Ferric Reducing Capacity Research Articles

Comparative Bioaccesibility Study of Cereal-Based Nutraceutical Ingredients Using INFOGEST Static, Semi-Dynamic and Dynamic In Vitro Gastrointestinal Digestion.

Efficient development of effective functional foods and nutraceuticals requires adequate estimation methods of the bioaccessibility of their bioactive compounds. Specially grain-based nutraceuticals and functional ingredients are often enriched in bound/low bioavailable bioactive phytochemicals. The objective of this work was to evaluate the differences in applying static or dynamic digestion models for the estimation of bioaccessibility of antioxidants present in cereal grain-based/fiber-rich ingredients produced using enzymatic hydrolysis and sprouting processes. Main liberated phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity (ABTS•+ and ORAC) and ferric reducing capacity were evaluated in the samples following three digestion protocols with differences based on their dynamism: static, semi-dynamic and dynamic. The samples digested with the dynamic method showed higher antioxidant and reducing capacities than those digested with the static and semi-dynamic protocols. The results obtained from the digests with the dynamic model showed a total phenol content (TPs) ranging from 1068.22 to 1456.65 μmol GAE 100 g-1 and antioxidant capacity values from 7944.62 to 15,641.90 μmol TE 100 g-1 (ORAC) and from 8454.08 to 11,002.64 μmol TE 100 g-1 (ABTS•+), with a reducing power ranging from 2103.32 to 2679.78 mmol Fe reduced 100 g-1 (FRAP). The dynamic character of the protocols used for developing bioactive cereal-based foods significantly affects the estimation of their bioaccessibility, probably giving a better approach to their potential bioavailability in in vivo systems.

Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of essential oils from orange peels and eucalyptus leaves wastes

Oranges and eucalyptus trees are abundant sources of waste and pruning, generating secondary streams that can be converted into valuable products. Both species are broadly cultivated in Mexico. Essential oils from orange peels and eucalyptus leaves possess antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, making them useful in various applications. In this study, the essential oils antioxidant potential was determined through radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing capacity, and the total phenolic content was measured. These essential oils also demonstrated inhibition capacity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. GC-MS analysis of the oils revealed the composition of representative compounds, with D-limonene constituting almost 75% of the orange essential oil and 1,8-cineol comprising 15.2% of the eucalyptus oil. The antioxidant test results between essential oils showed that they are similar, except for the FRAP test, where eucalyptus essential oil obtained a value three times higher than orange essential oil. The findings suggest that these essential oils can serve as natural and sustainable alternatives to synthetic antimicrobial and antioxidant agents.

Ethanolic Extract of Salvia officinalis Leaves Affects Viability, Survival, Migration, and the Formation and Growth of 3D Cultures of the Tumourigenic Murine HPV-16+-Related Cancer Cell Line.

Salvia officinalis (SO) is one of the most widely used plants in traditional medicine worldwide. In the present study, the effect of an ethanolic extract of S. officinalis leaves on hallmarks of cancer of HPV-16-positive cancer tumorigenic cells, TC-1, was analyzed in vitro. Phytochemical and spectroscopic analysis were performed. Additionally, the extract's flavonoid content, reducing iron, and antioxidant capacity were determined. In regard to the in vitro tests, the cytotoxic activity and its effect on the replicative capacity and on the cell migration of TC-1 cells were analyzed by viability and clonogenic, survival, and wound healing assays. The effect of a pre-treatment or treatment on 3D culture formation, growth, and reversion capacity was also examined. The results of the phytochemical analysis allowed the detection of tannins, saponins, steroids, and flavonoids. The flavonoids content was found to be 153.40 ± 10.68 µg/mg of extract. Additionally, the extract exhibited an antioxidant capacity and a ferric-reducing capacity of around 40% compared to the ascorbic acid. Thin layer chromatographic (TLC) analysis and spectroscopic tests showed the presence of compounds similar to quercetin and catechin flavonoids in the extract. In the in vitro assays, the SO extract induced in a concentration-dependent way changes in cell morphology, the decrease of cell viability, survival, and migration. At a concentration of 125 µg/mL, the extract inhibited spheroid formation, reduced their growth, and affected their reversion to 2D. Ethanolic extract of S. officinalis leaves had inhibitory effects on hallmarks of the cancer line HPV-16+. This suggests that the phytochemicals present in it may be a source of chemotherapeutics against cervical cancer.

