Fermented Cassava Research Articles

Prediction of functional characteristics of gari (cassava flakes) using near-infrared reflectance spectrometry.

Gari is a creamy, granular flour obtained from roasting fermented cassava mash. Its preparation involves several unit operations, including fermentation, which is essential in gari production. Fermentation brings about specific biochemical changes in cassava starch due to the actions of lactic acid bacteria. Consequently, it gives rise to organic acids and a significant reduction in the pH. Consumer preferences for gari are influenced by these changes and impact specific functional characteristics, which are often linked to cassava genotypes. Measurement of these functional characteristics is time-consuming and expensive. Therefore, this study aimed to develop high-throughput and less expensive prediction models for water absorption capacity, swelling power, bulk density, and dispersibility using Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS). Gari was produced from 63 cassava genotypes using the standard method developed in the RTB foods project. The prediction model was developed by dividing the gari samples into two sets of 48 samples for calibration and 15 samples as the validation set. The gari samples were transferred into a ring cell cup and scanned on the NIRS machine within the Vis-NIR range of 400-2,498nm wavelength, though only the NIR range of 800-2,400nm was used to build the model. Calibration models were developed using partial least regression algorithms after spectra pre-processing. Also, the gari samples were analysed in the laboratory for their functional properties to generate reference data. Results showed an excellent coefficient of determination in calibrations (R2 Cal) of 0.99, 0.97, 0.97, and 0.89 for bulk density, swelling power, dispersibility, and water absorption capacity, respectively. Also, the performances of the prediction models were tested using an independent set of 15 gari samples. A good prediction coefficient (R2 pred) and low standard error of prediction (SEP) was obtained as follows: Bulk density (0.98), Swelling power (0.93), WAC (0.68), Dispersibility (0.65), and solubility index (0.62), respectively. Therefore, NIRS prediction models in this study could provide a rapid screening tool for cassava breeding programs and food scientists to determine the food quality of cassava granular products (Gari).

Addition of Fermented Cassava Leaf Flour in Rations to Percentages of Native Chicken Carcass and Non-Carcass 10 Weeks Olds

AbstractSuper free-range chicken, which is currently a very lucrative new business opportunity because the demand for free-range chicken meat has increased significantly due to high consumer demand. The type of agricultural waste that can be used as ration material is cassava leaves. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of using fermented cassava leaf flour in the ration on the percentage of carcass and non-carcass chicken super aged 10 weeks, to find out what percentage level of use of fermented cassava leaf flour in the ration is able to provide the best results on the percentage of carcass and non 10 weeks old free-range chicken carcass. The research design used was a completely randomized design (CRD) which consisted of 5 treatments namely: L0 (without the addition of cassava leaf flour), L1 (ration containing 2.5% fermented cassava leaf flour), L2 (ration containing 5% starch) fermented cassava leaf), L3 (ration containing 7.5% fermented cassava leaf flour), L4 (ration containing 10% fermented cassava leaf flour). Each treatment was repeated 3 times. The use of cassava leaf meal in the ration had no significant effect (P>0.05) on carcass weight, non-carcass weight, carcass percentage and non-carcass percentage. The use of cassava leaf flour in the ration tends to be higher at the level of use of flour containing 5% fermented cassava leaf flour, but does not have a significant effect.

Utilization of Indigenous Microorganisms (IMO) on Lactic Acid Content, pH Value, Dry Matter, and Fleigh Value of Anaerobic Fermentation Cassava Skin (Manihot esculenta)

