Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power Assay Research Articles

Secondary Metabolites and Antioxidant Activity against Moko Disease as a Defense Mechanism of Musa spp. from the Ecuadorian Coast Area.

The Musa spp. represents the most commonly produced, transitioned, and consumed fruit around the globe, with several important applications in the biotechnology, pharmaceutical, and food industries. Moko disease is produced by Ralstonia solanacearum-a factor with a high impact on all crops in Ecuador, representing one of the biggest phytosanitary problems. Four of the most common varieties of Musa spp. were tested to identify the metabolic reaction of plants facing Moko disease. The phenolic and flavonoid content has been evaluated as a defense system, and the α-diphenyl-α-picrylhydrazyl free-radical-scavenging method (DPPH), free-radical-scavenging activity (ABTS), ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays, and liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC-MS) have been adapted to analyze the active compounds with the antioxidant capacity necessary to counteract the pathogenic attack. Our results indicate that all the studied varieties of Musa spp. react in the same way, such that the diseased samples showed a higher accumulation of secondary metabolites with antioxidant capacity compared with the healthy ones, with high active compound synthesis identified during the appearance of Moko disease symptoms. More than 40 compounds and their derivatives (from kaempferol and quercetin glycosides) with protective roles demonstrate the implication of the Musa spp. defense system against R. solanacearum infection.

Improving the Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Fermented Milks with Exopolysaccharides-Producing Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Strains.

Exopolysaccharides (EPSs) producing lactic acid bacteria have been claimed to confer various health benefits to the host, including the ability to face oxidative and inflammatory-related stress. This study investigated the ability of food-borne Lactiplantibacillus (Lpb.) plantarum to improve the antioxidant activity of fermented milks by producing EPSs. Two Lpb. plantarum strains, selected as lower and higher EPSs producers, have been applied in lab-scale fermented milk production, in combination with conventional starters. Antioxidant activity was investigated in vitro using DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS (2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) assays while the ability to modulate reactive oxygen species (ROS) level was evaluated in an intestinal healthy model, subjected to both oxidative and inflammatory stress. Furthermore, to verify whether digestion affects functionality, fermented milks were evaluated before and after in vitro-simulated INFOGEST digestion. The results showed an improved antioxidant activity of fermented milk enriched with Lpb. plantarum LT100, the highest EPSs producer. Furthermore, the data showed a different ROS modulation with a protective anti-inflammatory effect of samples enriched with Lpb. plantarum strains. Our data suggest the use of selected EPS-producing strains of Lpb. plantarum as a natural strategy to enrich the functionality of fermented milks in terms of ROS modulation and inflammatory-related stress.

Cytotoxicity Screening of Sterculia striata A.St.-Hil. & Naudin (Chichá) and Arachis hypogaea L. (Peanut) and Comparative Chemical Profiles Before and After in Vitro Digestion.

This study traced the cytotoxicity, antioxidant activity, and phytochemical profile before and after in vitro digestion of nuts from Sterculia striata A. St.-Hil. & Naudin (Malvaceae) (chichá or monkey's peanut), a native plant from Brazil, in comparison with Arachis hypogaea L. (peanut). The antioxidant activity in the 2,2'-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power Assay (FRAP) assays was lower in chichá when compared with peanuts, corroborating the lower concentration of polyphenols. None of the samples studied showed significant cytotoxicity in 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromideDAD: diode-array detection (MTT) assays. In vitro digestion altered the phytochemical profile in both plants, increasing the concentration of rutin in fresh and roasted chichá but only in raw peanuts. In roasted peanuts, rutin was converted into quercetin. Chichá nuts have been used by the local population for centuries, and the identification of their bioactive components can be useful to promote their benefits as a functional food.

Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of Tagetes filifolia Lag. essential oil from Peruvian Andes

The chemical composition of the essential oil from the aerial parts (leaves and flowers) of Tagetes filifolia Lag. grown in the Peruvian Andes was examined throughout the gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry techniques. Fifty-seven compounds were identified representing more than 99% of the essential oil. Phenylpropanoids had the major percentage, including (E)-anethol (85.0%) and estragole (12.9%) as the most abundant compounds. A multivariate analysis was performed using hierarchical cluster analysis to examine the relationship between the studied sample and other T. filifolia specimens from 21 essential oil compositions reported in the literature. Agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis reveals three groups: (E)-anethole/estragole, estragole/(E)-anethole and an outlier (Z)-anethole/estragole. In addition, antioxidant activity was evaluated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl and ferric reducing antioxidant power assays. The essential oil had a moderate scavenging effect and ferric reducing capacity.

Phytochemicals profiling of Cassia fistula fruit extract and its effect on serum lipids and hematological parameters in high-fat diet-induced hyperlipidemic female rats.

Cassia fistula (C. fistula) has shown strong anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antitussive, antibacterial, and antifungal properties and is being used for healing wounds and gastrointestinal illness. This study was planned to obtain fruit extract from C. fistula using ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) technique and evaluated for phytochemical contents, anti-hyperlipidemia, and hematological parameters. The results showed that total phenolic (TPC), total flavonoids (TFC), condensed tannin (CT), and saponins were 13.07 mg GAE/g, 5.24 mg QE/g, 4.01 mg/g, and 27.55%, respectively, in the extract. Proximate composition of the extract showed 2.48%, moisture, 1.25% fat, 2.80% ash, 4.59% fiber, 11.93% protein, and 76.95% NFE. The 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP) activity was 63.30 μg/mL and 15.02 nmol/g, respectively. High-fat diet (HFD)-induced hyperlipidemic rats were orally administrated with 0.5 and 1.0 g of extract/kg body weight (bw) daily. The reduction of total cholesterol (TC: 90.83 ± 8.86 mg/dL), triglycerides (TG; 74.16 ± 9.10 mg/dL), and low-density lipoproteins (LDL; 74.83 ± 4.66 mg/dL) and increase of high-density lipoproteins (HDL; 41.83 ± 8.4 mg/dL) was observed. Significant changes in red blood cells (RBCs; 8.03 ± 0.67106/μL), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC; 35.02 ± 1.78 g/dL), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH; 18.00 ± 0.26 pg), and mean corpuscular volume (MCV; 55.36 ± 4.01 fL) at 1.0 g extract intake was observed. Extract administration also improved significantly liver enzymes, body weight, and liver morphology. Therefore, C. fistula extract can be effectively used as a therapeutic agent to improve serum biochemistry and hematological values.

Antioxidant effects and potential molecular mechanism of action of Diplocyclos palmatus (L.) C. Jeffrey fruits based on systematic network pharmacology with experimental validation

Oxidative stress arises from an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the ability of biological systems to detoxify these reactive intermediates or repair the resulting damage. Diplocyclos palmatus (D. palmatus) is a medicinal plant, whose fruits has been reported to have antioxidant activity due to its potent bioactive compounds, and holds promise for mitigating oxidative stress and its associated diseases. Therefore, this study aims to elucidate the bioactive compounds present in D. palmatus via Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis and evaluate their antioxidant activity via different in-vitro antioxidant assays such as, DPPH free radical scavenging assay, ABTS radical scavenging assay, ferric reducing antioxidant power assay, hydroxyl free radical scavenging assay and reactive nitrogen oxide scavenging assay. Furthermore, systematic network pharmacology, molecular docking and molecular dynamics were utilized to identify major bioactive compounds and their interactions with key proteins implicated in oxidative stress to understand the molecular mechanism of action of D. palmatus fruits. The obtained results indicated that the fruit extract had highest antioxidant activity against hydroxyl free radicals (IC50 = 476.76 µg/mL) followed by nitric oxide radicals (IC50 = 509.06 µg/mL), DPPH• (IC50 = 601.88 µg/mL), ABTS•+ (IC50 = 709.37 µg/mL) and FRAP (IC50 = 1141.76 µg/mL). In network pharmacology analysis, bioactive compounds of D. palmatus fruits were found to target numerous major cellular proteins (AKT1, GAPDH, ALB, CASP3, PTGS2, PPARG, STAT3, EGFR, ESR1 and MMP9), with a notable impact on the estrogen signaling pathway. Molecular docking and dynamics analysis further validated the antioxidant potential of D. palmatus fruits. Overall, this integrative study sheds light on the antioxidant potential of D. palmatus fruits and elucidates the molecular mechanisms underpinning their antioxidative actions. These findings not only deepen the understanding of D. palmatus phytochemistry, but also highlight its therapeutic potential as a natural antioxidant agent for combating oxidative stress-related disorders.

