered structure with overall thickness from 160 to 600 nm, crystalline nature of perovskite BaTiO3 and spinel NiFe2O4 phases without secondary phases (after sintering below 900 °C) and grains on nanometer scale. Dielectric properties of the multiferroic multilayer BaTiO3/NiFe2O4 thin films were analyzed in temperature and frequency range from 30 °C to 200 °C and 100 Hz to 1 MHz, respectively. In comparison to the pure BaTiO3 films, the introduction of ferrite layer reduces dielectric response and increases low frequency permittivity dispersion of the multilayer thin films. The multilayer samples have shown relatively low dielectric loss with stronger contribution of conductivity at higher temperatures, and characteristic broad peak representing “relaxation” of the interface charge accumulation.

Study on ferroelectric polarization induced resistive switching characteristics of neodymium-doped bismuth ferrite thin films for random access memory applications

The present work reports on resistive switching (RS) characteristics of Neodymium (Nd)-doped bismuth ferrite (BFO) layers. The Nd (2–10 at%) doped BFO thin film layers were deposited using a spray pyrolysis method. The structural analysis reveals that a higher Nd doping concentration in BFO leads to significant distortion of the prepared Nd:BFO thin films from rhombohedral to tetragonal characteristics. The morphological analysis shows that all the deposited Nd:BFO thin films have regularly arranged grains. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis reveals that the prepared Nd:BFO thin films have a higher Fe 3+/Fe 2+ratio and less oxygen vacancy (VO) defects which enriches the ferroelectric characteristics in Nd:BFO layers. The polarization-electric field (P-E) and RS characteristics of the fabricated Nd:BFO-based RS device were examined. It was observed that the Nd (7 at%) doped BFO RS device shows large remnant polarization (P r) of 0.21 μC/cm2 and stable RS characteristics.

Multi-frequency coherent perfect absorption in the one-dimensional magnetized ferrite photonic structure

A controllable multi-frequency absorption structure predicated on a one-dimensional magnetized ferrite photonic crystals (MFPCs) that achieves coherent perfect absorption is designed and further analyzed by utilizing the transfer matrix method. By introducing the filter structures to the MFPC and using the gradient descent optimization algorithms to optimize its layer parameters, the multi-frequency coherent absorption curve is obtained. The suggested MFPC brings out about six absorption peaks whose absorptance can be higher than 0.99 at the same time under the transverse electric mode. Moreover, the absorptance can be regulated from 0.99 to less than 0.1 by merely changing the phase deviation between the two incident waves to the front and rear surfaces. Besides, the studied results demonstrate that the intensity of coherent absorption and the position of absorption peaks can be adapted by altering the magnetic field and the thicknesses of ferrite layers. It follows that the absorption peaks can cover most frequency points from 58.6 to 65.9 THz via changing the thicknesses of the external magnetic field and ferrite layers. Moreover, the structure also has the potential for wide-angle absorption. This research furnishes a significant reference for the design of the multi-frequency absorption optoelectronic device and phase sensor.

The Ferrite Layer on the Surface of Carbon Steel Obtained by Precisely Designed Cooling Rate Heat Treatment and Its Microstructure Analysis

This paper presents obtaining a single-phase ferrite layer with low content of carbon (the average thickness is about 156–246 µm) on the surface of 0.45% carbon steel by precisely designing the cooling rate during heat treatment, and its mechanical properties show a graded change in the cross-section. It may be achieved by preparing gradient/multilayer materials with more commonly utilized structures or a specific performance. Combining with phase identification by employing electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) of the layer in this study is BCC ferritic phases. Based on the examination of Continuous Cooling Transformation (CCT) curves, the following conclusions are given. Under the cooling process with gradient temperature, a ferrite layer first forms on the outer lower temperature surface of the 0.45% carbon steel and subsequently develops by pushing the surplus carbon to the inner higher temperature austenite region. It is corroborated by the experimental findings of carbon contents dispersion acquired by electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA). Finally, the experimental findings of grain orientations and size distribution defined by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) are given as requirements for microscopic interpretation of the combination of excellent strength and bending capabilities of materials. Furthermore, the experimental findings of oxidation precisely specified the cooling rate during heat treatment of Cu coating samples, which are defined as criteria for identifying the production mechanism of the surface ferrite layer. It provides a theoretical explanation and direct experimental proof for creating the ferrite layer on the surface.

