Ferric Salts Research Articles

Ferric ion concentration-controlled aerobic photo-oxidation of benzylic C–H bond with high selectivity and conversion

A Fe(III)-promoted highly selective photo-oxidation of benzylic C–H bond delivering relative carbonyl products is reported. By altering the concentration of ferric salt, methylarenes can be selectively oxidized under UV irradiation to furnish aromatic aldehydes or acids, respectively. By this protocol, the oxidation of ethylarenes provides the corresponding acetophenones. The reaction is inferred to involve divergent pathways in different concentrations of catalyst for the alternative selectivity between aldehydes and aicds. The reusable catalyst, high conversion and selectivity make this oxidation a green and economic protocol for the synthesis of aromatic carbonyl compounds.

Hydrophobic and flame-retardant coating on silk via ferric salt chelation

ABSTRACT The present study facilely prepared the hydrophobic and flame-retardant (FR) multifunctional coating on silk textile through ferric ion chelation route, and focused on multifunctional abilities and mechanisms of ferric salt on silk. Morphology and structure properties of the modified silk were characterised by scanning electron microscope, atomic force microscopy and X-ray diffraction analyses. The functional abilities, mechanisms and durability were also studied. The multifunctional silk with self-extinguishing ability (char length: 10.1 cm) and hydrophobic effect (water contact angle (WCA): 126.1°) could be obtained using only 0.25 g L−1 ferric salt. The modified silk still had desirable functionalities after five robust launderings. The hydrophobic ability is mainly dependent on the increased surface roughness. Thermal stability and char residue analyses indicated the condensed phase FR mechanism of functional silk. The present study provides a cleaner and cost-effective process to develop hydrophobic and FR multifunctional coating on silk surface by ferric metal salt modification.

Incorporation of ozone-driven processes in a treatment line for a leachate from a hazardous industrial waste landfill: Impact on the bio-refractory character and dissolved organic matter distribution

The current work aimed to evaluate the feasibility of including ozone (O3)-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), as an intermediate step, in a multistage treatment system for non-biodegradable sulphur-rich leachate from a hazardous industrial solid waste landfill (HISWL), combining chemical and biological oxidation technologies. O3-based AOPs covered perozonation (O3/H2O2), photo-assisted ozonation (O3/UVC), and photo-assisted perozonation (O3/H2O2/UVC). All O3-driven processes were applied to HISWL leachate directly after sulphur compounds removal via catalytic oxidation and chemical precipitation. Moreover, ozonation was also tested after a sequential coagulation step using ferric or aluminium salts (O3/Fe2+ or O3/Al3+), and O3/H2O2/UVC system was likewise tried after Fe-mediated coagulation targeting photo-Fenton-assisted ozonation (O3/PF). The best-performing treatment train encompassed: (i) catalytic oxidation with H2O2 (stoichiometric amount) under free pH, to convert sulphite and sulphide ions into oxidised sulphur species, including sulphate; (ii) chemical precipitation of sulphate as barite mineral without pH correction; (iii) O3/H2O2 process for ca. 2.1-h (natural pH; room temperature; 3.5 kg O3 and 1.1 kg H2O2 per m3 leachate), to degrade refractory organic matter and improve biodegradability; and (iv) biological oxidation to remove the remaining bioavailable organics fraction. This four-stage approach allowed shifting from a highly recalcitrant wastewater to an effluent in full agreement with the regulation for industrial wastewater discharge into the municipal sewer network. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the O3/H2O2 process over the dissolved organic matter transformation was corroborated by fluorescence excitation-emission matrix and size exclusion chromatography analysis.

