FeCl3 Research Articles

PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF ATLANTIA MONOPHYLLA (AM) EXTRACT

Objective: Plants have long been recognised for their wide range of biological properties, including antibacterial, analgesic, anticancer, antipyretic, and antihypertensive action. They are also a significant source of several chemicals with biological activity. The Rutaceae family consists of a small shrub Atlantia monophylla. It is available all over India. The leaves were employed as an insect repellent and to alleviate swellings. The root bark has been found to contain atalaphyllinine, atalantin, dehydroatalantin, cycloepiatalantin, and atalaphylline 3, 5-dimethyl ether. Essential oil extracted from the leaves was reported to have antimicrobial properties. Methods: To evaluate the phytochemicals Standard chemical methods for each o the compounds were used – like Tannins (0.1% ferric chloride), saponins (2 ml of water)/flavonoids (with NaOH), Alkaloids (Drangandooff reagent), protein (Million’s reagent) steroids (10% sulphuric acid), anthraquinones (aqueous ammonia), Phenols (lead acetate), terpenoids, (3% sulphuric acids) Carbohydrates (Benedict’s reagent). Disc plate method was used to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the extract Results: The results of this study identified the presence of tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, proteins, steroids, phenols, terpenoids, and carbohydrates in the AM extract. The microbiological studies revealed better inhibitions of microbes compared to standard drugs. Conclusion: Tannins, flavonoids, proteins, steroids, phenols, terpenoids, carbohydrates and alkaloids were extracted from the AM extract. The extract has significant microbiological action.

A General Approach for Photo-Oxidative Degradation of Various Polymers.

The escalating demand for plastics has resulted in a surge of plastic waste worldwide, posing a monumental environmental challenge. To address this issue, a versatile photo-oxidative degradation method applicable to seven distinct polymer families is proposed, comprising poly(isobutyl vinyl ether) (PIBVE), poly(2,3-dihydrofuran) (PDHF), poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc), poly(n-butyl acrylate) (PBA), poly(methyl acrylate) (PMA), poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), poly(dimethyl acrylamide) (PDMA), poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), poly(oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate) (PEGMEA), and even poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). This method employs photo-mediated hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) followed by oxidation to promote polymer degradation. This reaction is carried out under aerobic condition in the presence of iron trichloride (FeCl3) as a photocatalyst in combination with low-intensity purple light irradiation. The process can degrade up to 97% of the polymer in less than 3 h. This degradation process can be easily controlled by switching the light off, which allows for precise modulation of the degradation rate, enhancing the effectiveness of the method. Overall, this method provides a sustainable method for degrading various polymer types with low energy input.

Interactions between deep eutectic solvents and bovine serum albumin studied by spectroscopic and electrochemical methods

Deep eutectic solvent (DES) has become a potential protein extractant as its good biocompatibility, environmental friendliness and accessibility. In this study, two types of DESs, ferric chloride hexahydrate: oxalic acid (FeCl3·6H2O: H2C2O4) and choline chloride: zinc chloride (ChCl: ZnCl2), were prepared. The interactions between these two types of DESs and bovine serum albumin (BSA) were investigated by utilizing spectroscopic and electrochemical methods. It was found that both FeCl3·6H2O: H2C2O4 and ChCl: ZnCl2 are able to form complexes with BSA by a relatively high affinity. During the process, no significant change in BSA conformation was observed. The binding ratios of BSA in the FeCl3·6H2O: H2C2O4 and ChCl: ZnCl2 systems are up to 98.59 % and 98.14 %, respectively, indicating that the two DESs are both promising extractants for BSA. The interactions between the DESs and BSA are mainly hydrogen bond and van der Waals force, which are strong enough to extract BSA but not too strong for regeneration, making the DESs more applicable in the industry. Moreover, it was found that the binding ratio of BSA in the FeCl3·6H2O: H2C2O4-BSA system remains above 91.7 % in the temperature range of 298–313 K, illustrating the potential of FeCl3·6H2O: H2C2O4 to be used in BSA extraction under a wider range of temperature. In contrast, ChCl: ZnCl2 will be better used under lower temperatures.