Nonreciprocal Goos–Hänchen effect at the reflection of electromagnetic waves from the one-dimensional magnetized ferrite photonic crystals

Leveraging the traditional transfer matrix and stationary phase methods, the nonreciprocal Goos–Hänchen (GH) phenomena for the electromagnetic (EM) waves reflected at the surface of the one-dimensional photonic crystals with ferrite layers and dielectric layers are investigated numerically. The GH effect (the peak of the lateral shift value up to over 200 times the wavelength) produced by the forward and backward incidence of EM waves under the transverse electric wave is identified to arise at significantly different frequency positions in the terahertz (THz) regime, whereas the transverse magnetic wave produces almost no GH effect under the same condition. Based on such a nonreciprocal phenomenon, the effect of the incident angle on the nonreciprocal properties is covered initially, for every 20° increase in the angle of the incident TE wave, the frequency span at which the two GH shift peaks emerge will decrease by 0.1 THz. In addition, the thicknesses of dielectric layers are modified separately, and distinct sensitivities of them to the nonreciprocal phenomenon are displayed. Lastly, through the regulation of the external magnetic fields of ferrite layers, the nonreciprocal effect can be selectively presented in multiple forms, which provides a novel pathway to design nonreciprocal sensors.

Austenitization and formation of ausferrite structure in austempered ductile iron with dual matrix

The effect of austenitizing conditions on the microstructure and mechanical properties of an austempered ductile iron (ADI) with a dual matrix was investigated. Carbon diffusion plays a critical role in the phase transformation of austenitization. In initially pearlitic structures, the carbon diffusion distances involved during austenitization are smaller compared to those in ferritic structures. The study was carried out to examine the influence of temperature and times of the austenitization process on the maximum carbon content in austenite and then its effect on the processing window of ADI with the dual matrix. An alloyed ductile iron (3,6%C; 2,44%Si; 0,36%Mn; 0,9%Ni; 0,61%Cu; 0,11%Cr; 0,036%Mg; 0,015%S và 0,006%P) was fully austenitic at various temperatures 870 °C–930 °C. The minimum hardness reaches the value of 270 HB. An increase in austenitization temperature increases the carbon content dissolved in the austenite, which in turn, decreases the free energy controlling the transformation of austenite to bainite ferrite and high carbon austenite. Raising the austenitization temperature makes the process window shift toward the extending time. The carbon atoms must diffuse out of the ferrite needle with a diffusion distance equal to the ferrite layer thickness. At 360 °C austempered temperature, diffusion coefficient D = 4.60.10–17(m2/s). With a ferrite needle thickness of 1μm = 10–6 m, the diffusion time would be t = 5330 (s).

Diffusion induced decomposition of cementite layers during gas nitriding of 4140 steel: thermodynamical and kinetical aspects

In this paper, some new aspects of the decomposition of cementite layers by diffusion of nitrogen during gas nitriding are investigated. Therefore, AISI4140 steel samples were heat-treated to harden by heating up to 1113 K for 120 min, followed by quenching in agitated mineral oil. Then samples were tempered at 863 K for 60 min. Nitriding was carried out for 1400 up to 21000 min. Samples were characterized by optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, x-ray diffractometer, and HSC thermodynamical software. Results showed that the rate of diffusion was higher in the early stages of nitriding. Due to nitrogen of diffusion, some nitrides are formed in grain boundaries and act as diffusion barriers. In this case, the diffusion mechanism from grain boundary diffusion changes to the volume diffusion or a combination of both mechanisms. Meanwhile, diffusion of nitrogen, in addition to the ferrite layers and grain boundaries, is also performed into the cementite layers. Although these layers are not the preferred areas of diffusion, volume diffusion of nitrogen through cementite layers leads to decomposition of them and turning them into iron nitrides and carbo-nitrides. Results show that almost 42 percent of cementite layers decomposed by nitrogen diffusion.