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of using Indigenous Microorganisms( IMO) based on soybean cooking water, rice washing water, tofu dregs water, rumen contents liquid, and coconut water as a commercial starter to replace EM4 in the manufacture of fermentation based on the value of lactic acid content, the value of pH, dry matter content, and Fleigh value. This research was conducted at the Laboratory of Animal Husbandry and Fisheries Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tidar University. The research method used a completely randomized design with four treatments (P0 = Cassava peel + EM4 (1%) + molasses (3%), (P1 = Cassava peel + IMO 1 (1%) + molasses (3%), (P2 = Cassava peel + IMO 2 (1%) + molasses (3%), (P3 = Cassava peel + IMO 3 (1%) + molasses (3%) and five replications. The data obtained were analyzed using ANOVA and Dunnet's test, using the IBM SPSS 21 tool. The results of this study showed that the use of MOL had a significant effect (P<0.05) on pH but had no significant effect (P>0.05) on lactic acid , dry matter content, and Fleigh value. The conclusion of this study is that the use of MOL can be used as a substitute for a commercial starter because the anaerobic fermentation of cassava peels produced is included in the very good category based on the pH value, lactic acid content, dry matter and the resulting Fleigh value.

Utilisation of cassava as energy and protein feed resource in broiler chicken and laying hen diets.

A detailed understanding of the nutrient contents of cassava products is crucial to fully maximise their utilisation in animal feed. This study aimed to review published data on the nutritional quality of cassava products and their use as a source of energy and protein in broiler chicken and laying hen diets. Cassava is a tuber crop that grows abundantly in tropical countries, and its products are classified as energy or protein feed resources based on their protein and energy levels. Cassava starch residue (CSR), cassava root meal (CRM), cassava peel meal (CPM), ensiled cassava peel meal (ECPM), fermented cassava peel meal (FCPM), cassava pulp, and cassava root sievate meal (CRSM) were classified as an energy source in chicken feed, whereas cassava leaf meal (CLM) is classified as a protein source. Nutritional analysis indicates that cassava leaves are high in protein, fibre, minerals, vitamins (B1, B2, and C), and carotenoids, while CRM is rich in energy but low in crude protein (CP). Additionally, cassava contains cyanogenic glycosides, especially linamarin, and lotaustralin, which release toxic hydrogen cyanide (HCN) upon tissue disruption. The utilisation of cassava as an energy or protein feed resource in the chicken diet is limited by its high fibre, presence of HCN, nutrient imbalance, and dusty nature of its dried meals. Efforts have been made to enhance the nutrient quality of cassava and increase their utilisation in chicken feed using different processing techniques with some success. Available information on the nutrient contents of differently processed cassava and its effect on chicken performance is vast and dispersed, making it hard to use such information in the decision-making process. Therefore, this review aimed to aggregate published articles on the nutrient contents of cassava products and their impacts on the health and productive indices of broiler chickens and laying hens into a single document for ease of comparison and decision-making.

Functional characteristics of composite flour made from fermented cassava flour and soy protein concentrate containing porang glucomannan

In this study, the functional characteristics of composite flour from fermented cassava flour (FCF) and soy protein concentrate (SPC) containing porang glucomannan (PGM) were examined. The composite flour was made from FCF and SPC (9:1). PGM was added at 0, 4, 8, and 12 g in 100 g of composite flour. Wheat flour (WF) and FCF were also evaluated to study each ingredient’s effect. The functional characteristic studied included solvent retention capacity (SRC), oil binding capacity (OBC), emulsion properties, foaming properties, and least gelation concentration. SPC or PGM increased the SRC for water, sodium carbonate, and lactic acid. Adding PGM to the composite flour increased the OBC value. However, SPC slightly decreased the emulsion activity, and PGM decreased the emulsion activity completely. FCF did not have emulsion stability at all, and the presence of SPC or PGM could not improve the emulsion stability. The foam capacity of composite flour containing PGM at the level of 4 and 8 g in 100 g flour did not significantly (p<0.05) differ from that of wheat flour. PGM was able to keep the foam stability of the composite flour. These composite flours might be used to produce cookies.