Synthesis of nZVI/PVP nanoparticles for bioremediation applications

The objective of this investigation is to synthesize and investigate zero-valent iron (ZVI) nanoparticles (NPs) for bioremediation applications. The ZVI-NPs were fabricated by chemical reduction using a ferrous salt solution with poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP), used as a stabilizer. The synthesis was conducted with and without ultrasonic treatment. The ZVI NPs were fabricated and characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis, and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Experimental observations demonstrate that depending on synthesis conditions and coordination of stabilizers, NPs with different morphologies are formed. Colloidal solutions of the synthesized NPs were used in antimicrobial activity tests and biofilm formation assays for nine different control microorganisms: Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 15692), Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29122), Klebsiella pneumoniae (laboratory isolates), Proteus vulgaris (laboratory isolates), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29213), Bacillus cereus (DSMZ 4312), Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633), and Candida albicans (ATCC 10231). All control strains did not show antibacterial effect against PVP-stabilized ZVI NPs synthesized without ultrasonic treatment. However, biofilm results show that the highest absorbance values of the micro-organisms were tested in control wells. Although B. subtilis, E. coli, and K. pneumoniae were observed during biofilm formation, B. cereus, S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa biofilm formation reduced noticeably by Fe0/PVP-US (A1) NPs. For control strains, such as E. faecalis and C. albicans, no biofilm formation was observed. For Fe0/PVP (A2) NPs, biofilm formation of B. subtilis, E. faecalis, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. vulgaris, and C. albicans demonstrated positive effect, and B. cereus, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa showed negative effect. A strategic utilization of nZVI-PVP nanoparticles showed a great potential for effective, efficient, and sustainable bioremediation applications.

Multipole orders and Bragg diffraction patterns for the chain ferrate Na2FeSe2

Fundamental block and staggered orders of magnetic Fe multipoles in ${\mathrm{Na}}_{2}\mathrm{Fe}{\mathrm{Se}}_{2}$ are classified by their symmetry and magnetoelectric properties. Our minimal structure models incorporate ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic coupling between chains, and they are not compatible with axial ferromagnetism. The ferrate salt is valued in studies of highly correlated electrons as the only iron selenide known to possess chainlike structural units hosting ferrous cations. Axial and polar (Dirac) multipoles are compulsory in the electronic structure since Fe ions exhibit enantiomorphic symmetry in the parent ${\mathrm{K}}_{2}\mathrm{Zn}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$-type compound. Calculated Bragg diffraction patterns for neutrons and x rays prove that the techniques can unlock individual contributions from both multipole types.

Mechanism insight into the role of clay particles on enhancing phosphate removal by ferrate compared with ferric salt.

The application of ferrate (Fe(VI)) and ferric chloride as coagulants for treating phosphate wastewater in the presence of kaolin clay particles was comparatively studied. The phosphate removal processes by ferrate and ferric chloride assisted with kaolin clay particles were investigated under different Fe/P molar ratios. At neutral pH, complete removal of phosphates by ferrate and ferric chloride was observed at 2:1 and 6:1 of Fe/P molar ratio, respectively. The effect of kaolin clay particles on the phosphate removal process was discussed by zeta potential, size particle distribution, FTIR and XPS. We showed that with the increase of Fe/P molar ratio, the interaction intensity of kaolin clay particles with Fe flocs was decreased by ferric chloride coagulation while firstly increased and then decreased by ferrate. This depends on the Fe species with positive charge from ferric chloride hydrolysis and ferrate decomposition. Phosphate can inhibit the formation of FeOH2+ and Fe(OH)2+ in the ferric chloride hydrolysis but promote the formation of FeOOH and Fe(OH)2+ in the ferrate decomposition. Kaolin clay particles can more remarkably promote phosphate removal by ferrate than by ferric chloride.

One-Step Preparation of Chitosan-Based Magnetic Adsorbent and Its Application to the Adsorption of Inorganic Arsenic in Water.