Effect of Vanadium and Rare Earth on the Structure, Phase Transformation Kinetics and Mechanical Properties of Carbide-Free Bainitic Steel Containing Silicon

Carbide-free bainitic (CFB) steels with a matrix of bainitic ferrite and thin layers of retained austenite, to reduce the manufacturing costs, usually do not contain alloying elements. However, a few reports were presented regarding the effect of alloying elements on the properties of these steels. Thus, this study evaluates the effects of vanadium and rare earth (Ce-La) microalloying elements on the structure, phase transformation kinetics, and mechanical properties of carbide-free bainite steel containing silicon fabricated by the casting and austempering procedure. Optical and scanning electron microscopy (OM and SEM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to study the microstructure and phase structure. The transformation kinetics were examined by a dilatometry test. Hardness, tensile, and impact tests evaluated the mechanical properties. Due to adding alloying elements, the fracture toughness and change in matrix phases relation was studied by the crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) test and SEM fractography. The microstructure of the silicon added sample was completely carbide-free bainite. The test results showed vanadium helped CFB formation, even in continuous cooling. The primary austenite grain (PAG) size grew by vanadium addition. The EBSD phase map illustrates an increment in the percentage of retained austenite by vanadium. In contrast, the addition of 0.03 wt% rare earth reduced the primary austenite grain size and reduced the retained austenite content. The results of the dilatometry test confirmed that vanadium and rare earth addition both reduced the critical cooling rate of the bainite transformation. Vanadium leads to an earlier cessation of bainite transformation, while rare earth elements postpone this transformation. Mechanical tests showed that the tensile strength of carbide-free bainite steels was strongly influenced by the morphology and volume fraction of austenite. Retained austenite, when transformed to martensite during the transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) phenomenon, leads to increased tensile strength and fracture toughness, or retained austenite with a film-like shape prevents the growth of cracks by blinding the crack tip. The result of the CTOD test exhibited that retained austenite plays the leading role in increasing crack resistance when TRIP occurs.

Formation of Subsurface Ferritic Layers During Oxidation of Femnsicrni Alloys Due to Manganese Depletion and Their Influence on the Oxidation Resistance of These Alloys

Formation of Subsurface Ferritic Layers During Oxidation of Femnsicrni Alloys Due to Manganese Depletion and Their Influence on the Oxidation Resistance of These Alloys

Effects of Al-Si coating structures on bendability and resistance to hydrogen embrittlement in 1.5-GPa-grade hot-press-forming steel

Hot-press-forming (HPF) steels have attracted great attention as automotive reinforcement parts, but are exposed to the potential risk of hydrogen embrittlement (HE) because H introduced easily during HPF processes is hardly de-trapped through the solidified coating. In particular, H seriously deteriorates bendability, which is one of the main properties to be considered. In this study, the Al-Si coating structures were modified to improve H emission by increasing H diffusivity. The effects of coating structures on bendability and H desorption were investigated by interrupted bending tests, H-permeation tests, and thermal desorption analyses according to elapsed time after H-charging. Immersion in an Al-10%Si bath and the subsequent HPF process (930 °C for 6 min) produced a 33 μm-thick multiple coating structure composed of Fe2Al5, FeAl, and ferrite layers. On the other hand, the reduced Al-Si adhesion amount from the dip bath and the increased time and temperature (950 °C for 30 min) produced a 30 µm-thick body-centered-cubic (BCC)-based coating structure composed of FeAl and ferrite layers. The BCC-based crystal structure, reduced Al content in the FeAl layer, and coarsened ferrite grains effectively enhanced H diffusivity and suppressed H-induced degradation. Moreover, the softened FeAl and thick ferrite layers improved bendability by allowing the large strain accommodation of bending deformation. Thus, this work proposes an optimal Al-Si coating design that enhances both bendability and resistance to H-induced degradation for secure HPF steel applications.

