Fermentation Of Straw Research Articles

Solid-state fermentation of corn straw using synthetic microbiome to produce fermented feed: The feed quality and conversion mechanism

Straw is a typical biomass resource which can be converted into high nutritional value feed via microbial fermentation. The degradation and conversion of straw using a synthetic microbial community (SMC-8) was functionally investigated to characterise its nitrogen conversion and carbon metabolism. Four species of bacteria were found to utilise >20 % of the inorganic nitrogen within 15 h, and the ratio of the diameter of fungal transparent circles (D) to the diameter of the colony (d) of the four fungal species was >1. Solid-state fermentation of corn straw increased the total amino acid (AA) content by 41.69 %. The absolute digestibility of fermented corn straw dry weight (DW) and true protein was 34.34 % and 45.29 %, respectively. Comprehensive analysis of functional proteins revealed that Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma viride, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Bacillus subtilis and Acinetobacter johnsonii produce a complex enzyme system during corn straw fermentation, which plays a key role in the degradation of lignocellulose. This study provided a new insight in utilizing corn straw.

Optimization of Clostridium beijerinckii semi-solid fermentation of rape straw to produce butyric acid by genome analysis

Butyric acid is a volatile saturated monocarboxylic acid, which is widely used in the chemical, food, pharmaceutical, energy, and animal feed industries. This study focuses on producing butyric acid from pre-treated rape straw using simultaneous enzymatic hydrolysis semi-solid fermentation (SEHSF). Clostridium beijerinckii BRM001 screened from pit mud of Chinese nongxiangxing baijiu was used. The genome of C. beijerinckii BRM001 was sequenced and annotated. Using rape straw as the sole carbon source, fermentation optimization was carried out based on the genomic analysis of BRM001. The optimized butyric acid yield was as high as 13.86 ± 0.77 g/L, which was 2.1 times higher than that of the initial screening. Furthermore, under optimal conditions, non-sterile SEHSF was carried out, and the yield of butyric acid was 13.42 ± 0.83 g/L in a 2.5-L fermentor. This study provides a new approach for butyric acid production which eliminates the need for detoxification of straw hydrolysate and makes full use of the value of fermentation waste residue without secondary pollution, making the whole process greener and more economical, which has a certain industrial potential.Graphical

Solid state fermentation characteristic of rice straw using herbivore s cecum microbes

This study was aimed at identifying highly capable lignolytic microbes from nature for use in Solid State Fermentation (SSF) of rice straw. The SSF silage was prepared in laboratory scale, as the following treatments: uninoculated (control), Lactobacillus plantarum FCC 123 (LP), fiber-degrading fungi (Aspergillus sp.) from horse cecum (FF), and fiber-degrading bacteria (Enterococcus casseliflavus) from buffalo cecum (FB). Incubation was carried out for a month at room temperature. The observed parameters were: organic acids, water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC), microorganism and nutrient composition. Rice straw SSF that was inoculated with LP showed the highest quality of fermentation, indicated by significant highest lactic acid bacteria (LAB) population, and has the lowest of poor bacteria indicators (coliform, aerobic bacteria, and bacilli). The LP treatment also has the highest LAB content and lowest WSC. Among treatments, FB treatment seems to have given a similar result with LP followed by FF. While the chemical composition seems unaffected by treatments. Compared with the fresh material, all fermentation with and without inoculants has reduced neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and increased acid detergent fiber (ADF), but there were no differences among all treatments. Inoculation of both LP and FB could improve rice straw SSF silage quality, but this system could not improve fiber degradation as well as in liquid state fermentation (LSF). Keywords: Microorganism, Organic acid, Silage, Straw, Water soluble carbohydrate

Field conditions for the synergistic increase of biomethane in the goaf of coal mines filled with corn straw

AbstractSynergistic fermentation of coal and corn straw is an effective tool to increase biomethane production. However, a large gap exists between the biomethane production conditions of corn straw filling coal mine goafs and laboratory experiments. In order to determine the effect of the field environment on synergistic biomethane production, biomethane production experiments with coal and corn straw were carried out under different conditions to find the key factors restricting the potential of biomethane production. The obtained results showed that various bacterial sources had significant influences on the biomethane production of coal and corn straw, and domesticated bacterial sources provided fermentation systems with more efficient biomethane production capacities than mine water sources. Biomethane production of coal and corn straw was relatively high under mixed conditions, but it was also promoted under unmixed conditions. Different inorganic minerals had different effects on synergistic biomethane production, which varied. For example, calcite, montmorillonite, and kaolin are common minerals in coal‐bearing strata that significantly enhance synergistic biomethane production of coal and corn straw. However, pyrite was found to significantly inhibit the synergistic biomethane production effect of coal and corn straw. Highly metamorphosed anthracite coal also presented biomethane production potential when stimulated by corn straw as a carbon source. The obtained results revealed the influences of different field conditions on the biomethane production of coal and corn straw and provided a reference for the field application of corn straw filling in coal mine goafs.