Chitosan is a kind of biodegradable natural polysaccharide, and it is a very promising adsorber material for removing metal ions from aqueous solutions. In this study, chitosan-based magnetic adsorbent CMC@Fe3O4 was synthesized by a one-step method using carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) and ferric salts under relatively mild conditions. The Fe3O4 microspheres were formed and the core–shell structure of CMC@Fe3O4 was synthesized in the meantime, which was well characterized via SEM/TEM, XRD, VSM, FT-IR, thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), XPS, size distribution, and zeta potential. The effects of initial arsenic concentration, pH, temperature, contact time, and ionic strength on adsorption quantity of inorganic arsenic was studied through batch adsorption experiments. The magnetic adsorbent CMC@Fe3O4 displayed satisfactory adsorption performance for arsenic in water samples, up to 20.1 mg/g. The optimal conditions of the adsorption process were pH 3.0, 30−50 °C, and a reaction time of 15 min. The adsorption process can be well described by pseudo-second-order kinetic model, suggesting that chemisorption was main rate-controlling step. The Langmuir adsorption model provided much higher correlation coefficient than that of Freundlich adsorption model, indicating that the adsorption behavior is monolayer adsorption on the surface of the magnetic adsorbents. The above results have demonstrated that chitosan-based magnetic adsorbent CMC@Fe3O4 is suitable for the removal of inorganic arsenic in water.

Fe2+/H2O2-Strengite method with the enhanced settlement for phosphorus removal and recovery from pharmaceutical effluents

Phosphorus excessively discharged into the water body is a primary cause of eutrophication, but phosphorus resource is limited and non-renewable. If phosphorus could be recovered from wastewaters, it can not only prevent phosphorus pollution but also achieve the recycling of phosphorus resources. This work proposed a novel strategy, Fe2+/H2O2-strengite method with the enhanced settlement, for phosphorus removal and recovery from pharmaceutical wastewater containing organic phosphorus (OP). In this scheme, OP could be converted into inorganic phosphorus (IP) in the Fe2+/H2O2 oxidation system, and then IP was recovered in the strengite system. This approach possessed the advantages of simple operation, high efficiency and valuable recovery products, besides, reducing the consumption of reagents, and hardly resulting in secondary pollution. Sixty cycles of phosphorus removal and recovery experiments were conducted, in which pH value was 4 and the initial molar ratio of Fe/P was 1.5. This process achieved a satisfactory and steady phosphorus removal performance, with soluble phosphate and total phosphorus removal efficiencies of 95.3% ± 1.7% and 91.4% ± 2.5%, respectively, and phosphorus was recovered. Possible mechanisms involved: the formation of amorphous strengite (FePO4·2H2O) analogue, the adsorption of hydrous ferric oxide (HFO) to phosphorus, and the flocculation of ferric salts. Besides, the presence of quartz as carriers could enhance the settling efficiency of products. Also, via various characterizations, products included amorphous strengite analogue and goethite mixed with phosphorus. This work provided an effective method to reduce OP pollution and recover phosphorus, and supplied thoughts for the treatment of refractory pollutants and the recycling of limited resources.

Iron Protein Succinylate in the Management of Iron Deficiency Anemia: A Comparative Study with Ferrous Sulphate at Low and High Therapeutic Doses.

Oral iron supplementation constitutes the first line treatment for iron deficiency anemia (IDA), with daily doses between 80 mg and 200 mg of elemental iron. Ferrous salts, such as ferrous sulphate (FeSO4), while efficacious, frequently give rise to gastrointestinal side effects. In the present paper we attempted to directly compare the efficacy of an alternative to the FeSO4 formulation, which presents a better tolerability profile, iron protein succinylate (Ferplex®). In a diet-induced anemia model, rats were treated by oral gavage with vehicle, FeSO4, or Ferplex® at a human-dose equivalent of 80 mg and 200 mg of elemental iron. We evaluated the change in anemia-related hematological and biochemical parameters, conducting a histological examination of the intestine at sacrifice. Results indicate that both types of iron supplementation are equally effective in the treatment of IDA, restoring hemoglobin, hematocrit, erythrocytes, free iron and transferrin levels in 15 days, with no statistical differences between treated groups and control. The impact of anemia on body weight was also attenuated following treatment with both iron supplements. Thrombocyte and reticulocyte levels, altered by the anemic condition, returned to homeostasis after 15 days of either FeSO4 or Ferplex® treatment. Importantly, the lower and higher doses of iron were equally effective, thus supporting the current school of thought which states that lower therapeutic doses are sufficient for management of IDA. In addition, the study shows for the first time that oral treatment with Ferplex® does not increase serum hepcidin. Finally, Ferplex® induced minimal iron depositions in the intestinal tissue compared to FeSO4.