Quercus robur wood veneer with pronounced natural color uniformity and stability by regulating the content of phenolic extractives

Wood is recognized as a promising raw material for house furnishings due to its good mechanical properties, relatively low density and weight and biodegradability. However, the natural color difference of wood veneer always induces value degradation. Therefore, accurate color regulation plays a pivotal role in producing high-value wood-based composites. In this study, a Quercus robur wood exhibiting a pronounced color variation was treated by an alkaline hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) homogenization process to regulate the content of phenolic extractives, and ferric chloride (FeCl3)-induced color modification to optimize the color. In order to minimize the chromatic disparity of the veneer, it simultaneously restores its initial hue and thus enhances its value. The color difference values of natural untreated Quercus robur veneer and homogenized toned veneer were assessed by using color testing based on the CIEL*a*b* 1976 system. The results demonstrated that the levels of lignin, hemicelluloses, and extractives in the toned veneers subjected to homogenization pretreatment exhibited varying degrees of reduction, along with a decrease in their affinity for iron ions. By assessing the colorfastness of homogenized, toned veneer through testing, the water and light resistance of the homogenized pretreated veneer is significantly superior to that of Quercus robur treated exclusively with iron salts. A higher level of color uniformity in the homogenized pretreated toned veneers, with the toned veneers treated with 0.16 mol/L iron salt exhibiting the closest resemblance to natural Quercus robur wood. This study not only reveals a novel methodology for chemically modifying the hue of wooden surfaces to achieve natural color uniformity but also presents a sustainable and facile approach to promote the high value-added utilization of wood.

Design, synthesis and biological Evaluation of novel chromones having 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-one core at C-8 in combination with triazoles: New α-glucosidase inhibitors and anti-bacterial agents

The Biginelli reaction synthesizes dihydropyrimidones through a multi-component reaction. A β-ketoester, aldehyde, and urea or thiourea react in the presence of an acid catalyst to form these dihydropyrimidones. 3,4-Dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-One/Chromone/Triazole hybrids (9a-9l) were synthesized by multiple steps including one pot Biginelli multicomponent reaction depicted in the scheme. An efficient method for the Biginelli reaction of Chromone aldehyde, acetoacetate esters, and urea employed in the presence of ferric chloride is described. In the end, we have successfully synthesized twelve derivatives of 3,4-Dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-One/Chromone/Triazole hybrids and subjected them to testing for Antibacterial activity and α-glucosidase inhibition activity. Among these derivatives, compound 9g (IC50 = 142.92 nmol) and 9e (144.49 nmol) exhibited significant inhibitory activity in comparison to the positive control acarbose (IC50 = 350.91 nmol). Compound 9g demonstrated the most significant suppression against Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus, with zone diameters of 8.8 ± 1.35 mm and 9.1 ± 0.23 mm, respectively. Compound 9b displayed a clear area where bacterial growth was inhibited, measuring 7.5 ± 1.25 mm against Klebsiella pneumonia. Compound 9k exhibited a zone of inhibition measuring 8 ± 1.2 mm in radius against Staphylococcus epidermidis. The docking results for the synthesized compounds indicate that compound 9b exhibited the most favorable docking score of −10 kcal/mol, whereas compound 9a had the second-best docking score of −8.7 kcal/mol. Molecular docking was utilized to examine the interactions between the title compounds and α-glucosidase, in order to provide valuable insights. The data obtained revealed significant interactions that contribute to the inhibitory effects of the drugs against α-glucosidase. These compounds exhibit significant potential as attractive initial candidates for the development of new α-glucosidase inhibitors.

A new eco-friendly approach for recovery of iron from copper smelting slag: Using CO2 and Cl2 recycling strategies

Copper smelting slag (CSS) is a by-product of modern copper production. In this study, iron resources were extracted from copper smelting slag using chlorine roasting and magnetic separation techniques for the first time. The results showed that hydrogen could reduce the ferrous chloride on the surface of the pellet to environmentally friendly iron, followed by the complete reduction of the ferrous chloride inside the pellet, thus increasing the metallic iron content in the roasted ore. Finally, the concentrate with a TFe (total iron) mass fraction of 73.41 wt% and iron recovery of 86.50 % was obtained, and XRF, XRD, and XPS analysis showed that iron is mainly enriched in the concentrate, and calcium, silicon, aluminum, and other elements are mainly enriched in the tailing. The innovative addition of recyclable additives in the roasting process not only reduces the production cost but also plays an important role in the current total environmental protection and environmentally sustainable development. Analytical methods such as thermodynamic evaluation, evolutionary trends of key elemental compounds, and molecular simulation were used to fully characterize the complex chemical processes of the chlorination roasting process. This study provides theoretical strategies for the cleaning of CSS and facilitates the industrial implementation of technologies for efficient and economical extraction of iron from CSS.