The effects of fermented cassava pulp with yeast waste and different roughage-to-concentrate ratios on ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestibility, and milk production in lactating cows

The study's goal was to evaluate the impact of concentrate diets containing fermented cassava pulp with yeast waste (CSYW) with various roughage to concentrate ratios (R:C) on ruminal fermentation, nutritional digestibility, milk production, and milk composition in lactating cows. Four mid-lactation Thai crossbred dairy cows were randomly assigned a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement in a 4 × 4 Latin square design, weighing 440 ± 60.0 kg (75% Holstein Friesian and 25% Thai native breed), and having 90 days-in-milk (DIM). The different dietary treatments consisted of the following: factor A: soybean meal (SBM) and replacing SBM with CSYW at 100% dry matter (DM) in the concentrate diet, whereas factor B consisted of varying the R:C ratio from 60:40 to 50:50. An interaction effect between protein source and R:C ratio on intake was not observed (P > 0.05). The CSYW-diet did not affect the intake of concentrate and rice straw. However, when the R:C ratio was changed to 50:50, there was a significant increase in the apparent digestibility of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber (P < 0.05). There was no evidence of an interaction effect between CSYW and the R:C ratio on the parameters of the rumen, the microorganisms in the rumen, or blood urea-nitrogen. The concentration of ammonia-nitrogen in the rumen, however, significantly increased (P < 0.05) when animals were given a concentrated diet containing CSYW. Total VFA, C2:C3 ratios, acetic acid (C2), propionic acid (C3), butyric acid (C4), and methane levels were unaffected by the replacement of SBM with CSYW in concentrate diets or the R:C ratio given to lactating cows (P > 0.05). There was no evidence of an interaction between CSYW and the R:C ratio across any and all milk-related parameters (P > 0.05). The R:C ratio had no effect on milk production or composition (P > 0.05). With the exception of milk protein (P < 0.05), milk yield and milk composition were not affected by replacing SBM with CSYW in concentrate diets (P > 0.05). The concentration of protein in milk produced by animals fed a CSYW-diet increased from 3.05 to 3.25%. On the basis of this research, it is recommended that CSYW be used as a protein source in a concentrate diet in place of SBM with a R:C ratio of 60:40 or 50:50.

Diversity of Traditional Fermented Foods: Sucrose and Reducing Sugar Analysis of Various Fermented-Cassava

Cassava and its various fermented products are one of the local foods in Indonesia. The fermentation process can have different effects on food, both in taste and nutritional value. Changes in sucrose and reduced sugar levels during fermentation play a role in determining food effects in various health disorders. This study aims to describe the impact of cassava fermentation on different fermented products (tape, growol, gathot) in terms of sucrose and reducing sugar levels. This observational laboratory research was done through two stages, i.e., qualitative and quantitative analysis. The qualitative analysis examined carbohydrates' presence (monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides) through the Molisch test, Benedict's test, and the Iodine test. Quantitative analysis was carried out to determine sucrose and reducing sugar levels using three replicates with the Nelson-Somogyi test. The research was conducted in January-July 2019 at Universitas Respati Yogyakarta and Chem-mix Pratama Laboratory. The statistical analysis used was One Way Anova at a 5% significance level and continued with the Tukey test. Qualitative tests showed cassava, tape, growol, and gathot contained monosaccharides and polysaccharides. Benedict's test results showed that growol did not have reducing sugars. The quantitative test showed Growol's reducing sugar content was the lowest (0.32%) compared to cassava (0.95%), tape (14.87%), and gathot (11.12%). The highest sucrose content was in cassava (4.77%) followed by growol (2.36%), tape (1.47%), and gathot (0.78%). There were significant differences in sucrose and reducing sugars levels between cassava, tape, growol, and gathot (p&lt;0.001). In conclusion, growol is a fermented food that can be used as a functional food.

The potential of growol as healthy traditional food: a mini review

This study aimed to describe the benefits of growol as a healthy traditional food is made from fermented cassava. Cassava is a popular and abundant nutritional food in Indonesia, and it can be used as a healthy alternative to rice due to its high carbohydrate content. Cassava is also used in the production of growol, healthy traditional food prepared through a fermentation process. Stripping, cutting, soaking (fermentation), pressing, grinding, steaming and moulding are all steps in the process of making growol. Besengek tempeh, pentho and kethak are commonly served as side dishes. In the fermentation process, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) is used, which is good for digestion and may prevent diarrhoea. Growol is useful for patients with diabetes and dyslipidemia since it contains a lot of minerals, fibre, and carbohydrates, and has a low glycemic index. In addition to its health benefits, growol is quite inexpensive, making it affordable to the general public. Growol's popularity, on the other hand, is declining, owing to young people's dislike of its sour and bland flavour. In fact, further innovations are required to increase its popularity through an efficient processing method. Growol flour, bakpia growol, and sweet growol are examples of innovative processing methods for this traditional food. This study aimed to describe the benefits of growol as a healthy traditional food.