Grape seed oil in the diet of primiparous Jersey cows before and after parturition: effects on performance, health, rumen environment, and milk quality.

The objective of the study was to determine whether adding grape seed oil (GSO) to the diet of primiparous Jersey breeds during the transition period would improve animal health by measuring effects on the rumen environment, serum biochemistry, oxidative response, and the composition and quality of milk. We used 14 Jersey heifers, weighing an average of 430kg and 240days of gestation. The animals were divided into two groups and offered a basal diet, including GSO in the concentrate for the GSO group (dose of 25mL per animal day) and the same dose of soybean oil (SO) for the control group. The animals were allocated and maintained in a compost barn system, receiving an anionic diet (pre-partum) and a diet for postpartum lactating animals. Dry matter intake (DMI), milk production, serum biochemistry, serum and milk oxidative stability, ruminal fluid and milk fatty acid profile, milk qualitative aspects, and ruminal parameters such as pH, bacterial activity, and protozoan count were evaluated. The addition of GSO had a positive effect on the health of the cows, especially on the oxidative stability of the cows, by increasing total thiols (P = 0.03), higher plasma ferric reducing capacity (FRAP) (P = 0.01), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) (P = 0.01). In the oxidative stability of the milk produced by the treated animals, there was also an increase in TAC (P = 0.05) and FRAP (P = 0.03). Discreet changes were observed in the ruminal environment with a decreasing trend in pH (P = 0.04) but an increase in bacterial activity (P = 0.05) and protozoa counts (P = 0.07) in cows that consumed the additive. GSO consumption affected the fatty acid profile in milk, increasing saturated fatty acids (SFA) (P = 0.05) and reducing unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) (P = 0.03). The oil did not affect milk production or efficiency in the postpartum period. Based on this information, it is concluded that the addition of GSO positively affects the cow's antioxidant system.

Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of Tagetes filifolia Lag. essential oil from Peruvian Andes

The chemical composition of the essential oil from the aerial parts (leaves and flowers) of Tagetes filifolia Lag. grown in the Peruvian Andes was examined throughout the gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry techniques. Fifty-seven compounds were identified representing more than 99% of the essential oil. Phenylpropanoids had the major percentage, including (E)-anethol (85.0%) and estragole (12.9%) as the most abundant compounds. A multivariate analysis was performed using hierarchical cluster analysis to examine the relationship between the studied sample and other T. filifolia specimens from 21 essential oil compositions reported in the literature. Agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis reveals three groups: (E)-anethole/estragole, estragole/(E)-anethole and an outlier (Z)-anethole/estragole. In addition, antioxidant activity was evaluated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl and ferric reducing antioxidant power assays. The essential oil had a moderate scavenging effect and ferric reducing capacity.

Study on the total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of Morus nigra Linn. from different origins in Xinjiang