A comparative analysis of phytochemical constituents and bioactivity of two wild medicinal herbs of the Amaranthaceae family

Alternanthera sessilis and Alternanthera paronychioides are 2 common herbaceous plants in the North Eastern region of India. The 2 species are known traditionally for edibility and medicinal use. The objectives are to qualitatively screen phytochemicals and test for antioxidant activity and antimicrobial activity between the 2 species– Alternanthera sessilis and Alternanthera paronychioides. The samples for analysis were collected from aerial leaves and air-dried for phytochemical screening and biological activity tests. Antioxidant assays used are DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-1picrylhydrazyl), H2O2, and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) assay. For antimicrobial tests, 2 different strains of microbes were used to test the bioactivity of the plants. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of several antioxidant potential groups of phytochemicals like phenols, flavonoids, etc. Phytochemical constituents of Alternanthera sessilis showed more antioxidant potential than Alternanthera paronychioides in DPPH and H2O2 assays but Alternanthera paronychioides showed more potential than Alternanthera sessilis in FRAP assay. The phytochemicals also showed positive tests for antimicrobial activity against 2 bacterial strains, i.e., Escherichia coli (MTCC 443) and Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 737). This study reveals the presence of phytonutrients which suggest the antioxidant and antibacterial activities exhibited by the 2 species of the family. Further exploration of phytochemicals in different aspects could lead to better-performing drugs for various ailments.

Extraction of Antioxidants from Brown Macroalgae Fucus spiralis.

In this study, different extraction methods and conditions were used for the extraction of antioxidants from brown macroalgae Fucus spiralis. The extraction methodologies used were ultrasound-assisted extraction (ultrasonic bath and ultrasonic probe), extraction with a vortex, extraction with an Ultra-Turrax® homogenizer, and high-pressure-assisted extraction. The extracts were analyzed for their total phenolic content (TPC) and their antioxidant activity, and evaluated through the 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazil (DPPH) free radical scavenging method and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. Ultrasonic probe-assisted extraction yielded the highest values of TPC (94.78-474.16 mg gallic acid equivalents/g extract). Regarding the antioxidant activity, vortex-assisted extraction gave the best DPPH results (IC50 1.89-16 µg/mL), while the highest FRAP results were obtained using the Ultra-Turrax® homogenizer (502.16-1188.81 μmol ascorbic acid equivalents/g extract). For each extraction method, response surface methodology was used to analyze the influence of the experimental conditions "extraction time" (t), "biomass/solvent ratio" (R), "solvent" (S, water % in water/ethanol mixture), and "pressure" (P) on TPC, DPPH, and FRAP of the F. spiralis extracts. In general, higher TPC content and higher antioxidant capacity (lower IC50 and higher FRAP) were obtained with higher R, t, and P, and lower S (higher ethanol %). The model regarding the combined effects of independent variables t, R, and S on the FRAP response values for vortex-assisted extractions best fitted the experimental data (R2 0.957), with optimal extraction conditions of t = 300 s, R = 50 g, and S = 25%.

Pitahaya (Hylocereus ocamponis)-Peel and -Flesh Flour Obtained from Fruit Co-Products-Assessment of Chemical, Techno-Functional and In Vitro Antioxidant Properties.