Effect of Fe3+ on the sludge properties and microbial community structure in a lab-scale A2O process.

During biological wastewater treatment, ferric salt (Fe3+) usually serves as an inorganic flocculant to improve the agglomeration and sedimentation of suspended solids, and thus the removal efficiency of pollutants to meet the increasing strictly regulated wastewater discharge standards. In this study, we investigated the effects of Fe3+ on the removal efficiencies of pollutants, sludge properties, dominant flora and metabolic pathways of bacterial community in a classical anaerobic-anoxic-oxic (A2O) process. The results showed that a Fe3+ concentration lower than 10mg·L-1 could improve the removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total nitrogen (TN), while an inhibition effect was exerted at concentration higher than 10mg·L-1. The maximum removal efficiencies of COD and TN were 97% and 89%, respectively, under the critical Fe3+ concentration of 10mg·L-1. Total phosphorous (TP) removal was constantly positively correlated with Fe3+ concentration, due to the enhanced adsorption of phosphorus on activated sludge with the increase of surface roughness. Thauera displayed the highest relative abundance, and certain bacteria in Proteobacteria, Dehloromonas and Candidatus-Competibacter exhibited good adaptability to high concentration of Fe3+. In the context of metabolic collaterals, the most abundant functional gene families were identified to be Carbohydrate Metabolism, Amino Acid Metabolism, Cell Motility, Membrane Transport, and Replication and Repair. This study provides an extensive mechanistic insight into the impact of Fe3+ on the A2O process, which is of fundamental significance to exploit the contributions of inorganic salts to biological wastewater treatment.

Synthesis and characterisation of iron oxide (Fe3O4) ferrofluid nanoparticles coated by poly (vinyl butyral) with microsphere

Objective: Synthesis of magnetic nano Iron oxide (Fe3O4) ferrofluid nanoparticles using chemical methods and its characterization studies Method: Iron oxide (Fe3O4) ferrofluid nanoparticles is synthesized by using the chemical co-precipitation technique, ferric and ferrous salts in the alkaline medium, which is known as Reimer’s procedure. Results: Nano iron oxide (Fe3O4) particles have different magnetic properties and different magnetic moments, differentiating macroscopic iron oxide in suspended particles. The ratio of surface to volume increases along with the decrease in atomic size so that the surface properties are essential for using any nano-material. Prepared Fe3O4 nanoparticles were coated with oleic acid (C18H34O2) and polyvinyl butyral((C8H14O2)n), further characterized by Materials characterization techniques (SEM, XRD and FTIR). Magneto-rheological (MR) fluid has been one of the interesting studies the shear stress of PVB coated nano iron with microsphere has approximately the same as of PVB coated nano iron but shows very high shear stress withstanding capacity at 650 s-1 shear rates. Conclusion: The permanence of the magnetic colloidal depends on the thermal contribution and the balance between attractive and repulsive interactions.

