Ferric Oleate Research Articles

Study on the Catalytic Oxidation Modification Effect of Heavy Oil at Low Temperature under the Action of Different Ligand Ferric-Based Systems

This work explores the low-temperature catalytic oxidation of heavy oil (140 °C), resulting in structural changes with reduced heavy components and increased light components. The catalytic oxidation system consists of a catalyst, an oxidant, and a proton donor. Four different complexes of iron-based catalysts were utilized: ferric oleate, iron naphthenate, EDTA–FeNa, and EDDHA–FeNa. Catalytic oxidation processes with these catalysts produced four types of oxygenated oil, which were then analyzed using group composition analysis and a viscosity test. The results show that EDDHA–FeNa is more favorable for the catalytic oxidation of heavy oil in a low-temperature environment, achieving a viscosity reduction rate of 78.57%. Furthermore, the catalytic performance of heavy oil oxidation was investigated using EDDHA–FeNa as catalyst under three conditions: the amount of catalyst, oxidant and reaction temperature. These findings may provide researchers valuable guidance and principles for the investigation and development of advanced catalytic viscosity reduction of heavy oil.

Controllable preparation and electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution characteristics of Fe3S4 nanocrystals

In order to obtain better electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution performance, Fe3S4 with different morphologies was synthesized by controlling the reaction conditions. During that progress, the ferric oleate as an iron source, and the sulfur powder dissolved in oleylamine as a sulfur source. Fe3S4 with particle morphology proved to have the best electrochemical catalytic activity after adding 40% carbon black. In dehydrogenation, the overpotential was 234 mV and the Tafel slope was 213 mV/dec at a current density of 10 mA/cm2. Meanwhile, Fe3S4 with a particle morphology exhibited superior electrochemical stability. Therefore, the controllably fabricated Fe3S4 with a particle morphology is a promising electrocatalyst for dehydrogenation.

Fabrication and catalytic performance of meso-ZSM-5 zeolite encapsulated ferric oxide nanoparticles for phenol hydroxylation

An encapsulation-structured Fe2O3@meso-ZSM-5 (Fe@MZ5) was fabricated by confining Fe2O3 nanoparticles (ca. 4 nm) within the ordered mesopores of hierarchical ZSM-5 zeolite (meso-ZSM-5), with ferric oleate and amphiphilic organosilane as the iron source and meso-porogen, respectively. For comparison, catalysts with Fe2O3 (ca. 12 nm) encapsulated in intra-crystal holes of meso-ZSM-5 and with MCM-41 or ZSM-5 phase as the shell were also prepared via sequential desilication and recrystallization at different pH values and temperatures. Catalytic phenol hydroxylation performance of the as-prepared catalysts using H2O2 as oxidant was compared. Among the encapsulation-structured catalysts, Fe@MZ5 showed the highest phenol conversion and hydroquinone selectivity, which were enhanced by two times compared to the Fe-oxide impregnated ZSM-5 (Fe/Z5). Moreover, the Fe-leaching amount of Fe@MZ5 was only 3% of that for Fe/Z5. The influence of reaction parameters, reusability, and · OH scavenging ability of the catalysts were also investigated. Based on the above results, the structure-performance relationship of these new catalysts was preliminarily described.

The oxidation mechanism of phospholipids in Antarctic krill oil promoted by metal ions

Antarctic krill oil (AKO) is an emerging dietary supplement containing metal ions that influence oil oxidation. Thus, this study focuses on the effect and mechanism of metal ions on phospholipid oxidation in AKO. Firstly, AKO containing Mg2+, Mn2+, Cu2+, Fe2+ and Fe3+ (200 μmol/kg) were prepared separately and incubated at 60 °C for 6 days. Peroxide value (POV) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content showed that Fe3+ exhibited the most effective prooxidative activity, with the prooxidative activity of Fe2(SO4)3 (water-soluble) being stronger than that of ferric oleate (FeOl, fat-soluble). In addition, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) oxidation degree (more than 90%) was considerably greater than phosphatidylcholine (PC) oxidation degree (about 15%) in AKO. Differences in the structure of head group hindered chelation of PC with metal ions than PE due to electrostatic repulsion and steric hindrance. Therefore, PC significantly inhibited, while PE promoted, the oxidation of polyunsaturated triacylglycerol (TAG), like fish oil (p < 0.01).