The aim of this work was to assess the chemical composition and physico-chemical, techno-functional, and in vitro antioxidant properties of flours obtained from the peel and flesh of pitahaya (Hylocereus ocamponis) to determine their potential for use as ingredients for food enrichment. The chemical composition, including total betalains, mineral content, and polyphenolic profile, was determined. The techno-functional properties (water holding, oil holding, and swelling capacities) were also evaluated. For the antioxidant capacity, four different methodologies, namely ferrous ion-chelating ability assay, ferric-reducing antioxidant power assay; 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging ability assay, and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical assay, were used. Pitahaya-peel flour had higher values for protein (6.72 g/100 g), ash (11.63 g/100 g), and dietary fiber 56.56 g/100 g) than pitahaya-flesh flour, with values of 6.06, 3.63, and 8.22 g/100 g for protein, ash, and dietary fiber, respectively. In the same way, pitahaya peel showed a higher content of minerals, betalains, and polyphenolic compounds than pitahaya-flesh flour, with potassium (4.43 g/100 g), catechin (25.85 mg/g), quercetin-3-rhamnoside (11.66 mg/g) and myricetrin (12.10 mg/g) as principal compounds found in the peel. Again, pitahaya-peel flour showed better techno-functional and antioxidant properties than pitahaya-flesh flour. The results obtained suggest that the flours obtained from the peel and pulp of pitahaya (H. ocamponis) constitute a potential material to be utilized as an ingredient in the food industry due to the high content of bioactive compounds such as betalains, phenolic acids, and flavonoids, with notable antioxidant capacity.

Anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and anti-ulcer activities of aqueous lyophilizate of Markhamia lutea (Bignoniaceae).

This work was carried out with a view to determining the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcer properties of the aqueous lyophilized extract of Markhamia lutea. In vitro proteinases inhibition, albumin denaturation, hemolysis of red blood cells by heat, inhibition ofthe proton pump H+/K+ATPase, FRAP (Ferric reducing antioxidant power) and DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) assays were performed. In vivo, cold water immersion-induced ulceration and methylene blue-induced ulceration was usedto determine the anti-ulcer properties of the lyophilizate (100, 200 and 300 mg/kg). In vitro, the lyophilizate (400 μg/mL) significantly inhibited protein denaturation (66.65 %), hemolysis of red blood cells (56.54 %), proteinase activity (69.22 %); then theIC50 was 26.31 μg/mL on proton pump activity. It has alsodeveloped a strong ferric reducing antioxidant power(EC50=52.96 mmol FeSO4/g) as well as free radicals scavenging activity (EC50=22.38 μg/mL). In vivo, the aqueous lyophilizate (200 and 300 mg/kg) protected the gastric mucosa (70.68 and 79.00 % protection respectively) and reduced (p<0.05) acetylcholine, calcium and corticosterone concentrations. A decrease in malondialdehyde level, an increased glutathione level and an increased in catalase andSOD activities were recorded. In the methylene blue test, it significantly increased gastric fluid pH, while reducing gastric volume and improving hematological parameters inulcer animals. In addition, the histological sections showthat the aqueous lyophilizate of M.lutea protected the gastric mucosa from the deleterious effects of stress. The aqueous lyophilizate of M.lutea has anti-ulcer properties thanks to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-secretory properties.

Biomedical and therapeutic potential of marine-derived Pseudomonas sp. strain AHG22 exopolysaccharide: A novel bioactive microbial metabolite