Optimization of the extraction process of total flavonoids from Morus nigra Linn. based on response surface design, to compare the differences in total flavonoid content of Morus nigra Linn. from different origins in Xinjiang and its relationship with antioxidant activity. A one-way test was used to investigate the effects of ethanol volume fraction, material-liquid ratio, ultrasonic power and ultrasonic time on total flavonoid content analysis of Morus nigra Linn. , Box-Behnken response surface design optimisation was used to derive the optimal extraction process parameters. Meanwhile, the in vitro antioxidant activity of Morus nigra Linn. was evaluated by antioxidant activity indexes such as hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity and ferric ion reducing capacity. The optimal extraction condition was 45% ethanol by volume, 1∶20 g/mL material-liquid ratio, 300W ultrasound power and 60 min ultrasound time. The total flavonoid content of Morus nigra Linn. s from six origins was detected and the result showed that Kuche >Kashgar >Kuche Wuqia Town>Hetian >Ying jisha >Yutian, in which the total flavonoid content of mulberry in Kucha city was(27.159±0.091)mg/g. The difference in the total flavonoid content of Morus nigra Linn. s in different origicns was statistically significant(P<0.05). In vitro antioxidant activity analysis showed that the antioxidant activity of mulberry from Kuche and Hetian was stronger, and the hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity, ferric ion reducing capacity, and total antioxidant capacity of mulberry from various origins were statistically significant(P<0.05). The correlation analysis showed that the total flavonoid content of Morus nigra Linn. was correlated with the antioxidant capacity to improve the scavenging of hydroxyl radicals. The ultrasonic-assisted method of extracting total flavonoids from Morus nigra Linn. is simple, and the model constructed has a high degree of fit, which can better compare the total flavonoids content of Morus nigra Linn. from different origins in Xinjiang.

Chemical, antioxidant, and antifungal analysis of oregano and thyme essential oils from Ecuador: Effect of thyme against Lasiodiplodia theobromae and its application in banana rot

The objective of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant capacity by spectrophotometric methods, the in vitro and in vivo antifungal effect against Lasiodiplodia theobromae and the constitution of the essential oils (EO) of oregano and thyme in comparison with their commercial counterparts. The results showed by the EOs of extracted thyme (T-EO), commercial thyme (CT-EO), extracted oregano (O-EO) and commercial oregano (CO-EO), demonstrated antioxidant profiles with a radical neutralizing potential (DPPH•) of IC50: 1.11 ± 0.019; 1.08 ± 0.05; 40.56 ± 0.227 and 0.69 ± 0.004 mg/mL, respectively. They also revealed a ferric ion reducing capacity (FRAP) of 93.05 ± 0.52; 97.72 ± 0.42; 21.85 ± 0.57 and 117.24 ± 0.64 mg Eq Trolox/g. A reduction in β-carotene degradation of 65.71 ± 0.04; 51.97 ± 0.66; 43.58 ± 1.56 and 57.46 ± 1.56 %. A total phenol content (Folin-Ciocalteu) of 132.97 ± 0.77; 141.89 ± 2.56; 152.04 ± 0.10 and 25.66 ± 0.40 mg EGA/g. Chemical characterization performed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) showed that the respective major components of the samples were thymol (T-EO: 45.78 %), thymol (CT-EO: 43.57 %), alloaromadendrene (O-EO: 25.17 %) and carvacrol (CO-EO: 62.06 %). Regarding antifungal activity, it was evident that at the in vitro level, both commercial EOs had a MIC of 250 ppm while the extracted thyme EO had a MIC of 500 ppm; In vivo studies demonstrated that the application of thyme EO had a behavior similar to the synthetic fungicide, slowing down rot in bananas under storage conditions. Finally, partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and heat maps suggest p-cymene, carvacrol, linalool, eucalyptol, 4-terpineol, (z)-β-terpineol, alkanhol, caryophyllene, β-myrcene, d-limonene, α-terpinene, α-terpineol, d-α-pinene, camphene, caryophyllene oxide, δ-cadinene, terpinolene and thymol as relevant biomarkers associated with the assessed bioactive properties demonstrating the potential of extracted essential oils for the development of a botanical biofungicide.

Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant potential of Mondia whitei and Guibourtia tessmannii against H2O2-induced cytotoxicity in PC3 cells

The management of oxidative stress-related disorders has garnered significant interest, particularly in the exploration of medicinal plants possessing potent antioxidant activities. This study was undertaken to evaluate the antioxidant activity of Mondia whitei (MW) and Guibourtia tessmannii (GT) against H2O2-induced cytotoxicity in PC3 cells. The phytochemical composition of MW and GT was determined by GC-MS analysis. Total phenolic (TP) and total flavonoid (TF) contents were quantified by Folin Ciocalteu and AlCl3 methods, respectively. The antioxidant potential of the extracts was determined using the DPPH and ABTS+ radicals scavenging method, as well as cupric and ferric reducing capacity assay. Moreover, all phytocompounds were docked against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) using ArgusLab, and results were analyzed using the BIOVIA Discovery Studio Visualizer 2021 client. MW and GT comprised 20 and 22 compounds, respectively. GT exhibited higher TP and TF contents (210.70 ± 12.7; 12.61 ± 1.3 GAE/g DW) compared to MW (132.59 ± 12.59; 5.53 ± 1.3 mg of GAE/g DW). Both MW and GT demonstrated substantial antioxidant activity, with GT proving to be more effective in preventing H2O2-induced cytotoxicity. For instance, MW and GT significantly (p < .001) increased the DPPH, ABTS+, and cupric activity, compared with the H2O2 group. All compounds identified in MW and GT exhibited a strong binding affinity against AChE and GST. Drug likeness and toxicity of all phytocompounds were under the acceptable norms of Lipinski’s rule. In conclusion, these plants could be effective candidates for the management/treatment of oxidative stress-related disorders. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

Dual effects of dietary carnosine during in vitro digestion of a Western meal model with added ascorbic acid.

The beneficial role of carnosine during in vitro digestion of meat was previously demonstrated, and it was hypothesized that such benefits could also be obtained in a meal system. The current study, therefore, assessed carnosine effects on markers of lipid and protein oxidation and of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) during gastric and duodenal in vitro digestion of a burger meal model. The model included intrinsic (low) and enhanced (medium and high) carnosine levels in a mix of pork mince and bread, with or without ascorbic acid (AA) and/or fructose as anti- and prooxidants, respectively. In the presence of either AA or fructose, a carnosine prooxidative potential during digestion was observed at the medium carnosine level depending on markers and digestive phases. However, free carnosine found at the high carnosine level exerted a protective effect reducing the formation of 4-hydroxynonenal in the gastric phase and glyoxal in both the gastric and duodenal phases. Dual effects of carnosine are likely concentration related, whereby at the medium level, free radical production increases through carnosine's ferric-reducing capacity, but there is insufficient quantity to reduce the resulting oxidation, while at the higher carnosine level some decreases in oxidation are observed. In order to obtain carnosine benefits during meal digestion, these findings demonstrate that consideration must be given to the amount and nature of other anti- and prooxidants present and any potential interactions. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Carnosine, a natural compound in meat, is a multifunctional and beneficial molecule for health. However, both pro- and antioxidative effects of carnosine were observed during digestion of a model burger meal when ascorbic acid was included at a supplemental level. Therefore, to obtain benefits of dietary carnosine during digestion of a meal, consideration needs to be given to the amount and nature of all anti- and prooxidants present and any potential interactions.

Evaluation of the antioxidant, thrombolytic, and antimicrobial effects of Corchorus aestuans L. leaf extracts: an in-vitro and in-silico study