One-pot synthesis of water-soluble and biocompatible superparamagnetic gadolinium-doped iron oxide nanoclusters.

The synthesis of superparamagnetic nanoclusters is critical for ultra-sensitive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Herein, we describe the synthesis of water-soluble, biocompatible and superparamagnetic gadolinium-doped iron oxide nanoclusters (GdIO NCs) via a one-pot reaction by thermal decomposition of ferric oleate and gadolinium oleate precursors with α,ω-dicarboxyl poly(ethylene glycol) as a surfactant. The resulting water-dispersible GdIO NCs possess good stability and monodispersity with narrow size distribution, and exhibit superparamagnetic behaviors. We also explored the effect of gadolinium doping amounts on the magnetic properties and longitudinal (r1) and transverse relaxivity (r2) of the nanoclusters. In addition, the GdIO NCs can be functionalized with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) while maintaining their magnetic properties and biocompatibility. The GdIO NCs and FITC conjugated NCs were preliminarily evaluated as MRI and fluorescent probes. The results show that the GdIO NCs provide an important nano-platform for theranostics with non-invasive MRI and optical monitoring capabilities.

Synthesis and characterization of monodispersed water dispersible Fe3O4 nanoparticles and in vitro studies on human breast carcinoma cell line under hyperthermia condition

Monodispersed Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) having size of 7 nm have been prepared from iron oleate and made water dispersible by functionalization for biomedical applications. Three different reactions employing thioglycolic acid, aspartic acid and aminophosphonate were performed on oleic acid coated Fe3O4. In order to achieve a control on particle size, the pristine nanoparticles were heated in presence of ferric oleate which led to increase in size from 7 to 11 nm. Reaction parameters such as rate of heating, reaction temperature and duration of heating have been studied. Shape of particles was found to change from spherical to cuboid. The cuboid shape in turn enhances magneto-crystalline anisotropy (Ku). Heating efficacy of these nanoparticles for hyperthermia was also evaluated for different shapes and sizes. We demonstrate heat generation from these MNPs for hyperthermia application under alternating current (AC) magnetic field and optimized heating efficiency by controlling morphology of particles. We have also studied intra-cellular uptake and localization of nanoparticles and cytotoxicity under AC magnetic field in human breast carcinoma cell line.

Aquathermolysis of heavy crude oil with ferric oleate catalyst

Oil-soluble catalysts could be of special significance for reducing the viscosity of heavy crude oil, because of their good dispersion in crude oil and high catalytic efficiency toward aquathermolysis. Ferric oleate was synthesized and applied as catalyst in the aquathermolysis reaction of Shengli heavy oil. It was found that ferric oleate was more efficient for heavy oil cracking than Co and Ni oleates. Besides, it was superior to oleic acid and inorganic ferric nitrate and achieved the highest viscosity reduction rate of up to 86.1%. In addition, the changes in the components of Shengli heavy oil before and after aquathermolysis were investigated by elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Results indicated that ferric oleate contributed to a significant increase in the content of light components and decrease in the content of resin, N and S. The as-prepared ferric oleate showed good activity for reducing the viscosity and improving the quality of the heavy crude oil, showing promising application potential in aquathermolysis of heavy crude oil.

Nano γ-Fe2O3/bentonite magnetic composites: Synthesis, characterization and application as adsorbents

Nano γ-Fe2O3 modified bentonite magnetic composites (γ-Fe2O3/Bent) were synthesized via an annealing approach of the ferric oleate and bentonite compounds. The γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles with narrow size distribution and an average diameter of 32 nm were equably dispersed on the surface and between layers of the bentonite nanosheets, which mainly owed to the complete mixture of ferric oleate and hydrophobic modified bentonite. The γ-Fe2O3/Bent composites exhibited typical ferromagnetic characteristics with the saturation magnetization of 22.31 emu/g and coercivity of 209 Oe. Adsorption performance measurement indicated that the γ-Fe2O3/Bent composites are a kind of excellent adsorbent with fast adsorption rate, high adsorption capacity, 99.99% removal rate and easily magnetic separation process for the removal of cationic dye methylene blue (MB). Adsorption kinetics and isotherms were studied to describe the adsorption process, and the electrostatic adsorption mechanism was confirmed by zeta potential measurement.