Standardization of Growol processing and the effect of different processing processes on the potential of Growol as functional food

One of the Indonesian traditional food, growol is a fermented cassava product of the home industries. It is believed that growol can cure diseases in the digestive tract. This research aims to analyze the standardization of growol processing and the effects of various processing processes, i.e. steaming, baking, frying, and cooling, on growol potential as traditional food. Four variations of fermentation treatments were used to investigate the standardization of growol processing, namely the fermentation process. Based on the organoleptic test encompassing appearance, texture, taste, and overall preference and the LAB level test, the best growol was that with the fermentation process “not changing the water in three days” (TG3). As such, we figured out the standardization of growol processing comprising preparing the basic ingredients, performing the fermentation “not changing the soaking water in three days”, washing five times (b/v) draining, crushing, steaming, and molding. The glycemic index of baked, steamed, cooled, without-processing, and fried growol was 97, 94, 93, 91, and 89, respectively. With a GI &gt; 70, without processing, steamed, baked, fried, and cooled growol could not be consumed as functional pro-diabetic food. The LAB test indicated that the LAB level of without- processing, baked, fried, steamed, and cooled growl was 1.32 × 107 cfu/g, 6.7 × 103 cfu/g, 1.53 × 103 cfu/g, 1.27 × 103 cfu/g, and 2.7 ×102 cfu/g, respectively. We could then infer that without processing growol and steamed, baked, fried, or cooled growol had potential as a functional prebiotic food.

Influence Utilization Leaf Cassava (Manihot utilissima) Fermented to Rate Growth Weight, Water Quality and Efficiency Freshwater Pomfret Fish Feed (Colossoma macropomum)

Feed plays an important role in cultivation activities Freshwater Pomfret, so needed feed alternative that has substance nutrition high and the price is affordable. one possible alternative utilized as fish feed is flour leaf cassava fermented. This research aims to know the influence of gift flour leaf cassava fermented to rate growth weight, water quality, and efficiency of Freshwater Pomfret feed. Study this using design Random Complete (CRD) with 8 treatments and 3 replications. The data obtained were analyzed using the Analysis of Variance Test (ANOVA) and further tested in the form of real difference Honest / BNJ and Real Difference Smallest / BNT. The results showed that gift flour leaf fermented cassava effect (p&lt;0.05) on rate growth Freshwater Pomfret Fish Weight. Growth p value heavy The highest was obtained in treatment P 4 (3 0% flour leaf fermented cassava) with score Fcount 13.70 &gt; FT Table 2.66 and also the value of efficiency feed highest obtained in treatment P 4 with score Fcount 15.00 &gt; FTable 2.66. Measurement value water quality which includes temperature and pH of water in normal range with a score for measurement temperature 6-9 and pH 28-32 0 C. Conclusion from the study this is gift flour leaf fermented cassava as feed take effect to rate growth weight, water quality, and efficiency of Freshwater Pomfret.