Removal of acephate and methamidophos from water: Coagulation and adsorptive treatment approaches

Pesticides has transformed the agricultural industry, primarily by enhancing productivity. However, the indiscriminate use of such compounds can adversely affect human health and disrupt ecosystem balance. Limited knowledge exists regarding the removal of these compounds from water, particularly for organophosphate pesticides when employing conventional treatment technologies. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the removal of acephate (ACE) and methamidophos (MET) - considered priority pesticides in Brazil - from waters with high and low turbidity during the clarification process carried out with aluminum sulfate (AS) and ferric chloride (FC), either alone or combined with powdered activated carbon (PAC) adsorption. All water samples were submitted to solid phase extraction (SPE C18 cartridges) prior to acephate and methamidophos analysis by HPLC MS/MS. The clarification process with either AS or FC coagulant did not efficiently remove acephate or methamidophos and maximum average removal (27 %) was observed with waters of high turbidity when using ferric chloride as coagulant. Addition of mineral PAC was also ineffective for removing both pesticides. However, the use of vegetable PAC (10 mg/L) resulted in better removal percentages, up to 80%, but only for methamidophos. The limited removal rates were attributed to the high hydrophilicity of acephate and methamidophos, along with their neutral charge at coagulation pH. These factors hinder the interaction of such organophosphorus pesticides with the flocs formed during coagulation as well as with PAC surface.

Effect of combined dialysis method on dewatering of coagulant pretreated sludge

The unique composition and condition of sludge pose significant challenges in water removal. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate a cost-effective and highly efficient approach for dehydrating sludge. In this paper, the domestic sludge was respectively pretreated with ferric chloride, polyaluminum chloride, and cationic polyacrylamide. Then the pretreated sludge was performed on gravity dehydration, centrifugal dehydration, dialysis dehydration and mixed method. The effect mechanism of coagulant and dewatering method on sludge dehydration was analyzed from micro perspective. Finally, the influence range of the dialytic solution was tested by model experiment. The results indicate that the dehydration efficiency of the pretreated sludge with PAC is slightly better than that pretreated with FeCl3 and CPAM, and the optimal dosage of PAC is 8 %. The effect of dialysis dehydration is the best, which can significantly change the final moisture content of sludge (much less than 60 %), effectively achieving the requirements of subsequent processing. The water content of the sludge treated by gravity dehydration, centrifugal dehydration and dialysis dehydration can reach 38 %, which is much smaller than that of the sludge treated by a single dehydration method. The free water, occlusion, coating water, and bounding water are dehydrated by gravity, centrifugal force, and dialysis. The influence range of dialysis dehydration is less than 10 cm. When the distance is more than 10 cm, the difference of sludge moisture content at different relative heights is larger. The study has certain theoretical guidance significance for improving the performance of sludge concentration and dewatering.

Synthesis and characterization of SBA-15 silica containing cyclam inside pores for capturing iron chloride: Analysis of interactions between ferrous chloride and cyclam in a system with strongly dispersed functional groups on the SiO2 surface

The use of the spatial structure of mesoporous silica combined with organic molecules opens up a wide range of possibilities in the field of separation of single atoms and the precise creation of their environment. Materials obtained in this way can find applications as single-atom catalysts (SAC) and in environmental applications in ion and molecule trapping processes. An example of such a material is silica of the SBA-15 type functionalized with cyclam (1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane) anchored inside the pores with propyl chains. In this work, we present such a material containing 5% functional groups, additionally activated with iron(II) chloride, which was chelated by cyclam anchored inside the pores of silica. The presented nanocomposite has been thoroughly tested for its assumed molecular structure and stability. We compared it to a material containing only cyclam. The obtained results showed the high efficiency of the silica matrix with cyclam in the separation of single FeCl2 molecules and the correct molecular structure of the obtained material. The nanocomposite containing chelated molecules with iron showed good stability, while the structure of the material with cyclam alone collapsed with time.

Iron gallic acid biomimetic nanoparticles for targeted magnetic resonance imaging.