Corchorus aestuans L. (Malvaceae), a little annual plant, grows in wastelands at low and medium altitudes. It has traditionally been used as an antihistaminic, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial for chronic cystitis, gonorrhea, and dysuria. Our research aimed to investigate the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and thrombolytic potential of several solvent extracts. Three different solvents were used in the extraction process: methanol, hydro-methanol, and water. Using established qualitative methodologies, phytochemical screening was carried out. Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride techniques were used to determine the total phenol and flavonoid contents. The antioxidant activity (total antioxidant capacity, DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) scavenging, and Fe3+ reducing power) was evaluated using spectrophotometric methods. Besides, clot lysis and disc-diffusion methods were used to assess thrombolytic and antibacterial activity. The GC-MS analysis was also performed to discover prominent phytochemicals. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of glycosides, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, etc. Among all the extracts, hydro-methanol extract (MACA) possesses the highest total phenol and flavonoid contents (778.2±20.82 mg GAE/g dry extract and 535.44±20.95 mg QE/g dry extract respectively). Similarly, MACA showed the highest total antioxidant capacity (664.31±16.84mg/g equivalent to AA), DPPH scavenging activity (IC50: 26.30±2.82 μg/mL), and ferric reducing capacity (EC50: 18.58±2.37 μg/mL). Moreover, among the three extracts, MACA showed the highest percentages of clot lysis (40.49 ±1.97 %) and an antibacterial effect against B. subtilis. GC-MS revealed 17 phytoconstituents, whereas (1s,15s) bicyclo [13.1.0] hexadecan-2-one had the greatest binding score with 6NGJ (-7.9 kcal/mol), and 1A5H (-6.9 kcal/mol) proteins. The ADMET studies showed they are non-carcinogenic, and well-absorbed, while PASS prediction and drug-likeness data showed antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and good oral bioavailability. Therefore, further research will potentiate to discover compounds with antioxidant, thrombolytic, and antibacterial properties, with their mechanism of action.

Synthesis and Antioxidant Activity of Novel Thiazole and Thiazolidinone Derivatives with Phenolic Fragments

In this work, a series of thiosemicarbazones with phenol fragments were used as starting compounds for the synthesis of new effective antioxidants containing both a phenol substituent and a heterocyclic fragment: thiazole and thiazolidinone. To determine the most stable conformation of thiosemicarbazone, a potential energy scan was used, along with NOESY NMR spectroscopy data. A number of thiazole derivatives were obtained due the interaction of thiosemicarbazones with several bromoketones: bromoacetophenone, bromodimedone, and bromoacetylcoumarin. The product yields varied from 71 to 94%. Thiazolidinone derivatives were obtained through the reaction between thiosemicarbazones and chloroacetic acid or maleic anhydride with good yields of 82–95%. The antioxidant activities of all the products were determined in vitro: the radical cation scavenging activity was estimated using 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate), while the ferric reducing capacity was determined using the ferricyanide/Prussian blue method. It was found that the antioxidant activity of most synthesized substances in both tests exceeds the activity of 4-methyl-2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, while derivatives with a fragment of 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol have the highest activity.

In vitro antioxidant activity and hypoglycemic efficacy of the leaf, stem, and rhizome extracts of &lt;i&gt;Costus igneus&lt;/i&gt; nak (Costaceae) in Alloxan Induced Diabetic Rats

Costus igneus has a folk reputation in West Africa for the treatment of diabetes. Nevertheless, from our investigations, the scientific validation of this folkloric claim has not been properly documented. The study was designed to evaluate the antidiabetic potentials and in vitro antioxidant capacity of the leaves, stems and rhizomes of C. igneus using ethanol as the extraction solvent. Phytochemical screening of the extracts was performed using standard analytical procedures. Saponins, tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, and cardiac glycosides were detected in the leaves, stems, and rhizomes of C. igneus. The median lethal dose (LD50) of the leaf, stem, and rhizome extracts in mice were 2958. 04, 1936.49, and 5000 mg/kg, respectively. The treatment of alloxan-induced diabetic rats with the extracts of the leaves, stems, and rhizomes caused a significant reduction (P&lt;0.05) in fasting blood glucose levels (44.13, 56.21, and 61.12%), respectively in acute study, and 76.85, 69.95, and 79.63% reduction in prolong treatment (2 weeks). The leaf and rhizome extract also demonstrated good antioxidant activity on 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radicals (61 and 62% inhibition, 100 μg/mL) and ferric reducing capacity (absorbance, 0.541 and 0.459, 100 μg/mL), respectively. The leaves, stems, and rhizomes of C. igneus exhibited good hypoglycaemic activity which supports their folkloric claims in the management of diabetes mellitus. The rhizomes extract showed the least toxicity and the most effective in the reduction of fasting blood glucose levels. This is the first comparative evaluation of the leaves, stems, and rhizomes of C. igneus in a study. The findings suggest the use of the rhizomes as a better substitute than the leaves popularly employed in herbal preparations or a combination of all the plant parts for an effective herbal treatment. The antioxidant capacity of this plant extracts may also be involved in the inhibition of oxidative processes implicated in diabetic complications.