The Advantages of Methane Production by Combined Fermentation of Lignite and Wheat Straw

The Advantages of Methane Production by Combined Fermentation of Lignite and Wheat Straw

A Glycosyl Hydrolase 30 Family Xylanase from the Rumen Metagenome and Its Effects on In Vitro Ruminal Fermentation of Wheat Straw.

The challenge of wheat straw as a ruminant feed is its low ruminal digestibility. This study investigated the impact of a xylanase called RuXyn, derived from the rumen metagenome of beef cattle, on the in vitro ruminal fermentation of wheat straw. RuXyn encoded 505 amino acids and was categorized within subfamily 8 of the glycosyl hydrolase 30 family. RuXyn was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli and displayed its highest level of activity at pH 6.0 and 40 °C. RuXyn primarily hydrolyzed xylan, while it did not show any noticeable activity towards other substrates, including carboxymethylcellulose and Avicel. At concentrations of 5 mM, Mn2+ and dithiothreitol significantly enhanced RuXyn's activity by 73% and 20%, respectively. RuXyn's activity was almost or completely inactivated in the presence of Cu2+, even at low concentrations. The main hydrolysis products of corncob xylan by RuXyn were xylopentose, xylotriose, and xylotetraose. RuXyn hydrolyzed wheat straw and rice straw more effectively than it did other agricultural by-products. A remarkable synergistic effect was observed between RuXyn and a cellulase cocktail on wheat straw hydrolysis. Supplementation with RuXyn increased dry matter digestibility; acetate, propionate, valerate, and total volatile fatty acid yields; NH3-N concentration, and total bacterial number during in vitro fermentation of wheat straw relative to the control. RuXyn's inactivity at 60 °C and 70 °C was remedied by mutating proline 151 to phenylalanine and aspartic acid 204 to leucine, boosting activity to 20.3% and 21.8% of the maximum activity at the respective temperatures. As an exogenous enzyme preparation, RuXyn exhibits considerable potential to improve ruminal digestion and the utilization of wheat straw in ruminants. As far as we know, this is the first study on a GH30 xylanase promoting the ruminal fermentation of agricultural straws. The findings demonstrate that the utilization of RuXyn can significantly enhance the ruminal digestibility of wheat straw by approximately 10 percentage points. This outcome signifies the emergence of a novel and highly efficient enzyme preparation that holds promise for the effective utilization of wheat straw, a by-product of crop production, in ruminants.

Low-Temperature Fermented Straw Compost Regulates Rice Growth and Yield by Affecting Soil Physicochemical Properties and the Expression of Important Signaling Pathway Genes

Soil physicochemical properties affect crop growth and yield. The addition of fertilizers can improve the soil quality during crop cultivation, leading to increased agricultural production. Organic fertilizers may be produced by composting straw that would otherwise be discarded as agricultural waste, with potential implications for sustainable agricultural development. However, the mechanism underlying the effects of straw compost on crop growth is unknown. In this study, a microbial agent suitable for straw decomposition in cold regions was used for a large-scale biological fermentation. Organic compost was obtained after the decomposition of straw. The straw compost was mixed with soil in different proportions and then used to cultivate Songjing 2 rice plants. The addition of straw compost significantly increased the growth and yield of the rice plants and enhanced various physiological indices. Moreover, the straw compost treatment significantly improved soil physicochemical properties (e.g., pH, enzyme activity, nutrient composition, and microbial diversity) and optimized the soil conditions for crop growth. In addition, the application of straw compost influenced the expression of genes in rice metabolic pathways as well as pathways mediating secondary metabolite synthesis and plant hormone signal transduction. The study data reflect the potential applicability of low-temperature straw fermentation technology for maximizing crop production.

