Fermentation Of Rice Straw Research Articles

Eating behavior of Ongole crossbred and Limousin crossbred steers fed fermented rice straw and concentrate

A study on eating behavior of Ongole Crossbred (OC) and Limousin Crossbred (LC) steers (aged 9 months) fed fermented rice straw and concentrate has been carried out. Rice straw and concentrate were given in 60:40 ratio. Rice straw was fermented by commercial starter (BioP 2000 Z), while concentrate was composed of commercial concentrate and soybean pulp (by-product of soy-sauce industry). The diet was set to meet the dry matter (DM) requirement at 3.0% of liveweight. Eating behaviour was measured from 3 days continuously observation. Chewing number was accounted by halter equipped with tape-switch in jaw side and was recorded every 1/10 second in connected PC. The results showed that DMI of both OC (3.21 kg) and LC (4.18 kg) was similar, being 2.8% LW. However, chewing number of OC (133808 chews/d) was higher than that of LC (106353 chews/d). Chewing for eating and for rumination in OC (86995 and 46813 chews) was higher than of LC (67628 and 38725 chews). Chewing efficiency for eating in OC (0.041 g DMI/chew) was lower than that of LC (0.066 g DMI/chew). Similar tendency was observed in chewing efficiency for rumination that OC (0.080 g DMI/chew) was lower than that of LC (0.109 g DMI/chew). The conclusion is LC has a better chewing efficiency than of OC and it was pointed to different jaw size between OC and LC. Key words: Chewing, Ongole, Limousin

Quantitative effects of alfalfa extract supply on rice straw degradation, fermentation and biomass synthesis by rumen microorganisms in vitro

En Asie et en Afrique, l'affouragement des ruminants en paille de riz est parfois associe a des dechets de maraichage ou a des legumineuses (Niebe). Les benefices eventuels de cette pratique doivent etre verifies, en portant une attention particuliere a l'action des composes cytoplasmiques autres que les proteines et les mineraux majeurs sur le metabolisme des micro-organismes du rumen. Le contenu cytoplasmique du modele choisi est un extrait par pressage d'une luzerne (Medicago sativa) recoltee en debut de floraison (EL). Nous avons etudie l'effet de l'EL sur une communaute de micro-organismes du rumen maintenue en fermenteurs a double effluent sur une ration paille de riz + azote inorganique (MAT: 73.3 g○kg -1 MS). Trois niveaux d'apport ont ete appliques pour detecter d'eventuels effets curvilineaires: 0; 0,227; 0,455 ml○g -1 MS paille. Le pH et le potentiel redox ont varie de 6,72 a 6,84, et de -335 a -370 mV respectivement. L'EL n'a pas significativement modifie les variables fermentaires, ni la degradabilite reelle de la MO, ou les degradabilites du NDF et ADF demineralises. L'extrait de luzerne a diminue le flux de MO fermentee (MOF) de 14 % tandis qu'il a accru le flux de MO microbienne (+ 33 %) et l'efficacite de la synthese de proteines microbiennes (de 15 a 26 g N○kg-1 MOF). Cet effet a ete curvilineaire et parait negligeable au dela de 45-50 % du niveau d'apport maximal. Dans notre essai, l'EL n'a pas significativement modifie l'apport d'energie et d'azote aux micro-organismes. Son action catalytique sur le metabolisme microbien justifie l'apport de matiere vegetale fraiche dans la ration meme en faible quantite.

Saccharification and alcohol fermentation of steam-exploded rice straw

Pretreatment of rice straw by steam explosion prior to enzymatic saccharification has been investigated. The study sought the optimum conditions of steam pressure and steaming time. Rice straw was exploded at various steam pressures (2·55, 3·04, 3·53 and 4·02 MPa) for steaming times ranging from 0·5 to 10 min. The susceptibility of the pretreated substrate to cellulase enzymes was greatly influenced by the steam pressure and steaming time of pretreatment. It was found that high steam pressure (3·53 MPa) for a short steaming time (2 min) effectively enhanced enzymatic saccharification and alcohol fermentation of rice straw. The results demonstrated that no additional treatment, such as extraction with water or chemicals, is required to hydrolyze the steam-exploded sample to a greater extent if it is pretreated under an optimized set of conditions.

Effects of 3 chemical treatments on in vitro fermentation of rice straw by mixed rumen microbes in the presence or absence of anaerobic rumen fungi.