Phenolic Profile and Antioxidant Potential of Beverages from Buckwheat and Side Streams after Beverages Production

Plant-based milk alternatives are a fast-growing segment of food industry resulting in the generation of large amounts of by-products, often containing comparable and even higher amounts of valuable phytochemicals than the target products. Common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum M.) Panda variety has been selected for this study, which aims to compare the antioxidant potential of beverages produced from buckwheat whole and dehulled grains, as well as cakes obtained as residues. After combining, evaporating and freeze-drying, extracts were subjected to RP-HPLC-DAD, total phenolics and in vitro antiradical and antioxidant assays (FRAP, ABTS, DPPH and lipid autoxidation). Flavonoids (3.09 mg/100 mL) exceeded the content of phenolic acids (2.35 mg/100 mL) in the beverages prepared from dehulled grains, but their content (1.69 mg/100 mL) in the beverages from whole grains was lower than that of phenolic acids (2.93 mg/100 mL). The antiradical capacity of beverages did not differ significantly, regardless of the method used. In case of by-products, a higher ferric-reducing capacity and scavenging activity towards DPPH• of cakes from whole grains compared to that from dehulled grains was established. The activity of cake extracts under lipid autoxidation conditions increased with the increase in their concentrations from 0.12 wt% to 0.16 wt% in the oxidizable substrate.

Phytochemical analysis and biological evaluation of Ferulago setifolia K. Koch.

Ferulago setifolia K. Koch (Apiaceae) has been the subject of this study, aiming to comprehensively determine its phenolic fingerprint and evaluate its various biological activities. The liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis of the 70% methanol extract of F. setifolia (FS) revealed the presence of 23 phytochemicals, among which chlorogenic acid, quinic acid, kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, and quercetin-3-O-glucoside were identified as the major phenolics in the extract. The biological screening included examinations of antioxidant, antibacterial, antiproliferative, and cytotoxic activities. The FS extract displayed moderate 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging and ferric-reducing capacity, indicating moderate antioxidant activity. Furthermore, FS exhibited significant antiproliferative effects on cancer cells while showing low cytotoxicity on normal cells. The antibacterial activity findings revealed that FS demonstrated potent activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. The findings of this study suggest that the methanolic extract of FS holds promise as a potential source of biologically active compounds. It can be utilized for the development of pharmaceutical formulations, thanks to its significant antiproliferative and antibacterial activities. Additionally, FS can serve as a valuable source of chlorogenic acid for industrial applications. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Evaluating the Protective Effect of Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle in a Rat Model of Acetic Acid-Induced Ulcerative Colitis

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has two subtypes called ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). They have the same tissue damage processes; however, differ in the initial procedures and immune regulatory aberrations. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) appears to have an important function and a key pathogenic role in CD and UC. In this paper, we evaluated the protective impact of the extract of Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle (tree of heaven), Simaroubaceae, in acetic acid-induced UC. Ferric-reducing capacity of plant extract, total phenols, and total flavonoid contents were measured in A. altissima ethanolic extract. Thirty male rats were randomly divided into six groups including control, normal, mesalazine 300 mg/kg (positive control) and 3 treatment groups with doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg for 7 days. Except for the normal group, all animals received 2 mL of 4% acetic acid infusion into the large intestine. Upon 48 h after the last gavage, the animals were euthanized. Acetic acid intracolonic administration resulted in a severe acute inflammation in the colonic tissue, which was improved by A. altissima extract at all examined doses in both microscopic and macroscopic aspects. In comparison to the control, TNF-α was considerably lower in the mesalazine and 200 mg/kg A. altissima extract groups. Conclusively, the valuable effects of the extract in the treatment of UC were confirmed by TNF-α levels, histological data, and macroscopic observations, especially at 200 mg/kg dosage. Future studies are recommended to further clarify the action mechanisms of this plant.