Abstract Microbial exopolysaccharides (EPSs) are gaining interest as alternatives to chemical antioxidants and pharmaceuticals. This study mines the promising biomedical and antimicrobial potential of a marine bacterium, a prolific EPS producer, isolated from the Red Sea. Pseudomonas sp. strain AHG22 generated an EPS weighing 6.98 g·L−1, coded EPSF8, subjected to FT-IR and HPLC chemical analysis. EPSF8 was then investigated for antioxidant assessment by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), H2O2, ABTS˙ + , nitric oxide, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). EPSF8 had an IC50 of 46.99 μg·mL−1 in the DPPH antioxidant assay and antioxidant capacities of 219.45 μg·mg−1 ascorbic acid equivalent (AAE) in the TAC assay and 54.15 μg·mg−1 AAE in the FRAP assay. The in vitro anti-inflammatory effect of EPSF8 was tested against 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzymes and compared with the drugs ibuprofen and celecoxib used as controls. The IC50 values of 5-LOX, COX-2, ibuprofen, and celecoxib were found to be 14.82, 15.49, 1.5, and 0.28 μg·mL−1, respectively. Additionally, EPSF8 revealed antidiabetic activity toward α-amylase and α-glucosidase, and the IC50 values were 93.1 and 127.28 μg·mL−1, compared to those of acarbose (50.93 and 4.13 μg·mL−1, respectively). Anti-obesity activity of EPSF8 by lipase inhibition revealed IC50 = 56.12 μg·mL−1 compared to orlistat (IC50 = 20.08 μg·mL−1) as a control. EPSF8 displayed antibiofilm and bactericidal activity against Gram-positive (G +ve) and Gram-negative (G −ve) ATCC pathogenic bacterial strains. It had a minimum bactericidal concentration/minimum inhibitory concentration ratio ≤2, indicating a broad bactericidal spectrum. Furthermore, EPSF8 is evidenced to have a promising anti-butyrylcholinesterase activity for the control of Alzheimer’s disease. The findings of the present analysis suggest that the isolated Pseudomonas sp. strain AHG22 EPS can potentially be explored as a promising green therapeutic compound.

Antioxidant Activity and Fatty Acid Profile of Sous-Vide Beef Marinated with Kiwiberry Fruit Pulp: Effects of Level Addition and Refrigerated Storage.

The purpose of the study was to determine the antioxidant activity (AA) and fatty acid (FA) profile of sous-vide beef previously marinated in brine with a 10, 20 and 30% addition of kiwiberry (Actinidia arguta cv. 'Ananasnaya') fruit pulp, as well as changes in the parameters studied after 0, 1, 2 and 3 weeks of refrigerated storage in a vacuum package. The FA profile, FRAP (ferric-reducing antioxidant power assay), ABTS (2,2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-acid)), total polyphenols, chlorophylls and carotenoids were also determined in the fruit pulp. Lipid indices for meat were calculated based on the obtained FA profile. The values of FRAP and ABTS of experimental meat products were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher than those of control samples but decreased with storage time. The proportion of unsaturated FA in the lipids of sous-vide meat was higher in samples with pulp than in control samples and insignificantly decreased with storage time. Meat marinated with kiwiberry pulp was characterized by a significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher proportion of ALA (α-linolenic acid) and LA (linoleic acid), considerably affecting the more favorable value of polyunsaturated FA/saturated FA ratio. A troubling finding was the heightened level of palmitic acid (C16:0) in the lipids of beef subjected to 30% kiwiberry pulp, a factor recognized to play a significant role in the development of various diseases. Beef marinated with 20% kiwiberry pulp addition provides greater nutritional and health benefits than other sample variants because of optimal AA and FA profile changes during refrigerated storage.

Physical and Chemical Properties of Boiled Oil: A Traditional Method of Extracting Oil from Boiled Olive Fruits