Study of Wear and Redistribution Dynamic Forces of Wheel Pairs Restored by a Wear-Resistant Coating 15Cr17Ni12V3F

The relevance of this study lies in the need to research the wear process of the elements of dynamic systems and to establish the dependence of the geometric and structural characteristics of wheels restored by plasma surfacing with a coating of 15Cr17Ni12V3F on dynamic, cyclically varying loads. The study was aimed to establish the dependencies between the deviation of the wear area, the formation of contact and fatigue stresses, and the change in the phase structure of the wheel defect. It is important to justify the permissible limits of wear of the transverse profile in the contact zone of a wheel and ridge. The object of the study was the dynamic interaction of the “wheel–ridge–rail contact surface” system. To achieve the goal, the following methodology was adopted: kinematic analysis, strength calculation, the use of mathematical analysis in dynamic system modelling, virtual modelling in the SOLIDWORKS software environment of the GearTrax application, experiment planning, and model correction through the results of metallographic studies. The results of the study are presented as reasonable prediction criteria that consider contact cycles during the formation of fatigue stresses at the stage of defect origin. The process of the dynamic interaction of the contact worn profile of a wheel with a railway rail is explored. Polynomial equations are proposed to substantiate the optimal design and technological parameters of designing a railway carriage wheel. The permissible limits of wear of the transverse profile in the contact zone of the wheel and the ridge are justified while taking the coefficient of the reduction of contact stresses in the metal into account. The dependences of the change in static load on the utilization factor of the railway carriage load capacity are established. The dependences of changes in fatigue stresses on the design deviation of the contact area of wheel wear are established. It is confirmed that the stress concentration under cyclic loads is formed in the ferritic layers of the material structure before the appearance of wear.

Towards Fabrication of Planar Magnetoelectric Devices: Coil-Free Excitation of Ferromagnet-Piezoelectric Heterostructures

Magnetoelectric (ME) effects in composite ferromagnet-piezoelectric (FM/PE) heterostructures realize the mutual transformation of alternating magnetic and electric fields, and are used to create magnetic field sensors, actuators, inductors, gyrators, and transformers. The ME effect in composite structures is excited by an alternating magnetic field, which is created using volumetric electromagnetic coils. The coil increases the size, limits the operating frequencies, and complicates the manufacture of devices. In this work, we propose to excite the ME effect in composite heterostructures using a new coil-free excitation system, similar to a “magnetic capacitor”. The system consists of parallel electrodes integrated into the heterostructure, through which an alternating current flows. Modeling and measurements have shown that the excitation magnetic field is localized mainly between the electrodes of the magnetic capacitor and has a fairly uniform spatial distribution. Monolithic FM/PE heterostructures of various designs with FM layers of amorphous Metglas alloy or nickel-zinc ferrite and PE layers of lead zirconate titanate piezoceramic were fabricated and investigated. The magnitude of the ME effect in such structures is comparable to the magnitude of the ME effect in structures excited by volumetric coils. However, the low impedance of the coil-free excitation system makes it possible to increase the operating frequency, reducing the size of ME devices and the power consumption. The use of coil-free excitation opens up the possibility of creating planar ME devices, and accelerates their integration into modern electronics and microsystem technology.

Magnetoelectric Ferrite–Piezoelectric Heterostructure With Coil-Free Excitation for DC Magnetic Field Sensing

Abstract The paper describes a new planar multiferroic ferrite-piezoelectric heterostructure that implements the coil-free ex-citation of the direct magnetoelectric (ME) effect. The heterostructure contains a magnetostrictive nickel-zinc ferrite layer with a conducting electrode on its surface and a layer of piezoelectric lead zirconate-titanate, mechanically coupled to each other. The ME effect is excited by passing an alternating current with an amplitude of up to 100 mA through the electrode, which creates an excitation magnetic field in the ferrite layer. A bias dc magnetic field of 0-500 Oe is applied tangentially to the ferrite layer. The ME voltage coefficient of E 42 V/(Oecm) is obtained at the acoustic resonance frequency of the heterostructure of 186 kHz. The sensitivity of the structure to the permanent magnetic field reaches 4.6 mV/Oe and depends on the excitation current and orientation of the bias field. Implementation of heterostructures with coil-free excitation makes it possible reducing of size and power consumption, and improving the electromagnetic compatibility of ME magnetic field sensors.