Effect of Fermentation Time for a Combination of Rice Straw and Tithonia (Tithonia diversifolia) on the NDF, ADF, and Cellulose Content as Ruminant Feeding

This research aims to examine the effect of fermentation time for rice straw and tithonia (Tithonia diversifolia) on local microorganisms in the rumen of cows. This research was carried out using a Completely Randomized Design with four treatments and 4 replications. Treatments consisted of P0 (Combination of rice straw and tithonia without local microorganisms), P1 (Combination of rice straw and tithonia with 0 Day Incubation ), P2 (Combination of rice straw and tithonia with 7 Day Incubation ), and P3 (Combination of rice straw and tithonia with 14 Day Incubation. The variables measured are NDF, ADF, and Cellulose. The results of the analysis of variance showed that the effect of fermentation of rice straw and tithonia with local microorganisms in the rumen content had a very significant effect (P<0.01) on NDF, ADF, and Cellulose. Based on this research, it shows that the combination of rice straw and tithonia can increase the content of NDF, ADF, and Cellulose.

Solid-State Fermentation with White Rot Fungi (Pleurotus Species) Improves the Chemical Composition of Highland Barley Straw as a Ruminant Feed and Enhances In Vitro Rumen Digestibility.

Lignin degradation is important for enhancing the digestibility and improving the nutritive quality of ruminant feeds. White rot fungi are well known for their bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass. The objective of this paper was to evaluate whether Lentinus sajor-caju, Pleurotus ostreatus, Phyllotopsis rhodophylla, Pleurotus djamor, Pleurotus eryngii, and Pleurotus citrinopileatus treatments altered the chemical compositions of highland barley straw constituents and enhanced their nutritional value as a ruminant feed. All white rot fungi significantly increased the relative crude protein (CP), ethyl ether extract (EE), starch, soluble protein (SP), and non-protein nitrogen (NPN) contents but decreased the ash, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), and acid detergent insoluble protein (ADFIP) contents. In addition, L. sajor-caju treatment increased (p < 0.001) the levels of PA, PB2, PB3, CA, CB1, CB2, and CNSC, but reduced (p < 0.001) the PC and CC in the solid-state fermentation of highland barley straw. Maximum ligninlysis (50.19%) was optimally produced in the presence of 1.53% glucose and 2.29% urea at 22.72 ℃. The in vitro dry matter digestibility and total volatile fatty acid concentrations of fermented highland barley straw, as well as the fermentability, were optimized and improved with L. sajor-caju, which degraded the lignocellulose and improved the nutritional value of highland barley straw as a ruminant feed.

Selection of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strains as inoculant of rice straw fermentation and its fermentation characteristics

Selection of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strains as inoculant of rice straw fermentation and its fermentation characteristics

Selection of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strains as inoculant of rice straw fermentation and its fermentation characteristics

Selection of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strains as inoculant of rice straw fermentation and its fermentation characteristics

Synergistic treatment of crude enzymes from Bacillus sp. strains to boost anaerobic fermentation of rice straw

Synergistic treatment of crude enzymes from Bacillus sp. strains to boost anaerobic fermentation of rice straw

Screening and combination selection of multifunctional actinomycetes for aerobic composting.

To screen the most effective combination of multipurpose actinomycete strains for aerobic composting, lignocellulose-degrading strains were obtained through enrichment culture, separation and purification, and multiselection culture. The isolated strains were identified on the basis of morphology and 16S rRNA gene sequencing and comparison. The obtained actinomycetes were screened for the lignocellulose degradation rate, ammonia and hydrogen sulfide removal rate, and cellulase activity. Subsequently, a combination of strains with ecological coordination and complementary functions was determined through antagonistic tests. The combined strains were subjected to a straw fermentation test to evaluate their degradation effect. As a result, 20 strains of actinomycetes were isolated and identified from more than 56 samples from different sources, including 18 strains of Streptomyces sp. and 2 strains of Nocardiopsis sp. After a number of screenings, eight strains of actinomycetes with strong function were obtained. From the results of function and antagonistic tests, strains A3, A7, A8, A11, and A16 were selected to form consortia. The straw fermentation test showed that the lignocellulose degradation rate of the strain combination was as high as 39.8%, which was significantly higher than that of eachevery single strain (P < 0.05). The screened multifunctional actinomycete strains and their combination enriched the actinomycete germplasm resources used for microbial enhanced aerobic composting.IMPORTANCEWith the development of animal husbandry in China, the production of a large amount of livestock and poultry manure has become one of the main agricultural pollution sources. High-temperature aerobic composting stands out as one of the most crucial methods for the safe and resourceful utilization of livestock and poultry manure, serving as an essential link between crop cultivation, animal breeding, and sustainable agricultural development. Numerous studies have demonstrated that the addition of exogenous multifunctional bacterial agents to compost reduces not only harmful emissions but also sequesters or increases essential nutrients. However, these efficacies depend on the specific functions of the bacteriophage itself, the harmonization and complementarity within the colony, and its ability to adapt to the environment. In recent years, relatively few studies have been conducted on actinomycetes. This experiment provides excellent actinomycete resources for the production of high-efficiency and high-quality compost compound microbial agents of manure and straw.