Background In some villages in Northern Jordan, farmers boil part of their olive fruit harvest before oil extraction to increase the quantity of oil, get a desirable acquired taste, as they claim, and get additional health benefits. Locals call this oil Boiled oil (BO), and its price is about 20% higher than virgin olive oil (VOO) produced by the same farmer. Objective The hypothesis was that boiling olive fruits may affect the quality of the produced oil. Therefore, our study aimed to determine the chemical and physical characteristics of boiled oil in comparison with VOO and the effect of storage of both types of oils for one year. Methods Total phenolic compounds, ferric-reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP), and radical scavenging activity (RSA) were evaluated. Moreover, the quality indices of BO and VOO were also evaluated. Results Total phenolic compounds decreased significantly (p &lt;0.05) from 8.7 mg GAE/100g in VOO to 2.47 mg GAE/100g in BO. The antioxidant activity measured using FRAP assay also decreased significantly (p &lt;0.05) from 962 to 379 micromole/kg. Half-maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) of the RSA was significantly higher (p &lt;0.05) in BO samples (414 mg/ml) in comparison with VOO samples (38.9 mg/ml). Moreover, there was a significant increase (p &lt;0.05) in acid value in BO samples (0.943%) in comparison with VOO samples (0.518%). However, the increase in acid value after one year of storage was higher in VOO than in BO. The peroxide value also increased significantly in boiled oil (500 meq/kg) in comparison with VOO (19 meq/kg). Additionally, a significant increase in ultraviolet absorption was observed in BO at k232 and k270 (3.5), which is considered unsuitable for human consumption compared with VOO (2.43). Conclusion In conclusion, these results showed that boiling olive fruits before oil extraction deteriorates oil quality as expected, and consumers should be educated that this type of oil is hazardous to human health and is a waste of effort and money.

Chemical Constituents, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Activities of Ethyl Acetate Fractionated Extract from Rhizomes of Zingiber monophyllum Gagnep.: In vitro and in silico Screenings

Objective/Background: Zingiber monophyllum Gagnep., a member of the Zingiberaceae family, is known for its significant biological activities. The current study aimed to determine the volatile components of the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fractionated extract found in the rhizomes of this species. This is the first report on the chemical composition and bioactivities of Z. monophyllum rhizomes fractionated extract. Methods: The chemical constituents were analyzed and determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Antioxidant activities were evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays using ascorbic acid as a positive control. Antibacterial and antifungal properties of the EtOAc fractionated extract of Z. monophyllum rhizomes were assessed against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and Candida albicans. Density functional theory (DFT) and molecular docking were also employed to illustrate antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Results: Nine components were identified by GC-MS analysis from the EtOAc fractionated extract of Z. monophyllum rhizomes. ( E)-labda-8(17),12-diene-15,16-dial (9), spathulenol (2), and neointermedeol (5) were the major components (21.8%, 16.8%, and 11.9%, respectively). Moderate antioxidant activities of the EtOAc fractionated extract were observed via both the DPPH assay and the FRAP assay using ascorbic acid as the standard compound. The extract demonstrated remarkable antimicrobial activity against all examined microbial strains, except for P. aeruginosa. The DFT study analyzed the antioxidant potential of each component in the fractionated extract. Molecular docking study chose E. faecalis DNA gyrase B, E. coli DNA gyrase B, S. aureus biotin protein ligase, E. faecalis Alanine racemase, and C. albicans N-myristoyltransferase as potential target proteins for antimicrobial activity. Conclusion: In this study, the chemical composition of the EtOAc fractionated extract of Z monophyllum rhizomes was demonstrated through GC-MS analysis for the first time. Nine components, including alloaromadendrene, spathulenol, globulol, τ-cadinol, neointermedeol, aromadendrene oxide-(2), ambrial, (E)-15,16-dinorlabda-8(17),11-dien-13-one, and (E)-lambda-8 (17),12-diene-15,16-dial along with relative content were identified in this fractionated extract. The bioassays revealed that the fractionated extract showed moderate antioxidant activities and significant antimicrobial activities. The antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of each component was also theoretically examined by the DFT study and molecular docking study, respectively.

Green and efficient extraction of phenolic compounds from Neem leaves using deep eutectic solvents based ultrasonic-assisted extraction

Deep eutectic solvent (DES) combined with ultrasonic-assisted extraction was employed as an environmentally friendly technique for extracting antioxidant phenolic compounds from Neem leaves in place of organic solvents. Choline chloride-Ethylene glycol (1:2) with 40% V/V water content (DES-1) was investigated as a potential total phenolic content extractant (38.2 ± 1.2 mg GAE/g DW, where GAE: gallic acid equivalent, DW: dry weight). The optimal operational parameters assessed using single-factor experiments to maximize the total phenolic compounds content were as follows: extraction time of 30 min, 40% V/V water content, liquid-solid ratio of 15:1, and room temperature. Additionally, the in-vitro antioxidant experiments (2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assay and ferric reducing antioxidant power assay) demonstrated the DES-1-based extract of Neem leaves as a potent antioxidant agent, compared to traditional solvents. Moreover, microscopic morphological analysis supported the effectiveness of DES-1 for the noticeable alteration in the fiber surface structure of Neem leaves after extraction which benefited in the release of polyphenols from these leaves. Eventually, the mass analysis of the extract disclosed the presence of eleven polyphenols in the extract. The Green Analytical Procedure Index revealed the greenness of the extraction method.