The Microstructure of Fe-Based Laminated Metal Composite Produced by Powder Metallurgy.

Powder metallurgy (PM) is a versatile process to manufacture nearly net-shaped metallic materials in industry. In this study, the PM process was used to fabricate two Fe-based laminated metal composites (LMCs), Fe-4Ni-3Cr-0.5Mo-0.5C/Fe and 410/304L. The results showed that after sintering, the LMCs were free of interfacial cracks and distortion, indicating that the PM process is a feasible means for producing these LMCs. In the Fe-4Ni-3Cr-0.5Mo-0.5C/Fe LMC, the diffusion of C resulted in the generation of a continuous pearlite layer between the Fe-4Ni-3Cr-0.5Mo-0.5C and Fe layers and a ferrite/pearlite mixture in the Fe layer. In the 410/304L LMC, the difference in the chemical potentials of C between the 304L and 410 layers led to the uphill diffusion of C from the 410 layer to the 304L layer. A continuous ferrite layer was thus formed near the interface of the 410 layer. Furthermore, a martensite layer of about 50 μm thickness was generated at the interface due to the high Cr and Ni content.

Minimizing magnetic fields of the low-noise MnZn ferrite magnetic shield for atomic magnetometer

Several modern precision measurements require a low-noise magnetic shield composed of a MnZn ferrite shield and a multilayer µ-metal shield. However, the residual magnetic field and gradient reduce the performance of the low-noise magnetic shield. An appropriate demagnetization operation is crucial for obtaining a lower residual magnetic field and gradient. This study proposes an improved demagnetization scheme in which the toroidal coil and the solenoidal coil are employed simultaneously, while the ferrite and µ-metal shield layers are wound separately. This allows for a residual field below 0.6 nT and a gradient lower than 0.5 nT cm−1 to be obtained along all three axes within ±20 mm at the center, which is significantly lower than the results published in previous studies. The low-noise magnetic shield used in this study composed of a MnZn ferrite shield with an inner diameter of 112 mm, an outer diameter of 140 mm, and a height of 225 mm, and a five-layer µ-metal shield. This study considerably improves the performance of the low-noise magnetic shields. The proposed scheme can increase the sensitivity of the spin-exchange-relaxation-free atomic magnetometer by approximately 1 fT Hz-1/2. This study can help apply the low-noise magnetic shield in various fields more conveniently, such as low-field nuclear magnetic resonance detection, atomic gyroscope, and in cutting-edge physics research.

High permeability and low core loss Fe-based soft magnetic composites with Co-Ba composite ferrite insulation layer obtained by sol-gel method

To balance the core loss and permeability of soft magnetic composites (SMCs), a Co-Ba composite ferrite insulation layer was employed to clad the surface of reduced iron powder by sol-gel method. The successful preparation of the honeycomb-like Co-Ba composite ferrite coating layer was verified by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the composition of the coating was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), and the magnetic properties were tested with a B-H curve analyzer. BSEM images of the polished cross-section and core loss separation results confirmed that an excessively high annealing temperature causes the composite ferrite insulation layer to fail. A high effective permeability of up to 121 at 300 kHz and low core loss (Pcv) of 129 kW/m3 at 100 kHz and 0.02 T were obtained in prepared samples at the optimized annealing temperature of 500 °C. Subsequently, simulation analysis based on the Clausius-Maxwell formula model was used to confirm the feasibility of the enhancement on effective permeability in Fe@Co-Ba composite ferrite theoretically. The agreement between simulation and experimental results further indicated that a good balance between the core loss and permeability of Fe-based SMCs was achieved by Co-Ba composite ferrite cladding.