Developing T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents with enhanced biocompatibility and targeting capabilities is crucial owing to concerns over current agents' potential toxicity and suboptimal performance. Drawing inspiration from "biomimetic camouflage," we isolated cell membranes (CMs) from human glioblastoma (T98G) cell lines via the extrusion method to facilitate homotypic glioma targeting. At an 8:1 mass ratio of ferric chloride hexahydrate to gallic acid (GA), the resulting iron (Fe)-GA nanoparticles (NPs) proved effective as a T1-weighted MRI contrast agent. T98G CM-coated Fe-GA NPs demonstrated improved homotypic glioma targeting, validated through Prussian blue staining and in vitro MRI. This biomimetic camouflage strategy holds promise for the development of targeted theranostic agents in a safe and effective manner.

Simultaneously enhancing mechanical and anti-corrosion properties of aluminum through electrodeposition of supersaturated Al(Fe) solid solutions

The heterogeneous microstructure in bulk aluminum (Al) alloys or coatings, comprising an α-Al solid solution matrix and coarse intermetallic compounds (IMCs), poses a challenge in balancing mechanical and anti-corrosion properties. This challenge is particularly pronounced in Al alloys with high iron (Fe) content. Here, supersaturated Al(Fe) solid solutions with a single phase have been electrodeposited using imidazolium chloroaluminate ionic liquids (ILs). Ferrous chloride (FeCl2) dissolved in Lewis-acidic ILs is assumed to form Cl-bridged [Fe(AlCl4)4]2−, which, together with the well-known Al2Cl7− species, supports the reduction and deposition of Al(Fe) alloy coatings. The supersaturated Fe solutes significantly strengthens the Al matrix, with the hardness of Al(Fe, 6.6 at.%) reaching up to 3.43 GPa, surpassing that of any commercial Al alloys and other binary Al-based solid solutions. Moreover, the Al(Fe) deposits demonstrate superior anti-corrosion performance compared to pure Al. The homogeneous microstructure and extended Fe solubility within Al(Fe) solid solutions inherently contributes to a simultaneous improvements in mechanical and anti-corrosion properties. The nanograined and compact structure also benefit these properties. Accordingly, the combination of electrodeposition techniques and Al(Fe) alloys offers a promising approach for providing effective mechanical and chemical protection on metal surfaces.

Template-Assisted in situ synthesis of superaerophobic bimetallic MOF composites with tunable morphology for boosted oxygen evolution reaction

CoFe bimetallic organic frameworks (CoFe-MOFs) with tunable morphology and electronic structure are synthesized in situ utilizing cobalt hydroxide (Co(OH)2) as a semi-sacrificial template and different anionic iron salts as modifying factors in a non-calcined synthesis method. This work defines the impact of three different anionic metallic iron salts (FeCl3, Fe(NO3)3, and Fe2(SO4)3) on the morphology of MOF materials and their resulting oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalytic activity. Employing ferric chloride (FeCl3) as the metallic iron source, heterostructured electrocatalysts (BN-CoFe-MOF) with nanoparticles decorated nanoneedle tips are obtained, exhibiting a low overpotential (230 mV at 10 mA cm−2) and a Tafel slope of 105.6 mV dec−1 in 1.0 M KOH. It also demonstrates long time stability for at least 50 h at a current density of 10 mA cm−2. The investigation uncovers that the splendid OER activity and stability of the BN-CoFe-MOF heterojunction can be attributed to its large specific surface area, desirable mesoporous structure, superaerophobic characteristic, and high exposure of active centers. This work not only provides an efficient and cost-effective MOF based OER electrocatalyst but also serves as a valuable reference for future research on morphology control and strategies to enhance the OER activity of MOF catalysts.

Intricate Ionic Behaviors in High-Performance Self-Powered Hydrothermal Chemical Generator Using Water and Iron (III) Gate.