Pengaruh Lama Fermentasi Jerami Jagung Menggunakan Kapang Trichoderma Harzianum terhadap Kandungan Serat dan Kecernaan In Sacco

Corn straw is an alternative feed from agricultural waste that can be widely used by farmers as ruminant feed. This study aims to determine the fiber content and in sacco digestibility of corn straw fermented with Trichoderma harzianum. The design of this experiment was Completely Randomized Design with 5 treatments and 4 replications. The samples were treated with 5 length of fermentation time, namely: 0 (control) , 4, 8, 12 and 16 days. Nylon bag technique was applied to evaluate the sample degradation. Corn straw that has been ground to a size of 2 mm, taken as much as 5-6 g, then put into a nylon bag and incubated in the cattle rumen for 72 hours. The results showed that corn straw fermentation using Trichoderma harzianum increased the content of NDF, ADF and the degradation of ADF but dit not increased the NDF and hemicellulose digestibility. In conclusion, the best fermentation time is 12-16 days under aerobic conditions.

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ПРОЦЕССА ОСВЕТЛЕНИЯ ЯБЛОЧНОГО СУСЛА В ЗАВИСИМОСТИ ОТ СОРТОВ ЯБЛОНИ

The transformation of the appearance of apple must depending on the variety of apples is investigated. Apple must obtained during the processing of 30 varieties and elite forms of domestic and foreign breeding, and apple ciders were used as objects of research. It was shown that during processing, good juice separation was in the varieties Florina, Zolotoye letnee, Orfey, Ekzotika, Prikubanskoe, Dzhin, Chempion, Renet Platona, Liberti, Margo. All studied elite forms were characterized as fibrous with difficult sap secretion. Clarification of must, which was carried out by settling, proceeded slowly, especially in specimens whose consistency was characterized as «puree» and «fibrous». As a result of fermentation, there was a change in the consistency, intensity and shade of color. In most samples, partial self-clarification was noted. Samples of ciders produced from apple varieties Orfey, Margo, Prikubanskoe, Virginia, Enterprise, Imrus, Ekzotika, Karmen, Vasilisa, Florina, Dzhin at the end of fermentation straw with a greenish tinge color and well lightened. Ciders from the varieties Soyuz, Amulet, Liberti, Ligol, Persikovoe, Ketni, Zolotoye letnee, Bagryanets Kubani, of all forms remained cloudy. The color and its intensity differed: samples of ciders from the varieties of apples Soyuz, Persikovoe, Ligol, of all elite forms had an amber color, which is associated with the peculiarities of the phenolic complex, in particular, with the content of anthocyanins. The shade of color varied in a wide range: from greenish to light yellow, yellow, light brown, pink and dark pink. The obtained data must be taken into account when compiling blends of ciders in order to regulate their color.

Physical and chemical indicators of wheat straw fermented with a biodestructor of domestic production

Cereal straw, including wheat one, is widely used in animal husbandry. Wheat straw is used as bedding and a component of rations. Violation of storage conditions and excessive volumes of harvesting causes a large mass of straw to deteriorate every year, which has a negative impact on the environment. Uncontrolled rotting of straw increases the amount of gas emissions into the air. An effective way of disposing of spoiled wheat straw is its fermentation using biological preparations to obtain biocompost. The problem of the effectiveness of composting spoiled wheat straw using the domestic biodestructor BTU-CENTER remains unexplored. The aim of the work was to determine the effect of different doses of the BTU-CENTER biodestructor on the physical and chemical parameters of fermented wheat straw. For the experiment, 4 groups of piles were formed. In the piles from the control group, straw composting was carried out without the use of a biodestructor. A biodestructor was added to the straw from the 1st experimental group at the rate of 7.0 cm3/t of biomass with a moisture content of 65.5 %. Spoiled straw in the II and III experimental groups was treated with a biodestuctor solution, providing its doses in the range of 14.0 and 28.0 cm3/t. Aeration of the piles was carried out by stirring the straw periodically every 8 days. During composting, the temperature of the straw biomass in the middle of the piles was determined. The content of crude protein, Phosphorus, Calcium and Nitrogen was determined in the fermented straw. It has been established that the heating of straw in the piles started from the second day of composting. An increase in the temperature of the biomass in the experimental piles was observed up to the 12th day, and in the control group up to the 14th day of composting. It was found that the higher the dose of the biodestructor used during straw processing, the higher the temperature in the middle of the piles. In the III experimental group, on the 12th day of composting, the highest straw temperature was established in the middle of the piles. The difference with control, I and II experimental groups was 21.4; 15.9 and 4.1 % respectively. The longest fermentation of wheat straw under the thermophilic regime was established in the group where the highest dose of biodestructor was used – 18 days. It has been proved that the use of high doses of the biodestructor increases the content of crude protein, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Calcium in the fermented wheat straw biomass relatively to the control one.