Preparation and characterization of carbon nanotubes/pyrite nanocomposite for degradation of methylene blue by a heterogeneous Fenton reaction

Carbon nanotubes/pyrite (CNTs/FeS2) nanocomposite was prepared by the co-precipitation of ferrous and ferric salts in presence of CNTs and subsequent sulfuration treatment of the prepared carbon nanotubes/iron oxide (CNTs/Fe3O4) material with elemental sulfur. The resulting nanocomposite was well characterized using FE-SEM, TEM, XRD, EDS and TGA techniques. The CNTs/FeS2 nanocomposite was employed as a heterogeneous catalyst for degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye in aqueous solution. The influence of reaction conditions including the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) amount, hydroxylamine (NH2OH) amount, initial pH value and catalyst dosage on the dye degradation were studied. The degradation efficiency of MB (100 mg L − 1) was up to 99.5% when the pH value, H2O2 amount, NH2OH amount and catalyst dosage were 3.0, 200 μL, 60 mg and 0.2 g, respectively. Beside, the positive effect of NH2OH on MB degradation is caused by the acceleration of Fe3+ ions reduction and enhancement the oxidation reactivity in the Fenton system. The reusability of the catalyst was also studied after six successive cycles. In addition, an oxidation mechanism of MB by the present Fenton process was proposed. The present system has advantages on the viewpoint of high degradation performance, no sludge formation, short reaction time and catalyst reusability.

Conditioning of raw sludge and thermally hydrolyzed sludge by ferric salt and cationic polyacrylamide: rheological analysis

In this study, the conditioning effect of cationic polyacrylamide (CPAM) with different charge densities on raw sludge (RS) and thermo-hydrolyzed sludge (HS) pretreated with or without ferric salt is studied through orthogonal experiments. In addition, this paper uses the principles of rheology and morphology to analyze and clarify the conditioning mechanism of RS and HS, and reveals the mechanism of thermal hydrolysis to improve the dewatering performance of sludge. Compared with the RS, the HS has smaller particle size, better filterability, stronger fluidity and more obvious thixotropy. However, due to the influence of filter pressing time, ferric salt should be added before conditioning. The orthogonal experiment shows that the optimal conditioner is CPAM with charge density of 60, and the specific resistance to filtration and capillary suction time of the adjusted thermo-hydrolyzed sludge are reduced to (1.11 ± 0.07) × 1012 m/kg and 16.1 ± 1.8 s; the particle size increased from 61.2 to 253.5 μm. The moisture content of the sludge cake is about 48%. The structural strength and thixotropy of HS are higher than those of the RS, and can be greatly improved by adding ferric salt. Morphological analysis confirms that thermal hydrolysis can lyse microbial cells in sludge, and the sludge treated with ferric salt will have more porous structure and stronger flocculation strength.

The Galvano-Fenton process: Experimental insights and numerical mechanistic investigation applied to the degradation of acid orange 7

In the present study, the kinetics of degradation of acid orange 7 (AO7) by the Galvano-Fenton process is assessed experimentally and simulated numerically in order to figure out the mechanism of generation and consumption of free radicals with this novel advanced oxidation process. 10 mg/L of the azo dye are degraded during 20 min by combining a copper-iron Galvanic cell to Fenton mechanism at pH 3. The electrochemical and electrolytic reactions are approached following two scenarios, whose the more complex includes the cathodic and anodic reactions, the Fenton scheme and the formation of ferric and ferrous irons complexes and salt as well as the reactivity of sulfate ions. The numerical results demonstrated a high correlation coefficient of 93.5% with experimental results using this latter scenario, while the identified pathways of generation and consumption of HO• and SO4•−, considering their contribution to the initiation reactions of the chain mechanism of AO7 degradation, demonstrated a significant participation of SO4•−. The sensitivity of the process to the corrosion current was examined numerically over the range 0.3 to 1 mA, the results exhibited the achievement of a steady state for the molar concentrations of HO• and SO4•−. This observation was explained by the continuous release of Fe2+ catalyst in the Galvano-Fenton process, in contrast with the classic Fenton scheme. The comparison of both Galvano-Fenton and classic Fenton processes in one hand, and Galvano-Fenton and electro-Fenton processes in the other hand, was further investigated and discussed numerically.