Terahertz vortex beam propagation through a magnetized plasma-ferrite structure

Interaction of vortex beams with materials has proven to be a key for controlling and exploiting theirs properties. In this paper, we propose an adjustable stratified structure constructed from plasma and ferrite layers, which greatly manipulates the intensity and phase distributions of incoming terahertz vortex beam (TVB), and demonstrates a considerable amount of Faraday rotation. To obtain the output beam profiles, first using angular spectral expansion technique the incoming TVB is decomposed into a superposition of plane waves, then employing 4×4 matrix formalism total reflection and transmission coefficients are extracted. Numerical analysis reveals that how the variations of external static magnetic field, incident angle, and radial and angular indices of the TVB affect the features of reflected and transmitted beams. It is expected that this investigation will shed new light on the interaction of TVB with anisotropic magnetic materials, and open new possibilities for wavefront engineering and material characterization.

Controllable tunneling of planar structures containing single-negative layers

The possibility of perfect (i.e. non-reflective) tunneling of microwave radiation through planar structures containing layers with negative material parameters is investigated. A symmetric trilayer is considered, including two ferrite layers, which are magnetized by an external field. The conditions of perfect tunneling are obtained analytically using the transfer matrix method. By the numerical solution of the obtained equations, the positions of the highest transmission peaks in the spectrum of the structure are determined. The controllability of the transmission spectra due to the external magnetic field is shown.

Characterising Ionic Transport Resistance at Solid-Solid Interfaces in SOFC Using Isotopic Exchange and Numerical Modelling

Understanding the mechanisms governing ionic transport in ceramics is important for improving the performance and durability of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs). Properties such as the tracer diffusivity, D* , can be measured by Isotopic Exchange Depth Profiling (IEDP) as developed by Kilner et al. [1]. This method has, so far, primarily been used to characterise the material properties of single materials; however, SOFCs are multilayer devices with solid-solid interface that may also affect transport. Some investigations into the diffusion behaviour across multiple layers using the IEDP technique have been done in thin film samples [2][3]. Profiles obtained from these studies appear to show an abrupt concentration drop at the interface between certain materials, indicating an interface which significantly impacts the diffusion behaviour (and by extension the overall cell performance). However, no attempt was made to quantify this interface effect with a theoretical modelling approach.A finite-difference model for diffusion in a system containing multiple layers with interfaces has been developed. It numerically solves Fick’s second law of diffusion with various boundary conditions. This model can be used to fit experimental data obtained from tracer diffusion SIMS data, yielding a new way of quantifying interfacial resistance. A new interfacial resistance parameter, r int , has been defined, which quantifies the resistance to diffusion across an interface.The validity of the developed method has been experimentally demonstrated in a sample consisting of a layer of lanthanum strontium cobalt ferrite (LSCF) on a gadolinium-doped ceria (GDC) substrate, both common materials in SOFCs. Initial data from tracer diffusion experiments have shown the presence of a significant concentration drop at the interface of the LSCF-GDC stack, which can be fitted to the numerical model developed by the authors. This approach could be used to measure the changing interface properties under various ageing conditions, as well as the influence of interlayers and material selection on the interfacial resistances both in SOFC and other diffusion systems with interfaces, such as solid state batteries.[1] J. A. Kilner, B. C. H. Steele, and L. Ilkov. Oxygen self-dffusion studies using negative-ion secondary ion mass-spectrometry (sims). Solid State Ionics, 12(MAR):89-97, 1984.[2] K. Develos-Bagarinao, H. Yokokawa, H. Kishimoto, T. Ishiyama, K. Yamaji, and T. Horita. Elucidating the origin of oxide ion blocking effects at gdc/srzr(y)o-3/ysz interfaces. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 5(18):8733-8743, 2017.[3] Katherine Develos-Bagarinao, Haruo Kishimoto, Jeffrey De Vero, Katsuhiko Yamaji, and Teruhisa Horita. Effect of la0.6sr0.4co0.2fe0.8o3-delta microstructure on oxygen surface exchange kinetics. Solid State Ionics, 288:6-9, 2016.Figure: Isotope Exchange Depth Profile Data taken by linescan from an LSCF-GDC multi-layer sample. Original image data and isotopic fraction profile, as well as the corresponding fit obtained using the numerical model is shown. Figure 1