Comprehensive Analysis of Antioxidant and Phenolic Profiles of Thai Medicinal Plants for Functional Food and Pharmaceutical Development.

Medicinal plants, are resources of traditional medicines, have played a significant role in human culture throughout history. The connect of traditional knowledge with contemporary scientific findings, display the potential of these plants for nutritional and pharmaceutical applications. This study aimed to investigates the antioxidant activity and phenolic compositions of seven medicinal plants (Kaempferia parviflora, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Phyllanthus emblica, Terminalia chebula, Terminalia bellirica, Gynostemma pentaphyllum, and Stevia rebaudiana) from Kalasin Province, Thailand. 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays were used to evaluate the the antioxidant activities. The qualitative method was used for the phytochemical screening. Additionally, reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) analysis reveals their phenolic compositions. Results revealed that phenols, flavonoids, and terpenoids were found in all medicinal plants studied, with flavonoids and phenols most predominant. Notably, P. emblica and T. bellirica show significant antioxidant properties and high levels of phenolics and flavonoids. P. emblica had the highest phenolic acid concentrations, with ρ-coumaric (79.43µg/g), chlorogenic (45.22µg/g), and ferulic acid (29.58µg/g) being dominant. The research emphasizes the value of these plants in developing functional foods and pharmaceuticals, underlining the importance of conserving biodiversity and traditional knowledge for future health product innovation.

Antioxidant Activities and Protective Effects of Shorea macrophylla Leaf and Bark Extracts

Shorea macrophylla, also known as the ‘Engkabang’ tree or Light Red Meranti, is renowned for its role in reforestation efforts. Despite lacking records of traditional use, the reported biological activities of other species within the Shorea genus spark curiosity about the potential biological activities of this plant. Therefore, this study aims to explore the antioxidant capabilities of S. macrophylla leaf and bark extracts, along with their protective effects against oxidative stress using a brine shrimp model. In the evaluation of antioxidant potential, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays were employed. Extracts were incubated in DPPH and FRAP solutions, and absorbances were measured at 517 and 593 nm, respectively. The brine shrimp lethality assay (BSLT) involved exposing brine shrimps (Artemia salina) to various concentrations of the extract, with LC50 values determined through probit regression analysis. Oxidative stress protection assays entailed treating brine shrimps with safe doses of S. macrophylla extracts before exposure to H2O2, with subsequent observation of survival rates. The DPPH assay unveiled IC50 values of 1.025 and 0.693 mg/mL for S. macrophylla leaf and bark extracts, respectively, while FRAP values exhibited a concentration-dependent relationship. BSLT demonstrated concentration-dependent mortality, with LC50 values of 0.93 and 0.6455 mg/mL for S. macrophylla leaf and bark extracts, respectively. Pre-treatment with S. macrophylla extracts significantly increased brine shrimp survival against H2O2-induced oxidative stress. In conclusion, both S. macrophylla leaf and bark water extracts demonstrated noteworthy antioxidant activities and exhibited protective effects against oxidative stress in brine shrimps. These findings provide insights into the antioxidant activities and protective effects of S. macrophylla Leaf and Bark extracts.