Enhanced electro-reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+ by acidified carbon nanotube-modified graphite cathode and its application in a novel Fenton process for p-nitrophenol degradation

The compared electro-reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+ was investigated using graphite cathode (GC), carbon nanotube-modified graphite cathode (CNT/GC) and acidified carbon nanotube-modified cathode (ACNT/GC). ACNT/GC exhibited the best performance of Fe3+ reduction and the reduction rate of 94.7 % was achieved by the electrolysis of 120 min at a cathode potential of 0.3 V (vs. SCE), which indicated the high activity of ACNT towards the electro-reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+. Based on the above findings, two Fenton processes were developed for p-nitrophenol (PNP) degradation. One Fenton process was characterized by the simultaneous electro-reduction of Fe3+ (ER-Fenton). Under the condition of low Fe2+ dosage, ER-Fenton process provided the faster PNP degradation than conventional Fenton process. But in ER-Fenton process, the invalid decomposition of H2O2 by anodic oxidation decreased the utilization efficiency of H2O2. For the purposes of decreasing ferrous salt dosage, reducing iron sludge and enhancing the effectiveness of H2O2, another novel Fenton process was developed by employing the sequencing batch electro-reduction of Fe3+ (SBER-Fenton). It was found SBER-Fenton process presented not only the effective regeneration of Fe2+, but the effective H2O2 utilization due to the batch addition of H2O2, and as a result, under the lower Fe2+ dosage condition, this recommended process provided the better PNP degradation than conventional Fenton process according to the concentration decays of PNP and TOC. The presented results confirmed that SBER-Fenton process was able to decrease Fe2+ dosage for the effective Fenton oxidation, thus reducing the generation of iron sludge in the subsequent treatment.

Oxidative Precipitation as a Versatile Method to Obtain Ferromagnetic Fe3O4 Nano‐ and Mesocrystals Adjustable in Morphology and Magnetic Properties

AbstractOxidative precipitation is a facile synthesis method to obtain ferromagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles from ferrous salts—with unexplored potential. The concentration of base and oxidant alone strongly affects the particle's structure and thus their magnetic properties despite the same material, magnetite (Fe3O4), is obtained when precipitated with potassium hydroxide (KOH) from ferrous sulfate (FeSO4) and treated with potassium nitrate (KNO3) at appropriate temperature. Depending on the potassium hydroxide and potassium nitrate concentrations, it is possible to obtain a series of different types of either single crystals or mesocrystals. The time‐dependent mesocrystal evolution can be revealed via electron microscopy and provides insights into the process of oriented attachment, yielding faceted particles, showing a facet‐dependent reactivity. It is found that it is the nitrate and hydroxide concentration that influences the ligand exchange process and thus the crystallization pathways. The presence of sulfate ions contributes to the mesocrystal evolution as well, as sulfate apparently hinders further crystal fusion, as revealed via infrared spectroscopy. Finally, it is found that nitrite, as one possible and ecologically highly relevant reduction product occurring in nature in context with iron, only evolves if the reaction is quantitative.

Magnetic bio-activated carbons production using different process parameters for phosphorus removal from artificially prepared phosphorus-rich and domestic wastewater

A series of magnetic bio-activated carbon (MBAC) has been produced from lignin and ferrous salts following to the process including impregnation, carbonization, and steam activation. The influence of the impregnation methods and the steam flow rate on the quality and the maximum phosphorus adsorption capacity of the produced MBACs has been investigated. The phosphorus adsorption performance in real domestic wastewater of the MBAC with the highest maximum phosphorus adsorption capacity has been investigated. The results show that all of the produced MBACs have a relatively rich porous structure, and all surface iron species exist as magnetite (Fe3O4). Compared with the MBACs that are produced via the dry impregnation method using a lower steam flow rate, the MBACs that are produced via the wet impregnation method using a higher steam flow rate are believed to have a higher iron content and better iron species dispersion. The highest maximum phosphorus adsorption capacity of all the produced MBACs is estimated to be as high as 69.80 mg-P/g according to the best-fitting Langmuir model. The MBAC that shows the highest maximum phosphorus adsorption capacity could also remove 84.65% and 96.97% of the total phosphorus from the filtered raw domestic wastewater (FRDW) and treated domestic wastewater (TDW), respectively, which indicates a good potential for using MBACs for domestic wastewater treatment.