Utilizing the ionic flux to generate voltage output has been confirmed as an effective way to meet the requirements of clean energy sources. Different from ionic thermoelectric (i-TE) and hydrovoltaic devices, a new hydrothermal chemical generator is designed by amorphous FeCl3 particles dispersing in MWCNT and unique ferric chloride or water gate. In the presence of gate, the special ion behaviors enable the cell to present a constant voltage of 0.60V lasting for over 96h without temperature difference. Combining the differences of cation concentration, humidity and temperature between the right and left side of sample, the maximum short-circuit current and power output can be obtained to 168.46µA and 28.11 µW, respectively. The generator also can utilize the low-grade heat to produce electricity wherein Seebeck coefficient is 6.79mV K-1. The emerged hydrothermal chemical generator offers a novel approach to utilize the low-grade heat, water and salt solution resources, which provides a simple, sustainable and low-cost strategy to realize energy supply.

Synergistic coagulation of hybrid polyaluminum ferric chloride coagulant for water treatment

Synergistic coagulation of hybrid polyaluminum ferric chloride coagulant for water treatment

Effects of coagulation pre-treatment on chemical and microbial properties of water-soil-plant systems of constructed wetlands

Chemical coagulation has gained recognition as an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of pollutants in wastewater prior to their entry into a constructed wetland (CW) system. However, its potential impact on the chemical and microbial properties of soil and plant systems within CWs requires further research. This study investigated the impact of using ferric chloride (FeCl3) as a pre-treatment stage for dairy wastewater (DWW) on the chemical and microbial properties of water-soil-plant systems of replicated pilot-scale CWs, comparing them to CWs treating untreated DWW. CWs treating amended DWW had better performance than CWs treating raw DWW for all water quality parameters (COD, TSS, TP, and TN), ensuring compliance with the EU wastewater discharge directives. Soil properties remained mostly unaffected except for pH, calcium and phosphorus (P), which were lower in CWs treating amended DWW. As a result of lower nitrogen (N) and P loads, the plants in CWs receiving FeCl3-amended DWW had lower N and P contents than the plants of raw DWW CWs. However, the lower loads of P into amended DWW CWs did not limit the growth of Phragmites australis, which were able to accumulate trace elements higher than CWs receiving raw DWW. Alpha and Beta-diversity analysis revealed minor differences in community richness and composition between both treatments, with only 3.7% (34 genera) showed significant disparities. Overall, the application of chemical coagulation produced superior effluent quality without affecting the properties of soil and plant of CWs or altering the functioning of the microbial community.

Greener spectrophotometric and HPLC investigation of CNS agent pregabalin: Taguchi model and box-behnken design for method parameters optimization

In the current study, two analytical methods are developed using spectrophotometry and high performance liquid chromatography for the determination of pregabalin in pharmaceutical preparations. Box-Behnken Design model was adopted to ease the optimization process. The visible spectrophotometric method is based on the reaction of potassium ferricyanide and ferric chloride in an acidic medium and measured absorbed at 700 nm. The HPLC method utilizes ammonium formate buffer solution and RP18 base deactivated silica (BDS) column for the quantitative analysis of pregabalin. The calibration plot was found to be linear in the range of 1.5–26.2 and 0.4–17.6 µg/mL for spectrophotometric and HPLC methods. BBD is a powerful statistical experiment design for optimizing reaction conditions that minimize the number of experiments and the cost of the method. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) via Box–Behnken design (BBD) optimized the chromatographic procedure. The Greenness of the methods were also evaluated by considering the Analytical Greenness Metric Approach. Method I attained a score of 0.74, while method II scored 0.59, suggesting an excellent and considerable level of eco-friendliness. Moreover, it is economical, consumes a minimum amount of organic solvent, and has good accuracy and precision.

Effects of Leaching Agents on Pb and Cd Immobilization in Battery Waste Contaminated Soils Amended with Bare and Stabilized Zero-Valent Iron Nanoparticles

This study compared the effectiveness of bare zero-valent iron nanoparticles (B-nZVI) and starch-stabilized zero-valent iron nanoparticles (S-nZVI) in immobilizing Pb and Cd from lead-acid battery waste soils. Both B-nZVI and S-nZVI were prepared in almost identical manner using the technique of reducing ferric chloride with sodium borohydride. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) analyses confirmed that polydisperse B-nZVI and S-nZVI were synthesized. XRD and DLS analyses showed that B-nZVI and S-nZVI had different surface properties. To assess the immobilization capability of B-nZVI and S-nZVI, a composite soil sample was collected from an automobile lead-acid battery waste dumpsite. The soil sample had a pH of 3.85 and Pb and Cd levels of 16,674 mg/kg and 41 mg/kg, respectively. Single extraction procedures using 0.01M CaCl2, 0.1 M HCl, and 0.05 M EDTA were used to simulate phytoavailable Pb and Cd in the soil studied. Batch immobilization analysis showed that Cd was mobile in the control but immobile in B-nZVI and S-nZVI treated soils. Pb was however not immobile in either the control or treated soils. The mobility of Pb however decreased with increasing doses of S-nZVI and 0.003 g of S-nZVI was needed to make Pb completely immobile in soil. Batch immobilization also showed that S-nZVI was 1.8-2.49 times more efficient in immobilizing Pb than B-nZVI. Simulated phytoavailability of Pb was in the order of EDTA > HCl > CaCl2 > H2O while simulated photoavailable Cd was in the order of HCl > EDTA > H2O > CaCl2.