Screening for Potential Antioxidants from &lt;i&gt;Chrozophora senegalensis&lt;/i&gt; Crude Extract

Numerous reports have indicated oxidative stress as the under-laying factor or associated with the onset or progression of numerous human ailments and disorders such as dementia, Alzheimer disease, diabetes, macular degeneration and aging. Chrozophora senegalensis (C. senegalensis) is a plant used in traditional medicine to cure both infectious and non-infectious diseases. This research was aimed to carry out the antioxidant activities guided isolation and characterization of phytocompounds from C. senegalensis methanol crude extract. The plant sample was extracted using maceration and concentrated on a rotary evaporator at 45oC. Three different but complementary methods; Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), Nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide assays were used to evaluate the antioxidant activities of C. senegalensis crude extracts. Column chromatography was used to isolate and purify the compounds from the most active n-hexane fraction and coded as CSC-1, CSC-2 and CSC-3. The compounds were characterized using NMR (1H &amp; 13C), GC-MS, melting point determination and in comparison with literature. The percentage free radical scavenging activity for FRAP, nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide assays were 94.51%, 92.38% and 91.67% respectively while that of ascorbic acid standard was 95.43±0.76%. The isolated compounds were identified as 1- hexacosanol (CSC-1), 1-triacontanol (CSC-2) and oleic acid (CSC-3). The isolation and characterization of these bioactive compounds from C. senegalensis crude extract validates its usefulness in traditional medicine practice.

Antioxidant activity of jambu bol [Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. and Perry] leaf extract

Jambu bol [Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. and Perry] is well known to be used in folk medicine and reports are proving the biological activity of each part of this plant. This study aimed to determine the antioxidant activity of S. malaccense L. leaf extract. The methods used in this study were total phenolic content (TPC) assay, 2,2-Diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS•) radical scavenging activity assay and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. The results showed that the extract contained TPC of 44.10±0.06 mg GAE/g. The IC50 scavenging activities of DPPH and ABTS• were 0.0334 mg of Ascorbic acid E/g and 0.1352 mg of TE/g, respectively, while the antioxidant reducing power was 1013.50±0.07 mM Fe2+ / g. In conclusion, S. malaccense L. leaf extract was found to possess antioxidant activity, and this extract has potential to be developed to be used in food as a natural antioxidant agent.

Determination of Physicochemical Characteristics, Phytochemical Profile and Antioxidant Activity of Various Clover Honeys.

This paper reports on some physicochemical and phytochemical characteristics (i. e. pH, electrical conductivity, colour, moisture content, total phenolic content, sugar profile) and in vitro antioxidant activity of honeys harvested from five legume species, red clover (Trifolium pratense), balansa clover (T. michelianum), Persian clover (T. resupinatum), purple clover (T. purpureum) and sanfoin, also known as holy clover (Onobrychis viciifolia), that were grown in enclosed shade houses to ensure that the honeys' characteristics are reflective of a truly monofloral honey. Glucose and fructose, determined via High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) analysis, were found as the main sugars in all investigated honeys with the ratio of fructose to glucose ranging from 1 : 1.2 to 1 : 1.6. The honeys' pH values ranged from 3.9 to 4.6 which met Codes Alimentarius (CA) requirements. The moisture content was found to be between 17.6 and 22.2 % which in some cases was slightly higher than CA requirements (≤20 %). The honeys' colour values, prior and after filtration, were between 825.5-1149.5 mAU and 532.4-824.8 mAU respectively, illustrating golden yellow to deep yellow hues. The total phenolic content (TPC) of the honeys was determined using a modified Folin-Ciocalteu assay. Their antioxidant activity was captured by the Ferric Reducing-Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay as well as HPTLC analysis coupled with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) derivatisation. The highest total phenolic content was found in red clover honey (45.4 mg GAE/100 g) whereas purple clover honey showed the highest level of activity in the FRAP assay (7.3 mmol Fe2+/kg). HPTLC-DPPH analysis of the honeys' organic extracts demonstrated the presence of various bioactive compounds that contribute to their overall antioxidant activity. This study developed a methodology for producing monofloral clover honeys in a space limited, enclosed production system, which allowed to collate important baseline data for these honeys that can serve as the foundation for their potential future development into commercial honeys, including honeys that can be used for medicinal purposes.