Rice straw (Rs) was treated by a sodium chlorite/acetic acid mixture (Sct), ammoniation (At) and alkaline hydrogen peroxide (Athp) methods. The objective was to compare their degradation and fermentation products in the presence or suppression of anaerobic fungi. Significant differences (P < 0.01) in degradation of straws were observed during all periods of incubation with Sct having the highest digestibilities during the 48-h and 72-h incubations. The degradation of Sct straw was highest in both of the incubations with whole rumen fluid (WRF) and WRF plus cycloheximide. In sacco digestion followed the order of Sct > At > Rs > Athp. Suppressing fungal activity with cycloheximide resulted in a decrease in dry matter degradation, with concomitant decrease in total volatile fatty-acid concentration. While the suppression of fungal activity with cycloheximide depressed acetate and butyrate production, it favored an increase in propionate production.

Application of two-step composting process to rice straw compost

Abstract A two-step composting process was applied for converting rice straw into compost with a high cation exchange capacity and humic acid content. The 1st step of fermentation (hereafter refered to as istSF) involved lignin degradation using white-rot fungus Coriolus versicolor, and the 2nd step of fermentation (2ndSF) involved a general composting process. The amount of lignin decreased by 4.1 and 10.1% during the second and fourth weeks of the IstSF by C. versicolor, respectively. The cation exchange capacity of the compost from fermented rice straw which after 4 weeks was 28 meq/100 g at the initial stage of the 2ndSF increased to 74 meq/100 g after the 2ndSF for a period of 4 weeks using sewage sludge as seed source. On the other hand the cation exchange capacity increased from 25 meq/100 g at the initial stage of the 2ndSF to 60 meq/100 g when only 2ndSF was applied. Humic acid content after the 2ndSF for a period of 4 weeks was 7.3% in the compost from fermented rice straw and 6.0% in the unferm...

BIOCONVERSION OF RICE STRAW INTO PROTEIN RICH FEED

Three cellulolytic fungi were inoculated on alkali hydrolysed rice straw and untreated rice straw, Asperquillus sp. (AS.3) exhibited maximum straw conversion (80.0%) followed by Fusarium sp. (Fs.4) and Trichodermu sp. (T.3) Fungal biomass yield ranged from 82 to 1.06 g/50 ml depending upon the fungi. Crude protein content of rice straw after fermentation varied from 15.6 to 25.0% irrespective of the type of rice straw and the fungi. Soluble protein of the fermented rice straw was maximum (42.5 mg/100 ml) in Aspergillus sp. (As.3) insulated substrate. The results showed the possibility of obtaining protein enriched rice straw employing efficient cellulosic fungi.

Kinetics of rice straw methane fermentation

The kinetics of anaerobic fermentation of rice straw to methane were studied. Rice straw was the only carbon source at influent volatile solid concentrations of 18.9 and 37.8 g/l. Semicontinous runs were carried out at 37°C in laboratory scale perfectly mixed reactors. The Contois' kinetic model constants were calculated from the experimental data. Arefrac tory coefficient was measured (R=0.374) to account for the nonbiodegradable portion of the organic matter of rice straw and incorporated into the kinetic equations. The predicted values of effluent substrate concentration, volumetric methane yield, volumetric methane production rate, and biodegradable conversion efficiency fit well with those measured experi mentally.

Microbial biomass production from rice straw by fermentation with Penicillium janthinellum

Production of microbial biomass through fermentation of pretreated rice straw using Penicillium janthinellum (St-F-3B) is reported, with emphasis on the use of non-effluent generating pretreatment procedures. The fungus readily metabolized a rice straw substrate that had been subjected to alkali pretreatment by steaming at atmospheric pressure followed by the neutralization of the alkali. The crude protein content of the microbial biomass averaged 15–20%. The fermentation could be carried out in aerated-agitated fermenters using fertilizer grade nutrient salts to produce a biomass with 17.5% crude protein. When operated on a semicontinuous basis using 20% of the previous batch as inoculum, successive batches produced a biomass product with 12–19% crude protein content in 48 h. The problems of developing a technology for protein from agricultural residues with particular reference to developing countries are discussed.

Microbial Fermentation of Rice Straw: Nutritive Composition and In Vitro Digestibility of the Fermentation Products

Rice straw was fermented with Cellulomonas sp. and Alcaligenes faecalis. Microbial cells and undigested residue, as well as chemically treated (NaOH or NH4OH) and untreated straws, were analyzed for nutrient composition and in vitro digestibility. In a typical fermentation, 75% of the rice straw substrate was digested, and 18.6% of the total substrate weight that disappeared was recovered as microbial protein. The microbial cell fraction was 37% protein and 5% crude fiber; the residue was 12% protein and 45% crude fiber. The microbial protein amino acid profile was similar to alfalfa, except for less cysteins. The microbial cells had more thiamine and less niacin than Torula yeast. In vitro digestibility of the microbial protein was 41.2 to 55%, that of cellulose was 52%.

Fermentation of Rice Straw by Bacillus Acetoethylicus.

Fermentation of Rice Straw by Bacillus Acetoethylicus.