Effects of Eh and pH on the oleate flotation of iron oxides

Most articles published on the flotation of iron oxide minerals with oleate involve the effects of pH on the interfacial properties of the iron oxides as a function of pH, together with some attention given to the solution chemistry of the collector. It was the purpose of this study to examine what effects changing the electrochemical potential of the solution, as well as changing the pH, had on the flotation kinetics and recovery of three iron oxide minerals using sodium oleate. The results of this study confirmed the importance of the stability of ferric oleate on the surface of iron oxide minerals as a significant requirement for their flotation. The iron oxide minerals used were hematite, magnetite and goethite. Flotation kinetics could readily be simulated using a first order model, allowing the prediction of first order rate constants and ultimate recoveries. Values of these parameters were consistent with the region of stability of the ferric oleate on an Eh vs. pH equilibrium diagram for aqueous ferric oleate. Flotation of iron oxides in the acidic pH region was postulated to be promoted by the adsorption of insoluble or colloidal oleate species.

Preparation of Monodisperse Magnetic Polymer Microspheres by Swelling and Thermolysis Technique

A novel process for the preparation of monodisperse magnetic polymer microspheres by uniquely combining swelling and thermolysis technique was reported. The monodisperse polystyrene microspheres were first prepared by dispersion polymerization and swelled in chloroform. Then, ferric oleate was dispersed in chloroform as a precursor and impregnated into the swollen polymer microspheres. Subsequently, the iron oxide nanoparticles were formed within the polymer matrix by thermal decomposition of ferric oleate. The morphology, inner structure, and magnetic properties of the magnetic polymer microspheres were studied with a field emission scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometer. The results showed that the average diameter of the magnetic polymer microspheres was 5.1 microm with a standard deviation of 0.106, and the magnetic polymer microspheres with saturation magnetization of 12.6 emu/g exhibited distinct superparamagnetic characteristics at room temperature. More interestingly, the magnetite nanoparticles with a spinel structure are evenly distributed over the whole area of the polymer microspheres. These magnetic polymer microspheres have potential applications in biotechnology.

Fatty Acid Salts as Stabilizers in Size- and Shape-Controlled Nanocrystal Synthesis: The Case of Inverse Spinel Iron Oxide

Various oleic acid salts are demonstrated to act as stabilizers for high-quality iron oxide nanocrystals, synthesized by thermal decomposition of ferric oleate. Changing the cation species in oleic acid salts allows different degrees of dissociation at high temperatures to be obtained, resulting in various stabilizer performances: Sodium oleate as stabilizer results in monodisperse iron oxide nanocrystals of cubic shape with precisely adjustable edge lengths between 7 and 23 nm. Dibutylammonium oleate and oleic acid, in contrast, induce growth of spherical nanocrystals in the same size range. Further adjustment of the growth conditions leads to {100}-bound bipyramidal nanocrystals with a single, (111) oriented twin plane. While the nanocrystal size is related to their superparamagnetic blocking temperature, the shape influences their magnetization hysteresis properties observed at low temperatures.

A multiple equilibria model of the adsorption of oleate aqueous species at the goethite—water interface

The interaction between monomeric and dimeric aqueous oleate species and ionizing groups at the goethite—water interface has been constructed to analyze experimental surface change titration and oleate adsorption isotherms. The binding constants that emerge and the pH—concentration distribution of surface oleate complexes support the concept of anion-neutral molecule coadsorption or acid soap dimer adsorption in the region where precipitation of oleic acid and/or ferric oleate is precluded.

Influence of previous aeration in water or heating in air of ilmenite on its flotation with oleic acid

It has been found that previous aeration in water or heating in air of ilmenite greatly improved the flotation recovery of this mineral with oleic acid. It is postulated that the iron atoms in the surface of ilmenite are more effective in floatation when oxidized to the ferric state, due to the lower solubility of the ferric compounds. Surface ferric oleate was identified by infrared spectroscopy on ilmenite that had reacted with oleate.

Ferric Soaps as Catalysts for Vinyl Polymerization

IN the course of work on the effect of metallic soaps on polymerization1, we found ferric oleate to possess a fairly strong catalytic power for the polymerization of styrene and methyl methacrylate. As the problem presents some very unusual features, a detailed account of which will be published elsewhere, we report here some salient features about this new catalyst.