Enzymatic valorization of cellulosic and hemicellulosic-based biomasses via the production of antioxidant water-soluble hydrolyzate of maize stalks and the green bio-deinking of mixed office waste paper

AbstractBio-valorization of various biomasses provides a sustainable promising approach for the eco-friendly production of variable value-added products. Herein, the current study devoted to the enzymatic valorization of two widely available biomasses, namely, maize stalks and waste paper. The cellulytic and hemicellulytic-rich cocktail was produced through the fermentation of rice straw by a locally isolated fungal strain Aspergillus terreus. The potential applicability of the produced cocktail for the enzymatic hydrolysis of the polysaccharide constituents of maize stalks was evaluated under various strategies. The reported results indicated that the microwave pretreatment of the biomass yielding a water-soluble hydrolyzate rich in cellobiose and xylobiose, sustained by thin layer (TLC) and high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) measurements, in addition to phenolic compounds. Moreover, the enzymatic hydrolysis of the extracted hemicellulosic fraction from maize stalks was rich in xylooligosaccharides and phenolic compounds higher than that released from the hydrolysis of commercial xylan. The estimated antioxidant activity of the resulted hydrolyzate was also monitored by the scavenging of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical spectrophotometrically at 515 nm. Moreover, the potential applicability of the produced enzymatic cocktail was examined for the bio-deinking of waste paper. The physical, chemical, and surface morphological characteristics of the treated paper sample was compared to a blank one regarding the whiteness index, ash content, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). On the base of the estimated results, the produced enzymatic cocktail possessed efficient dislodgement ability for the printed ink from the paper surface.

Response surface methodology for the mixed fungal fermentation of Codonopsis pilosula straw using Trichoderma reesei and Coprinus comatus.

The objective of this study was to investigate the cellulose degradation rate (CDR) and lignin degradation rate (LDR) of Codonopsis pilosula straw (CPS) and the optimal fermentation parameters for mixed fungal fermentation. Single-factor tests were used to study the effects of the fungal ratio (Trichoderma reesei: Coprinus comatus), fungal inoculum, corn flour content, and fermentation time on the degradation rate of cellulose and lignin. Based on the results of this experiment, the optimal fermentation factors were identified, and the effects of various factors and their interactions on the degradation rates of cellulose and lignin were further evaluated using the response surface method. The quadratic polynomial mathematical model of degradation rates of the cellulose and lignin in CPS by mixed fungus fermentation was established using Design Expert software v8.0.6. Under the optimal parameters for fungal fermentation of CPS straw (fungal ratio 4:6, fungal inoculum 8%, corn flour content 10%, fermentation time of 15 d), the CDR and LDR reached 13.65% and 10.73%, respectively. Collectively, the mixed fungal fermentation of CPS resulted in decreased lignin and cellulose content, better retention of nutrients, and enhanced fermentation quality. The results of this study indicate that fermentation using Trichoderma reesei and Coprinus comatus is a productive method for straw degradation, providing a theoretical basis for the development of CPS as feed.

Characteristics of a Recombinant Lentinula edodes Ferulic Acid Esterase and Its Adverse Effects on In Vitro Fermentation of Wheat Straw

Characteristics of a Recombinant Lentinula edodes Ferulic Acid Esterase and Its Adverse Effects on In Vitro Fermentation of Wheat Straw

Hydrogen Production from Gelatin, Cotton, Wheat Straw, and Sour Cabbage and Their Mixtures—Short Communication

The influence of microaeration, pH, and substrate during dark fermentation of sour cabbage, gelatin, and wheat straw was investigated, and the results of dark fermentation of these three substrates and their mixtures are presented in this research. The fermentation of cabbage, gelatin, and wheat straw was investigated under varying pH and aeration conditions. We investigated concentrations of volatile suspended solids (VSS) of 20 g VSS/L of a substrate at a stable pH of 6.0 and a not aligned pH value. Sour cabbage resulted in the highest volume of hydrogen for 450 mL/g VSS with a pH of 6.0. The mixing of substrates caused lower hydrogen production than sour cabbage or wheat straw alone.