Solid-state Fermentation of Cassava (Manihot esculenta) Peels Using Rhizopus Oligosporus: Application of the Fermented Peels in Yeast Production and Characterization of α-amylase Enzyme Produced in the Process

Solid-state Fermentation of Cassava (Manihot esculenta) Peels Using Rhizopus Oligosporus: Application of the Fermented Peels in Yeast Production and Characterization of α-amylase Enzyme Produced in the Process

Nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation, and blood metabolites of growing cattle-fed fermented cassava pulp with added flavoring agents

Objective: This study aimed to assess the effect of adding flavoring agents to fermented cassava pulp (FCPU) on nutrient utilization, ruminal fermentation characteristics, and blood metabolites in growing cattle. Materials and Methods: A duplicated 3 × 3 Latin square design was randomly assigned to six growing beef cattle. Treatments were: 1) untreated FCPU (control), 2) 0.05% w/v vanilla-flavored FCPU, and 3) 0.05% w/v amyl acetate-flavored FCPU. Results: The results showed that flavoring agents did not affect dry matter intake (DMI) or digestibility of nutrients. Rumen pH and ammonia nitrogen concentrations did not change all treat¬ments postfeeding. Flavoring added to FCPU after feeding did not affect total volatile fatty acid (VFA) or VFA percentage. However, propionic acid levels tended to be lower in the vanilla-flavored FCPU group than those in the unflavored FCPU group at 0 h postfeeding (p &lt; 0.01). Growing bulls fed vanilla-flavored FCPU tended to have greater fungal zoospores in the rumen than those fed amyl acetate-flavored FCPU (p &lt; 0.1) at 2 h after feeding. Dietary treatments did not affect blood glucose and urea nitrogen concentrations (p &gt; 0.05). However, blood triglyceride concentration was greater for cattle fed a control diet than other treatments at 0 h postfeeding (p &lt; 0.05) and tended to be higher than those fed vanilla-flavored FCPU at 2 h afterfeeding (p &lt; 0.1). Conclusion: It was suggested that adding vanilla or amyl acetate flavor to the FCPU showed no adverse effects on ruminal fermentation, blood metabolites, or nutritional digestibility; however, it did not increase DMI.

Impact of Selected Processing Methods of High-Level Cyanide in Cassava on Optic Neuropathy in Wistar Albino Rats—An Experimental Study

Background: Cassava tuber crop is a staple food rich in carbohydrates and utilized in various forms by millions of Nigerians. The storage root of the cassava contains linamarin, a cyanogenic glycoside that is easily hydrolyzed to release cyanide salt compounds which is toxic to the nervous system especially the optic nerve, sometimes leading to optic neuropathy and visual impairment. Aim: The aim of this study is to find out the impact of selected processing methods of high-level cyanide in cassava on optic neuropathy in Wistar albino rats. Methodology: Twenty-four Wistar albino rats were fed with different concentration and duration of predetermined high-cyanide content cassava root cultivar which was processed using different processing methods adopted by various communities in Rivers State, Nigeria (for human consumption). A control group of 3 Wistar albino rats was fed with normal “Growth Mesh” meals. The pre and post weights of the animals and the fundoscopic optic nerve status of the rats were evaluated after 30 and 60 days. SPSS Version 25 was employed for descriptive and inferential statistical analyses. A p-value of ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The Cassava species available in Rivers State have high cyanide content (2336.79 mg CN-/kg dry weight of cassava). There was statistically significant reduction in the cyanide content (p = 0.000) depending on the various common processing methods (into garri for human consumption): 24 hours, 48 hours, fermentation; with and without red palm oil additive. The individual weights as well as the mean weight of the 24 rats in the experimental group increased gradually from the first week to the 9th week with a slight weight reduction on the third and fourth weeks which was not statistically significant (p = 0.092). However, there was a steady increase in the weights of the animals in the control group throughout the 9 weeks. Varying degrees of optic neuropathy occurred, worse with the rats that had 24-hour fermented cassava twice daily for 60 days. The intra and inter group differences in the optic disc changes was statistically significant (p = 0.000). Conclusion: Longer duration of processing cassava roots into garri for human consumption reduces its cyanide content and minimizes the adverse impact on the optic nerve.

Sosialisasi Pemasaran Digital, Literasi Keuangan Dan Pelatihan Pembuatan Besek Tape Bagi UMKM Desa Kasiyan Kecamatan Puger,Jember

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic is still being felt by MSMEs in Indonesia to this day. MSMEs need to survive in the midst of the crisis by encouraging MSMEs to adapt and transform following business trends that are currently developing. One of them is MSME fish basket craftsmen and fermented cassava (Tape) producers in Kasiyan Village, Puger District, Jember Regency who require knowledge and understanding of digital marketing and financial literacy, as well as product innovation training in the form of Besek Tape as a means of broadening their horizons so that MSMEs can develop their businesses and are ready to face business challenges in the future.