Advanced leachate treatment at Mascara landfill (Algeria): A hybrid pilot approach with activated sludge and ferric chloride

This study investigates a hybrid treatment approach, that combines a Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) with a coagulation-flocculation process, to reduce the contaminants in Landfill Leachate (LL), targeting Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Turbidity, and Total Suspended Solids (TSS). The experimental set-up incorporated a batch reactor at room temperature and a pH between 7.7 and 8.7, with an Arduino monitoring system for heightened precision. The SBR was operated continuously over a 24-hour cycle, with a Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) set at 5 days and variable sludge retention times (SRT) of 5, 10, and 15 days. The Aluminum sulfate (Al2 (SO4)3), Ferric Chloride (FeCl3), and Lime (CaO) were assessed for the coagulation-flocculation process. The results indicate a promising removal efficiency of 40 % for COD, 31 % for turbidity, and 47 % for TSS using the SBR process. FeCl3 showed higher findings, achieving removal yields of 87 % for COD and 86 % for turbidity, at an optimized dose of 10 g/L and pH 5.5. Furthermore, adding 0.25 g/L of CaO significantly improved the removal efficiency to 94.14 % for COD, 98.22 % for turbidity and 99.78 % of the TSS. Therefore, this study's results underline the effectiveness of combining SBR with coagulation-flocculation, particularly using FeCl3 and CaO, in treating landfill leachate.

Role of polyferric sulfate and ferric chloride on anaerobic fermentation of sludge from novel two-stage process for resource recovery

Polyferric sulfate (PFS) and ferric chloride (FC) were compared for their efficiencies in capturing organic carbon and phosphorus, and their effects on the anaerobic fermentation process of sludge from a pilot-scale two-stage reactor were studied. Both PFS and FC promoted organic carbon and phosphorus capture. Further study revealed that PFS-based sludge with a dosage of 18 mg Fe/Lsewage showed a better volatile fatty acids (VFAs) production performance (202.97 ± 2.38 mg chemical oxygen demand (COD)/g volatile solids (VS)) than that of FC-based sludge (169.25 ± 1.56 mg COD/g VS). Besides, the high dosage of PFS effectively promoted the activities of the α-glucosidase and proteases. The dissimilatory iron reduction process enhanced sludge flocs disintegration and the conversion of carbohydrates and proteins to VFAs. Non-hydroxyapatite phosphorus predominated in the total phosphorus of all samples. This study contributes to developing strategies for optimizing iron-based sludge management and high-value product recovery.

Development of an UV-Resistant Multilayer Film with Enhanced Compatibility between Carboxymethyl Cellulose and Polylactic Acid via Incorporation of Tannin and Ferric Chloride.

Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and polylactic acid (PLA) are recognized for their environmental friendliness. By merging them into a composite film, packaging solutions can be designed with good performance. Nonetheless, the inherent interface disparity between CMC and PLA poses a challenge, and there may be layer separation issues. This study introduces a straightforward approach to mitigate this challenge by incorporating tannin acid and ferric chloride in the fabrication of the CMC-PLA. The interlayer compatibility was improved by the in situ formation of a cohesive interface. The resulting CMC/TA-PLA/Fe multilayer film, devoid of any layer separation, exhibits exceptional mechanical strength, with a tensile strength exceeding 70 MPa, a high contact angle of 105°, and superior thermal stability. Furthermore, the CMC/TA-PLA/Fe film demonstrates remarkable efficacy in blocking ultraviolet light, effectively minimizing the discoloration of various wood surfaces exposed to UV aging.