New MCRs: Preparation of Novel Derivatives of Pyrazoloazepines in Ionic Liquid and Study of Biological Activity

In the present investigation, we have effectively synthesized innovative pyrazoloazepine derivatives with notable yields. The synthesis was successfully accomplished by means of a multicomponent reaction that was carried out in an ionic liquid at ambient temperature conditions. The constituents implicated in this procedure consisted of NH-acids such as isatins, α-halo ketones, electron deficient acetylenic compounds, hydrazine, and hydrazonoyl chlorides. Significantly, the inclusion of an NH group appeared as a crucial characteristic in the resultant compounds. Our investigation encompassed the examination of the antioxidant capabilities exhibited by these substances. The study utilized various assays, including ferric reduction capacity and diphenyl-picrylhydrazine (DPPH) radical trapping, to investigate the possible antioxidant benefits of the substances. The antioxidative capacity of the produced pyrazoloazepine compounds was evaluated by various evaluations. The synthetic approach we employ offers numerous advantages. To begin with, the prompt response time enables the expedited generation of complex compounds. Furthermore, the significant outputs of the specific items highlight the effectiveness of our approach. The ease with which the catalyst and products can be separated enhances the efficiency of the purification procedure.

Phytochemical Properties of Croton gratissimus Burch (Lavender Croton) Herbal Tea and Its Protective Effect against Iron-Induced Oxidative Hepatic Injury.

Oxidative stress plays a vital role in the pathogenesis and progression of various liver diseases. Traditional medicinal herbs have been used worldwide for the treatment of chronic liver diseases due to their high phytochemical constituents. The present study investigated the phytochemical properties of Croton gratissimus (lavender croton) leaf herbal tea and its hepatoprotective effect on oxidative injury in Chang liver cells, using an in vitro and in silico approach. C. gratissimus herbal infusion was screened for total phenolic and total flavonoid contents as well as in vitro antioxidant capacity using ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) methods. Oxidative hepatic injury was induced by incubating 0.007 M FeSO4 with Chang liver cells which has been initially incubated with or without different concentrations (15-240 μg/mL) of C. gratissimus infusion or the standard antioxidants (Gallic acid and ascorbic acid). C. gratissimus displayed significantly high scavenging activity and ferric reducing capacity following DPPH and FRAP assays, respectively. It had no cytotoxic effect on Chang liver cells. C. gratissimus also significantly elevated the level of hepatic reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase activities as well as suppressed the malondialdehyde (MDA) level in oxidative hepatic injury. Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis of the herbal tea revealed the presence of 8-prenylnaringenin, flavonol 3-O-D-galactoside, caffeine, spirasine I, hypericin, pheophorbide-a, and 4-methylumbelliferone glucuronide. In silico oral toxicity prediction of the identified phytochemicals revealed no potential hepatotoxicity. Molecular docking revealed potent molecular interactions of the phytochemicals with SOD and catalase. The results suggest the hepatoprotective and antioxidative potentials of C. gratissimus herbal tea against oxidative hepatic injury.

Isolation and identification of carotenoid-producing Rhodotorula sp. from soils collected in the coastal environment of Kien Giang and Tra Vinh provinces