The challenges of cassava fermentation for Garri production: A case report of a woman with muscle twitching possibly due to cyanide poisoning from poor cassava fermentation

Cassava is native plant found in the tropical region of Africa and America. The tubers harvested from this plant is a four-runner to a variety of local delicacies. Usually, the tuber is harvested after a period of maturation and is then processed in the local manner before those foods are produced. There are numerous end-product that come out of the tuber, each food article following a particular route of processing. These local techniques had been passed down from generation to generation and all local farmers know them by heart. There are some modern innovations being introduced into this previously all local process. “Garri” is one of these food end-product that is generated from cassava tuber, others being fufu, tapioca, cassava floor and starch. If properly processed, it is a good food and there is usually no ontoward effect on the consumers, but if not done as routine, cyanide which is found naturally in cassava tuber may accumulate in the tissues of the consumer and possibly cause cyanide poisoning over a period of time. This short report is that of a local farmer with muscle twitching which we suspected may have been caused by cyanide poisoning from prolonged consumption of ill-prepared/processed cassava.

Biochemical characterization of solid-state fermented cassava roots (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and its application in broiler feed formulation.

The biochemical parameters of solid-state fermented peeled and unpeeled cassava roots (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and their application in broiler feed formulations were investigated. Fermentation occurred at room temperature for 72h (pH 3-9). The samples utilized for five (5) broiler starter feeds were labeled: control, unfermented unpeeled cassava (UUC), unfermented peeled cassava (UPC), fermented unpeeled cassava (FUC), and fermented peeled cassava (FPC). Formulations were made by substituting fermented/non-fermented cassava roots at pH 7 for maize (w/w%). Fermentation-induced changes included increased soluble and total protein concentrations (69.3 and 334.5mg/g) and (9.6 and 10.8%), respectively, in cultures prepared with peeled and unpeeled cassava at pH 7 compared to the control (p < 0.05), and a reduction (p < 0.01) in cyanide concentration from 44.4 to 78.7mg/kg in the control to 8.5 and 13.7mg/kg in fermented cassava at pH 7. Birds fed FUC and FPC meal (0.6 and 0.5kg) gained significantly more weight (p < 0.05) than those fed the control (0.3kg). The biochemical parameters aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), creatinine, and urea levels in broiler serum did not differ significantly (p > 0.05) for birds fed with fermented peeled and unpeeled cassava. Conversely, serum albumin and calcium levels were significantly lower (p < 0.05) for birds fed with the control feed compared to birds fed with fermented feeds. The results imply that fermented peeled and unpeeled cassava roots could be a safe and nutritionally beneficial replacement for maize in broiler diet.

YEAST PROBIOTICS WITH POTENTIAL TO ASSIMILATE CHOLESTEROL IN VITRO

In the last two decades the use of yeasts as new probiotics has increased significantly. Therefore, our current research was focused on the investigation of yeasts for novel probiotic development in Bali. The main objectives of this research were to isolate and characterize yeasts isolated from ragi tape (dried mix cultures of microorganisms normally used in the fermentation of rice or cassava in Indonesia) and tape ketan (fermented sticky rice) for possible use as yeast-based novel probiotics, with capability to assimilate cholesterol in vitro. In this study, the potential yeast isolates were evaluated for survival at low pH conditions (pH 2, 3, or 4) and in high levels of sodium deoxicholic (NaDC), at concentrations of 0.2, 0.4, or 0.6 mM. In addition, the yeast isolates were also evaluated for their ability to assimilate cholesterol in vitro and to elucidate biotransformation of cholic acid into deoxycholic acid. This study led to 10 isolates that were resistant to pH levels of 2, 3, or 4 and to NaDC at concentration of higher than 0.4 mM. Most of those isolates were also found to assimilate cholesterol in vitro at the rate of between 18% and 76% in 24 hours incubation. In the biotransformation test, none of those isolates transformed cholic acid into deoxycholic acid, indicating that they are safe and have potential to be developed into novel probiotics, either for human or cattle