Antitubercular 2-Pyrazolylpyrimidinones: Structure-Activity Relationship and Mode-of-Action Studies.

Phenotypic screening of a Medicines for Malaria Venture compound library against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) identified a cluster of pan-active 2-pyrazolylpyrimidinones. The biology triage of these actives using various tool strains of Mtb suggested a novel mechanism of action. The compounds were bactericidal against replicating Mtb and retained potency against clinical isolates of Mtb. Although selected MmpL3 mutant strains of Mtb showed resistance to these compounds, there was no shift in the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against a mmpL3 hypomorph, suggesting mutations in MmpL3 as a possible resistance mechanism for the compounds but not necessarily as the target. RNA transcriptional profiling and the checkerboard board 2D-MIC assay in the presence of varying concentrations of ferrous salt indicated perturbation of the Fe-homeostasis by the compounds. Structure–activity relationship studies identified potent compounds with good physicochemical properties and in vitro microsomal metabolic stability with moderate selectivity over cytotoxicity against mammalian cell lines.

Efficacy and Tolerability of Oral Iron Protein Succinylate in the Treatment of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Adults with Diverse Pathologies

An increasing number of prevalent conditions in the adult population associated with absolute or/and functional iron deficiencies (ID) may predispose to iron deficiency anemia (IDA). Oral iron formulations, especially ferrous salts, are generally regarded as the first line therapies for adult-onset ID and IDA according to several current guidelines. However, they have been frequently associated with gastrointestinal side effects, and with a subsequent high treatment discontinuation. Iron protein succinylate (IPS) is an iron complex containing 5% of ferric iron engulfed in a succinylated casein shell that precipitates in acid pH and becomes soluble at neutral to alkaline pH, gradually releasing iron into the intestinal lumen, and, hence, overcoming the gastric and intestinal problems of the ferrous compounds, as well as improving intestinal iron absorption. Besides, IPS has shown to prevent the up regulation of the expression of hepcidin or to induce its expression at a smaller extent when compared with ferrous sulphate (FS). This narrative review addresses the efficacy and safety profiles of IPS for the treatment of ID and IDA in adult patients with a wide range of clinical conditions, such as preoperative and postoperative ID, elderly ID, Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), Hypothyroidism, regular blood donors, and ID developed in young athletes. In conclusion, IPS compares favorably in efficacy and safety with other currently available oral iron preparations, showing a fast and steady improvement in hematologic parameters (that reflect a better iron absorption), and a lower incidence of adverse events.

Efficacy and Tolerability of Oral Iron Protein Succinylate in the Treatment of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Adults with Gastrointestinal Diseases

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is commonly associated with several pathological gastrointestinal (GI) conditions in adults, being induced through different mechanisms, such as chronic bleeding, chronic inflammation, malabsorption, autoimmune re-actions, or, quite frequently, as a combination of different mechanisms. All patients must be treated with iron supplementation with the aim of restoring normal hemoglobin levels and iron status. Oral iron compounds are the first line treatment options for ID clinical conditions, according to International Guidelines, as they have proven to be efficacious, safe, and relatively inexpensive. However, ferric salts are scarcely absorbed, and ferrous compounds present a poor GI tolerability. Iron-protein succinylate (IPS), an iron complex that keeps ferric iron bonded to the protein content of a succinylated casein shell at acid pH values, has been shown to release gradually iron into the intestinal lumen, protecting the gastrointestinal mucosa from eventual damage, an ensuring an optimal intestinal iron absorption. This review focuses on IPS in the treatment of IDA associated to a variety of GI medical conditions in adults. Results from diverse studies including IDA due to acute and chronic GI conditions, as well as IDA associated to gastric surgery, confirm a consistent improvement in hematologic parameters and clinical symptoms, and an optimal tolerability profile.