Rhodotorula is a genus of marine yeasts that is considered the most suitable for carotenoid production. In this study, collected soils at Kien Giang and Tra Vinh provinces were cultured on yeast extract peptone dextrose (YEPD) agar for 72 hours at room temperature. Twenty-three isolates exhibiting yellow, orange, and pink pigments were tested for physiological and biochemical characteristics such as carbohydrate fermentation and assimilation, nitrate assimilation, urease production, and growth temperature. Their oval dimensions were 4.24x3.64 μm for isolate 5S1-T and 3.88x3.17 μm for isolate 5S4-T. The two isolates could assimilate carbohydrate and nitrate sources and produce urease. The ITS rDNA sequence of isolates 5S1-T and 5S4-T both had 100% matches to Rhodotorula sphaerocarpaCBS:5940 and Rhodotorula sphaerocarpa CBS:5939, respectively. The maximum absorbance wavelengths of the solution extractions from the 5S1-T and 5S4-T were 496 and 487 nm, respectively. The total carotenoid content of strain 5S1-T was found to be the highest (1.81 mg/l) followed by strain 5S4-T (1.16 mg/ml). The antioxidant abilities of the 5S1-T and 5S4-T were demonstrated by scavenging the free radical DPPH and ferric reducing capacity. The free radical scavenging activity of the extract from isolate 5S1-T (96.15%) was higher than that of isolate 5S4-T (88.61%) at 0.14 mg/ml. The absorbance at 700 nm of the extracts of both 5S1-T and 5S4-T significantly increased from 0.05 to 0.3 mg/ml. The two strains 5S1-T and 5S4-T of Rhodotorulasphaerocarpa discovered in this study could contribute to carotenoid and antioxidant-producing yeasts for industries in the future.

Coffee Fruit Roasting: An Approach To Enhance Yield and Bioactivities of Ethanol Extracts from Coffee Husk

This study aims to investigate the effects of roasting dried coffee cherry on total phenol (TP), tannin, and flavonoid (TF) content and to examine the antioxidant and antimicrobial capacity of a coffee cherry husk-derived ethanol extract. Accordingly, the TP and TF content after different roasting regimens ranged from 9.00 to 123.49 mg GAE/g and 2.69 to 35.34 mg QE/g, respectively. The total tannin content decreased from 42.45 mg TAE/g to 0.27 mg TAE/g by the treatment. The DPPH radical and hydrogen peroxide scavenging capacities extended from 24.68 ± 0.05 to 93.83% and 14.45 to 76.07%, respectively, while the ferric reducing capacity increased from 10.85 to 47.02 mg AAE/g. An extract with increased TP and TF as well as stronger antioxidative activity was found to be produced by mild temperature (150 °C) roasting for 25 min or 180 °C for 10 to 15 min, after which the potency declines. The bacterial inhibition zones also increased from 7.03 to 21.30 mm and from 6.00 to 15.77 mm forE. coli and S. aureus, respectively. This study demonstrated that roasting degrades tannin and enhances the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of ethanol extracts of coffee husk.

Protective effects of sugarcane phenolic extract against lipid oxidative damages in raw ground pork and beef during refrigerated storage conditions

The study evaluated the bioactive components and antioxidant properties of sugarcane phenolic extracts (SCPE) against lipid oxidation in raw ground pork and beef during refrigerated storage conditions. Results showed that SCPE has a high total phenolic content of 35.9 g GAE/100 g sample majority of which are vanillic (799.77 mg/100 g), sinapic (434.38 mg/100 g), and coumaric (342.37 mg/100 g) acids. These phenolic compounds exhibited strong radical scavenging activities against DPPH (191.00 mg TE/g) and ABTS (359.80 mg TE/g) radical, ferric reducing capacity (97.80 mg TE/g), and lipid peroxidation inhibition (120.20 mg TE/g) activities which are comparable to BHT. Supplementation of SCPE at 400 mg/kg fresh weight of ground pork and ground beef improved the antioxidant activities of meat samples, leading to the delay in TBARS formation, lower reduction in heme iron content, and minimal increase in metmyoglobin content during 14-day refrigerated storage as compared to BHT-treated and control. Moreover, the redness of meat was preserved in SCPE- and BHT-treated samples as measured by a* color value. Correlation heat maps showed that TBARS, metmyoglobin, and ΔE are positively correlated with each other, and at the same time showed negatively correlated with heme iron and a*. This study revealed that antioxidant extracts from sugarcane presented a positive effect on the oxidative stability of raw ground pork and beef during refrigerated storage.