Uji Kinerja Fermentor Kopi Skala UMKM dalam Fermentasi Kopi Arabika untuk Menghasilkan Cultured Coffee

Coffee farmer in Babakan Kertasari Village requires a fermenter that can ferment 100 kg of coffee cherries per day to fulfill the market demand. Therefore, the object of this study is to make a coffee fermenter with SMEs scale and to evaluate the performance of the fermenter with the addition of 130 ml/L of Local Microorganism (MOL) made from fermented cassava (cassava tape). Fermentation was carried out for 72 hours in room temperature and in semi-aerobic condition with 14 kg of coffee cherries in SMEs scale fermenter. Evaluation of the fermenter performance was done by analysing pH and ethanol content and organoleptic test of taste and aroma of fermented coffee. The result of analysis shows that fermented Arabica coffee which called cultured coffee fulfilled the National Indonesian Standard (SNI) with pH greater than 4 and caffeine content of 1.97%. Organoleptic test showed that 56% of panellists really like the aroma and 24% of panellists really like the taste of cultured coffee.

Specific qualities of pressed fermented cassava doughs used for attiéké production based on their geographical origin in Côte d’Ivoire

ABSTRACT Pressed fermented cassava dough is an intermediary product in attiéké production process. Its quality strongly influences that of the resulting final attiéké. With the goal to assess the typicity of attiéké from different areas, the specificity of the pressed fermented cassava doughs used for their production should be known. Thus, by analyzing the physicochemical properties and fermenting flora of samples, this study proposed to evaluate the specificity of pressed fermented cassava doughs from the five major producing areas of attiéké. Results revealed that doughs from Abidjan and Dabou presented same characteristics. Similar observation was noted for doughs from Jacqueville and Grand-Lahou being in the same group. And doughs from Yamoussoukro were isolated into a group with low counts of fermenting germs, high ash content, high pH, and starter rate. However, doughs from Abidjan and Dabou had higher counts of lactic bacteria and yeasts. They also had higher dietary fiber, starch, and moisture contents. Doughs from Jacqueville and Grand-Lahou were characterized by higher counts of aerobic mesophile germs, Enterobacteriaceae, Molds, and Bacillus. Total sugar and reducing sugar contents were high. Within each group of pressed fermented cassava dough, the physicochemical properties and microbiological compositions followed the same trends. These different types of pressed fermented cassava dough could result in attiéké of distinct qualities.

PENETAPAN KADAR ETANOL PADA TAPE SINGKONG (Manihot utilissima) DENGAN PENAMBAHAN SARI BUAH NANAS (Ananas comosus)

Cassava tape is a tape made from fermented cassava. The fermentation process is one way to turn food into the product we want by using microbes. This study aims to determine the effect of adding pineapple juice (Ananas comosus) to the ethanol content of cassava tape (Manihot utilissima). Experimental research method with distillate examination, in the distillation process. The sample used was cassava tape (Manihot utilissima) with variations in the volume of addition of pineapple juice (Ananas comosus) 50 ml, 60 ml, and 70 ml, with a fermentation time of 3 days. The sampling technique used is purposive sampling. The results of weighing the ethanol content with a pycnometer will be matched based on its specific gravity. The results of the study of ethanol levels in cassava tape (Manihot utilissima) with a volume variation of the addition of 50 ml of pineapple juice (Ananas comosus) obtained 2.71% results, with the addition of 60 ml the results were 3.19%, with the addition of 70 ml the results were 3.88%. Meanwhile, the ethanol content of cassava tape (Manihot utilissima) without pineapple juice (Ananas comosus) was found to be 1.88%. The conclusion of this study was that the ethanol content of cassava tape (Manihot utilissima) with the addition of pineapple juice (Ananas comosus) increased.